입자 추적 기법을 활용한 에어로졸 제트 프린팅 공정의 분사 특성에 대한 CFD 해석적 분석

정상민,박승운,최의근,오수근,이철희 사단법인 유공압건설기계학회 2024 드라이브·컨트롤 Vol.21 No.1

This thesis investigates the jetting characteristics of an aerosol jet printing (AJP) process as a function ofdesign and operating conditions. The governing equations of the AJP system are derived for experimentation andanalysis. To understand the characteristics of the AJP system, it analyzes the jetting characteristics as a function ofthe flow rate of the carrier gas and the sheath gas, and the variation of the linewidth with the nozzle exit sizebased on particle tracking. The thesis focuses on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which is a computersimulation. The particle tracking results obtained by CFD were analyzed using MATLAB. CFD analytical modelscan be analyzed in environments with different conditions and consider more specific situations than mathematicalcomputational models. The validity of the CFD analysis is shown by comparing the experimental results with the CFD analysis.

오에 겐자부로 소설 속의 지방과 도시 표상―작가의 천황제 인식과 관련하여―

정상민 동아시아일본학회 2023 일본문화연구 Vol.- No.87

This study analyzed the representation of the country and city in Oe Kenzaburo’s novel. The purpose of this is to reveal that this is not simply a horizontal movement of country people, but is deeply related to Oe’s unique perception of Japan’s hierarchy, centered on the emperor system. Oe’s novels frequently feature descriptions of the country and city based on the author’s original experience, who spent his childhood in the mountain village of Ehime and moved to Tokyo when he entered university. These representations of country and city seem to reflect the writer’s insight into the identity of the Japanese, rather than merely reflecting his childhood experiences and urban experiences. The emperor and the emperor system are indispensable when discussing the identity of Japanese people. The existence of the emperor, who remains as a ‘symbol’ without clearing up his responsibility for the war, is an ‘ambiguous’ existence. The binomial representation of country and city in Oe’s works is an attempt to break up the image of a vertical and unified Japan, a single language, and a single ethnicity built under the apex of the Emperor.

