SAW 가스센서의 제작 및 특성

전춘배,박효덕,최동한,이덕동 ( C . B . Jun,H . D . Park,D . H . Choi,D . D . Lee ) 한국센서학회 1994 센서학회지 Vol.3 No.1

112 rot. x-cut LiTaO₃ wafer was used as the substrate of SAW gas sensor. Dual delay line SAW device with IDTs ,which consist of the reference delay line and the sensing delay line was fabricated using photolithigraphy. Each IDTs had 10 forger pairs and finger spacing is 10 microns. One delay line channel is the reference, while the second is the sensing channel with Pb-phthalocyanine film in the propagation path. Pb-phthalocyanine film which is p-type organic semiconductor was evaporated in 10^(-5) torr vacuum using shadow mask selectively. Dual delay line oscillator was constructed by using the rf amplifier and AGC. Frequency of the IDTs had the range of 87-89 MHz oscillation frequency. Oscillation frequency shifts were investigated as a function of the temperature and the concentration of NO₂ gas.

무주어문

전춘배 신한영미어문학회 1999 새한영어영문학 Vol.41 No.-

In spoken familiar English, we will notice that words are omitted from the beginning of a sentence, such as a pronoun subject and/or an auxiliary verb. This type of omission, which is called 'subjectless sentences' is a relatively neglected area in the studies of ellipsis and there are not very many systematic studies of this phenomenon. This paper concentrates mainly on the formal classification of various ellipsis types, based on the data collected from several listening and speaking textbooks and film scripts, and on the conditioning factors, which are syntactic, semantic, phonological and discourse-pragmatic. The ellipted words correspond to a nonconstituent in the full sentence, normally occur before the onset of a tone unit and hence have weak stress and low pitch, which relates to the fact that they have a low information value within the discoursal context. Many words that have a low information value are often reduced or deleted particularly in the spoken English. The auxiliaries which can be deleted in this way are limited to do, have and be: In declaratives if the subject is not deleted, the auxiliary can not be deleted. In yes-no questions, on the other hand, the deletion of the subject appears to be contingent on deletion of the auxiliary, in the sense that deletion of the subject is optional if the auxiliary is deleted. I present here the arguments that it may be appropriate to ascribe the omission of the subject and/or auxiliary in the subjectless sentences to information status on the discourse-pragmatic level, at least in part to stress and some other reductive process on the phonological level or to the definiteness on the semantic level or to the constituent on the syntactic level.

대용어 ONE의 구조와 기능에 관한 연구

전춘배 釜山水産大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.41 No.-

Chomsky 文法理論의 主題 分析

田春培 釜山水産大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.35 No.-

The purpose of this paper is an attempt to evaluate Chomsky's central conception of generative grammar to accomplish a better study of languages as well as to understand GG itself and its criticism. Chomsky's aim of Linguistice is (i) to develop a Theory of Language, and (ii) to develop a Theory of Language Acquisition. In the view-point that Language is a reflection of human mind, a grammar of a language is a model of the linguistic competence of the fluent native-speaker of the language. Chomsky also seeks to integrate his proposed Theory of Markedness and Core Grammar into his associated Theory of Language Acquisition. The fact that Chomsky made idealizations is not in itself open to criticism but a central problem in the idealization is that of congruence, namely that of establishing a clear relation between the idealized object and the unidealized one. Chomsky at the outset made a number of ill-justified idealization. Probably no notion with generative grammar has aroused more controversies than the competence/performance distinction. It seems a theoretically valid distinction, but it raises certain practical difficulties. Competence is contrasted with performance which is considered as its imperfect reflection and excluded among the objects in the study of language. A more serious problem that arises with Chomsky's conception of a grammar as a model of the linguistic intuitions concerns disagreements among native speakers about the well-formedness or structure of particular sentences. Chomsky himself says Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener in a completely homogeneous speech community. But this is plainly not the case: all native speakers have their own idiolect and there are, of course, dialect and sociolect within society. Chomsky also believes that syntax, semantics, and phonology should all three be treated as autonomous of each other and studied independently. What is of more direct concern to us is his consistence that syntax should be studied without reference to semantics: This is known as the autonomous syntax. In principle, the dividing line between syntax and semantics seems clear enough but it's impossible to distinguish one from the other. For example, consider the following: We respect himself. In pre-1970 work in GG, the above sentence would undoubtedly have been considered ungrammatical; but in post-1970 work, it would be considered grammatical, but unsemantic. GG must meet three criteria of adequacy: observational, descriptive and explanatory adequacy. Linguistic theories (or grammars) can only attain explanatory adequacy, if they are based on a maximally constrained, psychologically plausible, universal set of general principles. But recalling the definition of a descriptively adequate grammar as one that gives a correct account of the native speaker's intrinsic competence,, it is rather hard to see how there could be more than one such correct account. Therefore the level of explanatory adequacy seems to have no real function within the theory of generative grammar. To summarize, the different direction of syntactic investigation arises from the different viewpoint of language which has its complicated system and function. These studies of language from various different perspectives, in a sense, are mutually complementary to find out the very nature of language but it seems that they can not be easily incorporated into a theory.

