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The Puritan Society and A New Woman: Hawthorne's view on Hester Prynne
전준수 ( Chon Joon-soo ) 대한영어영문학회 1998 영어영문학연구 Vol.24 No.3
호손의 <주홍글씨>는 문학의 새로운 지평을 열어준 명작이라 할 수 있다. <주홍글씨>는 여주인공 헤스터 프린의 영적 성장을 그리고 있는 바, 그녀는 당시 19세기 청교도 사회의 인습에 얽매이지 않은 "새로운 여인"이다. "새로운 여인"을 한 문화의 산물이면서도 그 문화를 뛰어 넘으려는 한 인간 존재로 정의할 때, 헤스터 프린은 이 "새로운 여인"의 구현이다. 당시의 청교도 사회는 Calvin주의를 바탕으로 한 엄격한 청교도 정신이 지배하는 신의 절대성과 인간의 나약성이 강조되고 특히 여성은 남성에 대한 순종이 미덕으로 여겨지고 도덕과 윤리성이 강요되고 있던 시대였다. 그녀는 가부장적 청교도 사회에서 자기 생의 철학과 삶의 기술을 획득하여 자신의 개체성을 드러내고 자아 인식과 자기 실현에 도달하는 혁신적 여인이다. 그녀는 또한 그녀의 자아와 청교도 사회 사이에 다리를 놓았을 뿐만 아니라, 과거와 미래를 연결하는 징검다리 역할을 하고 있다. 신의 의지에 대한 인간의 자유의지는 경시되고 자유의지에 따라 행동하는 여인상은 수용될 수 없는 사회였다. 그러나 호손은 헤스터 프린을 통하여 19세기의 급진적 여성 작가들도 그려내지 못했던 "새로운 여인," 즉, 독립적이고, 자신의 존재에 적대적인 사회에 결코 굴복하지 않으며, 자기완성을 향해 꿋꿋이 살아가는 불사조 같은 성숙한 여인의 모습을 보여주고 있다. 호손이 그려낸 "새로운 여인"은 보편타당한 인류애 정신과 양성 평등사상에 입각한 미래지향적인 여인상이라고 결론지을 수 있겠다.
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전준수 ( Chon Joon-soo ) 대한영어영문학회 2002 영어영문학연구 Vol.28 No.3
Nathaniel Hawthorne was influenced by John Buyan through his life as an author with creative imagination and as an analyst of human mind. He liked to read Bunyan's masterpiece The Pilgrims Progress as a guide book toward his imagination to write his romances and short stories, especially religious allegorical works. Hawthorne and Bunyan have close similarities in themes, structures and writing materials. Most of Hawthorne's characters are pilgrims like Bunyan's toward certain goals. In chapters two, three, and four how 「The Celestial Railroad」, 「Young Goodman Brown」, The Scarlet Letter and 「Ethan Brand」 were influenced by The Pilgrim's Progress. Though Bunyan's Christian in The Pilgrims Progress reaches the Celestial City, Hawthorne's characters fail to reach their destinations, thus criticising his contemporary society, where science and industry prospered. As The Pilgrim's Progress is a dream tale, so are some of Hawthorne's. To both authors “their world is that of dreams.” They use dreams to raise questions about how the mind moves toward understanding and about the moral significance of human acts, concerning the limits of mortal existence. Bunyan established the tradition of religious allegories, handing it down to Hawthorne who applied it to his writings and added much more complicated artistic literary techniques. In conclusion Bunyan helped Hawthorne to increase his imagination to create the prototypes of various human beings such as good men, badmen and so on. They both contribute to the grasp of human nature and the interpretation of human problems in their allegorical works. Bunyan influenced Hawthorne so that Hawthorne could be a great allegorical writer. < Woosuk University >
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결정론과 자유의지의 갈등과 조화 : Nathaniel Hawthorne의 "The Ambitious Guest"를 중심으로
전준수 又石大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.17 No.-
Determinism and man's free will are conflicting in this work and the other at last collapses. This conflict goes through religious and philosophical aspects and Nathaniel Hawthorne suggests harmonious conclusion by mixing both of them. The story opens with the gathering of the Notch family around the roaring fire. An ambitious guest came in for the night, The family members were the imagies of happiness. They met in front of the fire and talked about their future hopes and dreams. The father, though a farmer, wanted be a lawyer, and the young man had his dream of "Earthly Immortality" And other family members expressed their desires while they were talking. At the back of the house the high mountain was threatening to come down and at last there was a slide and the victims rushed from their cottage and sought refuge in what they thought a safer spot. In fact they had quitted their security and fled right into the pathway of destruction. They were all buried there and the bodies were never found. Poets have sung their tragic fate. They died together and there was the kindred of a common fate closer than that of birth. Nature is the agent of determinism and the wailing of the wind suggests an impending doom at the beginning but they were proud of their ability. There is a conflic between determinism and man's free will, It presents a problem in the interpretation of the divine meaning of human affairs and nature. This work appeals strongly to the people studying the way of providence. Determinism includes predestination. providence, and philosophical fatalism. According to Calvin predestination means the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created in equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation. God so arranges things:by his sovereign counsel, individuals are born, who are doomed from the woomb to certain death, ad are to glorify him by their destruction. When God elects one and rejects another, it is owing not to any respect to the individual, but entirely to his own mercy, which is free to display and exert because he is merciful: not to show it to all because be is a just judge. On the other hand, man's free will is of varying aspects. Calvin makes little of free will but philosophers make much of it. It is dealt with as reason. Reason is the best ruling principle for the leading of a good and blessed life, provided it sustains itself within its own excellence and displays the strength bestowed upon it by nature. But they state that the lower impulse, called 'sense', by which man is drawn off into error and delusion is such that it can be tamed and gradually overcome by reason's rod. As a farmer the father wanted to be called squire and sent to general court, as a lawyer. The young man said, "I shall have built my monument in this world, Both of them seem to believe in Arminianism or Transcendenutalism without apppealing to the invisible power. They are too proud of their own ability. Their pride deprives them of their modesty and affection. Calvin asked. "why do we presume so much of ability of human nature? It is wounded, battered, troubled and lost." According to philosophers like Plato and Kant man's free will is identical reason which illumines all counsels like lamp. They suppose that it is suffused with divine light to take the most effective counsel and that it excels in powers to wield the most effective command. Appearingly, the family and the yound man have this free will of Arminianism and Transcendetalism. When this free will conflicts with determinism the former collapses. There should be harmony between them the same way as flesh and soul are one in harmony They are complete individuals but when they are mixed together, they are a complete one. The characters in this work represent our humanity and the auther suggests man's future tragedy because the slide sounds like the peal of the last trump. Hawthorne's basic spirit is toward humanity and sympathy, He thinks that man is so frail and sorrowful that we should love and tolerate each other. He insists that frail human beings should be on good terms with porvidence rather than conflict with it, believing we can do anything we want with free will.
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