주주대표소송에서의 소송참가

정상민 한국비교사법학회 2023 비교사법 Vol.30 No.1

Recently, a number of shareholder’s derivative suits have been filed for the purpose of contesting the decision-making by the board of directors, not the individual director's deviance. The function of derivative suit has been strengthened as a device for checking and monitoring corporate governance and management beyond simply compensating for damages of the company. Nevertheless, it is not desirable to limit the scope or form of intervention by being bound only by the form and frame of “for the sake of the company” or “representing all shareholders”, and it shows limitations that do not properly reflect the substance in the procedure. Looking at the foreign law or its history, a exhaustion of company's internal remedies and a examination of adequate representative, which form the core of the system in the US representative litigation, have been formalized or omitted in our legal system, so Intervention in a derivative suit is actively utilized as a supplementary measure. It is essential to secure procedural legitimacy. If so, the company can participate on the side of the plaintiff, but since it is a right-bearing entity with independent interests, it is reasonable to independently guarantee its status in the lawsuit as a party if possible. A company could participate even for the defendant director, but considering that Article 404 of the Commercial Act specifically stipulates for the benefit of the company, the company can participate even if there is no benefit of participation according to the general legal principle of the Civil Procedure. On the other hand, there is no explicit provision in the Commercial Act regarding the participation of other shareholders in the lawsuit, but in the case of a dispute over the company's decision-making, as a major stakeholder, their participation must be actively guaranteed Although it is not widely used in practice, it is not necessary to exclude the Intervention of independent parties depending on the type or aspect of the dispute. Therefore, referring to Article 849 of the Japanese Companies Act, it is proposed to broadly regulate participants as well as their participation types. 최근 이사 개인의 일탈행위가 아니라 이사회의 의사결정의 당부를 다투는 목적의 대표소송이 다수 제기되고 있다. 단순히 회사의 손해보전을 넘어서 기업의 지배구조나 경영에 대한 견제․감시의 장치로서 대표소송의 기능이 강화된 것으로, 이 경우 회사가 실질적으로 피고의 지위에 있고, 원고가 주주 전체를 적절히 대표하는지가 더욱 문제된다. 그럼에도 ‘회사를 위하여’ 또는 ‘주주 전체를 대표’한다는 형식과 틀에만 얽매여 참가범위나 형태를 제한하는 것은 바람직하지 않고, 그 실질을 절차에 제대로 반영하지 못하는 한계가 있다. 비교법적으로 보거나 그 연혁을 보아도 미국의 대표소송에서 제도의 중핵을 이루는 회사 내부절차의 소진과 대표의 적절성에 대한 심사는 우리 법제에서는 형식화되거나 생략되었기 때문에, 그 보완책으로 입법된 소송참가를 적극 활용하는 것이 절차적 정당성을 확보하는 차원에서라도 긴요하다. 그렇다면, 회사는 원고 측에 참가할 수 있되 독자적인 이해관계를 가진 권리귀속주체이므로 가급적 당사자로서 소송상 지위를 독립적으로 보장함이 타당하다. 회사는 피고이사를 위하여도 참가할 수 있는 것으로 기능적․실질적으로 이해하되, 상법 제404조가 특별히 회사의 이익을 위하여 규정을 둔 점을 감안하여 회사는 민사소송법 일반 법리에 따른 참가의 이익이 없는 경우에도 참가할 수 있다고 보아야 한다. 한편 다른 주주의 소송참가에 대하여는 상법에 명문의 규정이 없으나 회사의 의사결정을 다투는 경우에는 주요한 이해관계인으로서 그 참가를 적극적으로 보장하여야 하는바, 민사소송법상 참가의 이익이 있는 경우에는 참가할 수 있도록 허용함이 타당하다. 실무상 널리 활용되고 있지는 아니하나 분쟁의 유형이나 태양에 따라서는 독립당사자참가도 반드시 배척할 필요는 없다고 본다. 따라서 일본 회사법 제849조를 참조하여 참가인과 피참가인은 물론 그 참가형태를 폭넓게 규정하는 것을 제안한다.

차량시뮬레이터를 활용한 도로기하구조 조건별 CO2 산정 연구

정상민,이종학,최재성,김종민,노관섭 한국도로학회 2014 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.16 No.6

PURPOSES: This study devotes its energies to estimate greenhouse gas emissions for types of horizontal highway designs. METHODS: This paper suggested two types of road scenarios, scenario 1 is made by the lack of road design consistency. Beside scenario 1,scenario 2 is made by good road design. For comparisons of greenhouse gas emissions, driving simulator was used. RESULTS: Emission rates of road scenario 1 are 1.4 times higher than scenario 2 in the driving simulator. CONCLUSIONS : This study may have important implications for contributing to the application of road alignment technology forreduction of greenhouse gases as quantifying the correlations between greenhouse emissions and various road alignments. Consequently, thisstudy will help road designers determine which roads are best alternatives in the process of choosing the roads in the future in terms ofenvironmental benefits.

대학의 자치와 중대재해처벌법

정상민 부산대학교 법학연구소 2023 법학연구 Vol.64 No.4

Academic freedom is a fundamental right that has historically been realized through universities. In particular, as long as the constitutional authority specifically stipulates the autonomy of universities in The Korean Constitution, the state is obligated to legislate universities to be more suitable for realizing academic freedom. The Serous Accidents Punishment Act, which will take effect this time, is fully applied to universities, which already have a well-established legal system and system to prevent industrial accidents. The above safety and health-related laws reflected the characteristics and reality of the university and provided reasonable rules excluding the application of parts not necessary for the university, which is also in line with the university's autonomy. However, the Serious Accident Punishment Act has many aspects that conflict or overlap with the existing legal system, and above all, it has not been legislated that reflects the characteristics of universities. Accordingly, in order to solve the problem situation faced by universities, first, efforts to interpret the constitutional value of university autonomy in a normative way with other constitutional values of life and safety should be preceded, second, legislators need to prescribe the exclusion of the Serous Accidents Punishment Act according to the characteristics of universities, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act, third, based on the social rights nature of the university's autonomy, administrative and financial support measures from the government prescribed in Article 16 of the Serious Accident Punishment Act need to be widely implemented for universities.