Chomsky 통어론의 발전과정

전춘배 釜山水産大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.36 No.-

Chomsky 교법이론의 주제 분석

전춘배 釜山水産大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.35 No.-

8YSZ 기판에 증착한 $\textrm{WO}_3$ 박막의 DC 전압에 따른 $\textrm{NO}_X$ 감지특성

전춘배,박기철 대한전자공학회 1999 電子工學會論文誌-T Vol.t36 No.1

산소이온 펌핑효과를 나타내는 8% 이트리아가 함유된 ZrO\sub 2\ 이온 전도체를 기판으로 하여 그 위에 NO\sub x\가스에 대해 감지효과를 갖고 있는 것으로 알려져 있는 WO\sub 3\산화물 반도체를 사용하여 박막시편을 제작하였다. 각 소자의 NO\sub x\ 가스에 대한 전기적 특성과 열처리 온도에 따른 미세구조의 변화를 조사하였고, 특히 8YSZ 기판에 가해준 전압에 의한 NO\sub x\ 가스 감지의 증대효과를 조사하였다. 열처리 온도에 따른 WO\sub 3\ 박막표면의 SEM사진의 분석에서 열처리하지 않은 WO\sub 3\ 박막은 비결정질 상태이지만 600℃이상의 열처리 온도에서 결정화가 이루어졌고 사방경계상의 WO\sub 3\ 피크가 나타났으며 온도가 증가함에 따라 (111)면과 (001)면이 특히 많이 성장하였다. 측정온도 400℃에서 8YSZ 기판에 전압을 가하지 않았을 때보다 전압을 가하였을 경우가 더 안정되고 더 큰 응답을 보였으며, 특히 2V 일 때가 가장 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 그리고 NO\sub 2\ 가스보다 NO 가스에 대한 회복특성이 훨씬 우수했다. $\textrm{WO}_3$ semiconductive film, which is known to have a sensitivity on $\textrm{NO}_X$ gas was prepared on 8YSZ (8% Yttria stabilized $\textrm{ZrO}_2$) ionic conductor substrate that has oxygen ion pumping effect. Microstructure and electrical properity, especially $\textrm{NO}_X$ sensitivity as a function of DC voltage applied to 8YSZ substrate was examined. When the $\textrm{WO}_3$ film was annealed, it showed amorphous structure, while crystallization was occurred at $600^{\circ}$C revealing orthorhombic phase of $\textrm{WO}_3$. As the annealing temperature increases, (111) and (001) peaks of $\textrm{WO}_3$ film was enhanced. At $400^{\circ}C$ when DC voltage was applied, comparing with no DC bias, more stable and large response characteristics was showed, and the best sensitivity was observed at 2V. Recovery characteristics of NO gas was much better that that of $\textrm{NO}_2$ gas.

일반인과 뇌졸중 편마비 환자의 연령별 선 자세에서 눕기 시 동작유형의 비교

전춘배,김상진,김중선,Jeon, Chun-Bae,Kim, Sang-Jin,Kim, Chung-Sun 대한물리치료학회 2011 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.23 No.5

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the movement patterns when lying from an erect stance to a supine position of healthy adults and hemiplegia patients in the age group from 50 to 70. Methods: The subjects used in this study were 230 patients (144 healthy adults and 86 hemiplegia patients). Movement patterns were classified using categorical descriptions of the action of three body regions: the upper extremity, lower extremity, and the head-trunk region. Results: In the most common supine lying position in healthy adults (29.7%), the female fifties age group performed a symmetrical pattern using the upper extremity region, a symmetrical squat pattern using the lower extremity region, and a symmetrical pattern using the head-trunk region (1-1-1). However, in the most supine lying position in hemiplegia patients (32.0%), the female sixties age group usually performed this pattern by using the upper extremity and lower extremity regions in a squat position by raising the leg, and performing rotation of the head-trunk region (3-4-3). Conclusion: Using this clinical therapy, and considering the patients ability to exercise when lying from an erect stance to a supine position, the proper care could be provided. Moreover, this therapy introduces action based on a variety of training methods and on the effects which might result from any changes.