Validity of Corrected Flow Time (FTc) as a Predictor of Fluid Responsiveness in Patients with Sepsis-induced Hypotension

정상민,유승,조용철,이승한,임정수,윤상열,유인술 대한응급의학회 2012 大韓應急醫學會誌 Vol.23 No.1

Purpose: To determine the validity of corrected flow time (FTc) as a predictor of fluid responsiveness for patients with sepsis-induced hypotension in the emergency department. Methods: A total of 26 adult patients, who presented in the emergency department with sepsis-induced hypotension with spontaneous breathing, were enrolled in this prospective,interventional study. These patients were monitored by Esophageal Doppler (ED); FTc, central venous pressure (CVP), stroke volume index (SVI), and inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) were measured before and after fluid challenge. Responsiveness to fluid challenge was defined as an SVI increase≥10%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed and compared to evaluate the overall performance of preload indices (CVP, FTc,IVCD) in terms of predicting fluid responsiveness. Results: Of the hemodynamic parameters initially measured,there were statistically significant differences in FTc and CVP between the responsive and unresponsive groups. Before and after fluid challenge, noticeable changes were observed in mean arterial pressure (MAP),CVP and IVCD between the two groups. Only the responsive group demonstrated statistical difference in FTc. The areas under the curves for FTc (0.870; 95% CIs, 0.708-0.979; p=.009) were significantly greater than those for CVP and IVCD. Conclusion: The corrected flow time (FTc) method may be a good predictor of fluid responsiveness relative to sepsis-induced hypotension for patients in the emergency department.

프리캐스트 연속철근 콘크리트 포장(P-CRCP) 슬래브의 제작 특성

정상민,김태형,황정현,백순호,박상철,김석현,김성민 한국도로학회 2022 한국도로학회 학술대회 발표논문 초록집 Vol.2022 No.03

2P-706 Synthesis of chromium oxide/activated carbon powder by liquid phase plasma process for supercapacitor applications

정상민,이원준,정경환,이헌,정상철 한국공업화학회 2017 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2017 No.1

Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are charge storage devices which have higher energy density than conventional dielectric capacitors and higher power density than batteries. Nanoparticles can be generated rapidly by the LPP method without adding reducing agents because plasma provides a reaction field with highly excited energy states. In this study, a new strategy of synthesizing chromium oxide on activated carbon surface as dielectric material for capacitor using an LPP reduction system is presented. The specific capacitance of the composite increased with increasing quantity of chromium oxide precipitate on the carbon powder upto a certain quantity. When the quantity of the metallic oxide precipitate exceeds the threshold, however, the specific capacitance was rather reduced by the addition of precipitate. The chromium/carbon composite containing an optimum quantity of metallic oxide precipitate exhibited the smallest resistance and the largest initial resistance slope.

감사품질에 따른 회계 보수주의가 타인자본비용에 미치는 영향 : 상장기업과 비상장기업을 중심으로

정상민 한국상업교육학회 2017 商業敎育硏究 Vol.31 No.1

본 연구는 기업의 회계 보수주의 성향이 Big 4 감사인 여부로 측정되는 감사품질에 따라 회계 보수주의가 타인자본비용에 미치는 영향에도 차별적인 반응이 있는지를 분석하였다. 또한 회계 보수주의에 대해 채권투자자의 관점을 중심으로 상장여부에 따라 시장반응에 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 선행연구의 방법에 따라 NICE평가정보(주)에서의 타인자본비용의 대용치는 부채차입이자율과 부채차입이자율 스프레드를 분석에 이용하였다(Jiang 2008; 박종일과 윤소라 2013). 또한 회계 보수주의 측정치는 무조건부 보수주의로 측정되는 Penman & Zhang(2002)모형을 확장시킨 백원선· 이수로(2004)모형을 이용하였다. 분석기간 2007년부터 2014년까지 8년간 금융업을 제외한 상장기업과 비상장기업을 대상으로 최종표본 60,256개 기업/연 자료를 분석에 이용되었다. 본 연구의 실증결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일정변수를 통제한 후에도 회계 보수주의는 타인자본비용과 음(-)의 관계는 나타나지 않았다. 다만, 전체표본을 상장기업과 비상장기업으로 나누어 분석하면 상장기업에서만 회계 보수주의 성향이 높을수록 타인자본비용이 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 재무정보의 질이 상대적으로 높은 상장기업들에서 회계 보수주의 성향이 높을수록 채권투자자는 보다 긍정적으로 평가해 기업의 차입이자율이 낮아짐을 의미하지만, 이와 달리 비상장기업의 경우에는 회계 보수주의 성향이 높더라도 채권투자자들은 이를 대출이자율 결정에 고려하지는 않음을 시사한다. 둘째, 감사품질에 따라 회계 보수주의와 타인자본비용 간의 관계가 다른지를 분석한 결과에 따르면, 회계 보수주의와 타인자본비용 간의 관계는 감사품질에 따라 별다른 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 다만, 전체표본을 상장여부에 따라 나누어 분석하면 상장기업의 경우만 감사품질이 높은 Big 4 감사인이 감사하면 그렇지 않은 경우보다 회계 보수주의와 타인자본비용 간에 음(-)의 관계 역시 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이러한 결과는 주로 비상장기업보다는 상장기업에 기인한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 기업의 회계 보수주의 성향은 채권투자자 관점에서 비상장기업보다는 상장기업에서 그 정보가치가 높고, 특히 감사품질이 높은 Big 4 감사인을 선임할 때 더 커진다는 것을 본 연구결과는 보여주었다는데 의의가 있다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구의 발견은 학계에는 관련연구에 추가적인 증거를 제공할 것으로 예상된다. 뿐만 아니라, 본 연구결과는 회계 보수주의가 상장여부에 따라, 감사품질에 따라 채권투자자 측면에게 어떻게 평가되고 있는지와 관련한 이해에도 도움을 주기 때문에 학계뿐만 아니라 실무계, 규제기관 및 정책입안자들에게도 시사점을 더불어 제공해 줄 것으로 기대된다. This study, we analyzed whether there is a discriminatory response to the influence of the tendency of conservatism on others' cost of debt depending on the quality of the audit, which is measured by whether the corporate accounting conservatism propensity is Big 4 auditor or not. Then, depending on whether or not to list the accounting conservatism centered on the viewpoint of the creditor investor, I examined whether there is a difference in market response. According to the method of previous research, the cost of debt interest rate and the cost of debt interest rate spread were used for the analysis of NICE valuation information (Jiang 2008, Park and Yoon 2013). The accounting conservatism measure is based on the Paik and Lee (2004) models, which extend the Penman and Zhang (2002) model, which measures unconditional and conservatism. Analysis period From 2007 to 2014, 60,256 firms in the final sample were analyzed for listed and unlisted firms. The results are as follows. First, I do not find a negative relation between accounting conservatism and cost of debt when using the full sample and non-listed firms. However, more conservative in accounting is associated with lower cost of debt when using listed firms only. These results indicate that the creditors consider increases in accounting conservatism of listed firms as a positive signal and impose lower interest rate for them. On the other hand, non-listed firms are likely to be less conservative in accounting (Ball and Shivakumar 2005) with lower quality of earnings (Choi and Kwak 2010) compared to listed firms. Thus, creditors are less likely to reflect the increases in accounting conservatism in determining the interest rate. Second, audit quality does not appear to affect the relations between accounting conservatism. However, this result does not hold when the full sample is split into listed firms and non-listed firms. A positive relation between the accounting conservatism seem to be more significant for listed firms audited by Big 4 audit firms. Finally, audit quality seems to strengthen a negative relation between the accounting conservatism and cost of debt, but the difference is mainly driven by listed firms rather than non-listed firms. To summarize, the results of this paper suggest that the creditors appreciate accounting conservatism in listed firms, especially those audited by Big 4 auditor, compared to that in non-listed firms. These findings can shed a further light on how the creditors evaluate the conservatism in accounting based on the listing status or audit quality.