대용어 ONE의 구조와 기능에 관한 연구

전춘배 釜山水産大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.41 No.-

An extensive literature on anaphora has developed in generative grammar. For the most part, however, this literature has addressed problems arising from only one kind of anaphoric relationship - definite anaphora. Other types of anaphora have received comparatively little attention. If anaphora is thought of, however, in a more general way, as a dependency between a linguistic item, the anaphor, and some aspect of the linguistic or non-linguistic context, the antecedent, such that the anaphor is dependent on the antecedent for its interpretation, there is clearly a wide variety of other anaphoric relationships that can be described and analyzed. One of these relatively unexplored types of anaphoric relationship is one-anaphora illustrated in (1) and (2). (1) The problem is not to win a war but to deter one. (2) People just bought Korean TVs instead of Japanese ones. This relationship is described at the noun phrase, sentence, and discourse levels, and some implications of this analysis for grammatical theory are discussed. Text-frequency, as well as native speaker's intuition is also used in analyzing the one-anaphoric data collected from several kinds of American newspapers, daily conversations, and some mails during my stay (Aug.86-Jan.88) in the Department of Linguistics, the University of Oregon in the United States of America. Chapter Ⅱ describes the structure of noun phrases containing one-anaphor without reference to the sentence or discourse context: the question of how to distinguish the one-anaphor from other use of the morpheme of one, and the ellipsis of one-anaphor. One-anaphoric NP types by the position and kinds of modifiers of the one-anaphor based on the collected data are compared with those of Jespersen (1914), which found out some differences in the use of one-anaphora between the two. Chapter Ⅲ covers conditions on well-formedness of sentences containing one-anaphoric NP's at the sentence level: restrictions on the occurrence and interpretation of one-anaphora were examined. Regrading the occurrence of one-anaphora, it was found that modified one-anaphoric NP's, as in (2), occur relatively freely, while unmodified one-anaphoric NP's as in (1), are more restricted. The restrictions on unmodified one-anaphoric NP's resemble the restrictions on definite pronouns in verb-particle constructions, but differ from those on definite anaphora in other constructions, such as presentational sentences. It was proposed that such differences are the result of different discourse functions of the two kinds of anaphara. Regarding the interpretation of one-anaphora, it was argued that Chomsky's Binding Condition (B) for definite anaphora can be extended to account for one-anaphora as well, if nouns, as well as noun phrases, can be coindexed. However, Chomsky's proposals fail to account for some phenomena, for example, unmodified one-anaphora in complement clauses and in the same clause, and one-anaphora in the contexts of discourse and pragmatics, and it was proposed that pragmatic considerations can account for these exception. In Chapter IV, discourse-pragmatic factors that affect the acceptability of sentences containing one-anaphoric NP's in discourse contexts are described. It was proposed that three information statuses-activation, topic and dominance-and functional compatibility principle all contribute to a full description of the functions of one-anaphora in discourse. In addition, some aspects of world-knowledge-pragmatics that affect the acceptability of these sentences are discussed. This proposal differs from the previous ones, Halliday and Hasan (1976) and Webber (1979) which stated that one-anaphora is not affected by information statuses but by world knowledge and recency. It was shown that the referent of a one-anaphoric NP is a member of an activated set which is the topic of the clause in which the one-anaphoric NP occurs. In general, this topic is established as a potential topic of its clause as the result of activation by a dominant NP in the previous sentence (utterance). It was also shown how this proposal, which is based on discourse considerations, can be used to predict some of the NP- and sentence-level restrictions that were previously discussed, as well as additional restrictions. It was proposed that actvation accounts for the restriction on identity of sense, one-anaphors in presentational sentences, and restrictions on coordinate anaphora. Dominance was proposed to account for one-anaphora in dative and verb-particle constructions, and certain cases of preferred interpretation of the anaphor were seen to be due to the effect of dominance. That is, the most dominant NP in the preceding clause is the most likely antecedents. If the set to which the one-anaphor belongs is the topic of the clause, then one-anaphoric NP's should not occur in marked topic positions, and this was found to be the case. Only modified one-anaphoric NP's can occur in marked focus positions. This was predicted by discourse data which showed that unmodified one-anaphoric NP's cannot function as comments. This finding is claimed to have important consequences for grammatical theory. That is, it is not generally feasible to separate phenomena that are due to rules of sentence grammar from those that are consequences of discourse-pragmatic principles, without considering discourse contexts. Thus, rules of sentence grammar can be formulated in the most general way, only if the discourse environment is considered, so that problems which are essentially pragmatic can be factored out of sentence grammar. There are several areas for possible further study. The writer has dealt with the semantics of one-anaphora in a minimal way and has also simply assumed that the relationship between a one-anaphor and its antecedent can be treated as equivalent to "coindexed" for the purpose of evaluating the extensibility of accounts of definite anaphora, Chomsky's Binding Condition (B), to one-anaphora. This assumption may, With further investigation turn out to be in error. In any case, it should be investigated in more detail. The writer has tried to show that a detailed examination of a single construction can, while clarifying the facts about that construction, also shed light on more general questions concerning the relationships between syntax and pragmatics, and that it is in fact essential to consider the role of structure and function in order to arrive at an accurate understanding of either of them.

現代英語의 倒置構文에 관한 考察 : with reference to the Declarative sentence

田春培 釜山水産大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.26 No.-

The grammatical structures of Korean and English are quite from each other, and these differences constitute important learning problems for Korean students learning English as a foreign language. Of numerous problems Korean students are facing the word-order is one of the most common areas of mistakes in grammar. This paper attempts to observe and make a comprehensive investigation of the inverted word- order, which the native speakers of English always use in their expression, and establish its grammatical system with reference to the declarative sentences. Language is man's creation and is employed by man, which is, therefore, naturally controlled by both psychology and emotion of man. The instinct, which everyone had for selecting the easy things, the beautiful, pleasant ones, eventually shows up in the language and causes many stylistic forms. In addition to the psychological and stylist causes, the followings also operate in determining the word order: 1) the principle of balance on which the long, heavy word or word-group should be placed at the end-position. 2) the complement, the object, and the adverb at the front-position attract the unemphatic verb immediately after it. 3) the subject at the end-position holds readers in suspence and in such a way it is also emphasized. 4) the unstable nature of the word order is made use of to harmonize only sentencerhythm. The above-described causes sometimes work alone, but more than two work together at the same time. The writer of this paper is devoted to the classification of the inverted word order under certain categories according to the verb, and the presentation of words or phrases causing inversion with ease and frequency. Type 1: V+S (Blessed are the pure in heart; for they shall see God.) For the most part, the verb used in this type is an intransitive verb and a kind of linking verb, and the subject is not a pronoun but a substantive usually composed of many words, and, in nearly every case, modified by a comparatively long adjective clause. Type 2: do+S+V (No help did he offer me.) The verb is always a transitive, or at least an intransitive with preposition or adverb. Type 3: Auxiliary verb+S+p.p or Infinitive (Never will I make that mistake again.) Type 4: be (or have)+p.p+S (In the fields are planted berries and small fruits.) Type 5: S+V, V+S (He is no fool, is Dick.) This inversion shows very frequently in a kind of short sentences appended to main sentences to make it clear who or what is meant by a pronoun used loosely in the first sentence. Type 6: S+V, V+S (He asked me would I go to the concert.) used in the so-called Represented Speech. Type 7: predication+S a journalistic type of inversion, in which the predication is fronted in order to bring end-focus on a complex subject. Type 8: So(or Neither)+V+S This type of inversion is used in responses from a second speaker: A: I must leave now. B: So must I. Type 9: reporting verb+S ("This?" said the old man, "This is a needle.") Inversion is frequently found after than (or as) clause and in sentences beginning with words or phrases given below: (a) Here...,or There... (b) sentenial negation (never, not, no more, etc.,) (c) As...,So... (d) the + comparative, the + compartive (e) so...that (or such that) clause... (f) not only (merely).. (g) only... (h) echo-word... To summarize, the writer of this paper has made an attempt to describe a linguistic generalization showing various phenomena in the inverted construction. It is hoped that various types of inverted word-order and words or phrases causing inversion frequently in Chapter Ⅱ will be of great help to the non-English speakers.