신의성실의 원칙과 권리남용의 금지 - 대상판결: ‘사회통념상 합리성 법리’를 폐기한 대법원 2023. 5. 11. 선고 2017다35588, 35595(병합) 전원합의체 판결 -

정상민 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2023 法과 政策 Vol.29 No.2

The ruling actively utilized the prohibition of abuse of rights as a theoretical basis at abolishing the ‘legal principle of rationality in terms of social norms’ regarding unfavorable changes in the rules of employment and proposing the ‘legal principle of abuse of the right to collective consent’ as an alternative. However, the approach to prohibiting abuse of rights, that is, prioritizing either the employer’s right to change the rules of employment or the workers’ right to collective consent and prohibiting only the abuse of the exercise of that right as an exception, cannot realize the ideal of equal determination of working conditions. It is difficult to secure specific validity in individual cases. This is because it is the attitude of the Supreme Court to strictly examine whether or not there is abuse of rights. In order to reasonably adjust the various interests surrounding unfavorable changes in the rules of employment, it is necessary to request all parties involved in the act or procedure to act in good faith in the exercise of rights and fulfillment of obligations, rather than the legal principle of prohibition of abuse of rights with a conflicting structure. The principle of good faith should serve as a guiding principle. In this regard, the majority opinion that relied on the legal principle of prohibition of abuse of rights by abolishing the legal principle of rationality in social common sense, which is the legal principle that embodies the principle of good faith, and presenting the legal principle of abuse of the right to consent as an alternative, has fundamental flaws and limitations. Accordingly, as in the case of the Japanese Labor Contract Act, it is thought that a legislative solution can be an alternative solution by stipulating the legal principle of rationality and its judgment standards in the social common sense based on the principle of good faith. 대상판결은 취업규칙의 불이익 변경에 관한 ‘사회통념상 합리성 법리’를 폐기하고 그 대안으로 ‘집단적 동의권 남용 법리’를 제안함에 권리남용의 금지를 그 이론적 근거로 적극 활용하였다. 그런데, 권리남용의 금지의 접근법, 즉 사용자의 취업규칙 작성・변경권과 근로자들의 집단적 동의권 중 어느 하나를 우선하고 그 권리행사의 남용만을 예외적으로 금지하는 것은 근로조건의 대등결정이라는 본래의 입법취지를 실현하기에 적합하지 않고, 개별 사안에서 구체적 타당성을 확보하기도 어렵다. 권리의 남용 여부는 엄격하게 심사하는 것이 대법원의 태도이기 때문이다. 취업규칙의 불이익 변경을 둘러싼 여러 이해관계를 합리적으로 조정하려면 일방적・대립적 구조의 권리남용금지 법리보다는, 권리행사와 의무이행에 있어 그 행위나 절차에 관계된 모든 당사자가 신의에 좇아 성실하게 행동할 것을 요청하는 신의성실의 원칙이 지도 원리로서 작용되어야 한다. 이 점에 있어서 신의성실의 원칙을 구체화한 법리인 사회통념상 합리성 법리를 폐기하고 그 대안으로 동의권 남용 법리를 제시하여 권리남용 금지에 의존하도록 한 다수의견은 근본적인 한계가 있다고 생각된다. 신의성실의 원칙이 민법 등 실체법의 원칙에 그치는 것이 아니라 여러 절차법에서도 기본원칙으로 받아들여진 점, 신의칙은 헌법적 가치의 진입통로로서 현실의 변화와 입법적 해결 사이의 시간적 간격을 완충하는 역할을 하는 점에 주목하여 근본적으로 패러다임을 전환하여 볼 필요가 있다. 즉 사용자와 근로자 측이 각각 가지고 있는 권리나 권한의 우열로 이 문제를 해결할 것이 아니라, 취업규칙의 불이익 변경, 즉 법규범적 효력을 갖는 취업규칙의 작성・변경의 ‘절차’나 전 과정에서 모든 이해관계인이 신의에 좇아 성실하게 행동할 것을 기본 원칙으로 삼아 이 문제를 바라보는 것이다. 그에 따라 신의칙을 기초로 형성된 사회통념상 합리성 법리 및 그 판단기준을 일본노동계약법의 경우와 같이 법규정에 명문화하여 입법적 해결하는 것이 하나의 대안이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.