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장희홍(Jang Hee-heung) 역사실학회 2006 역사와실학 Vol.29 No.-
It was said that many of the treasonable plot concerned the eunuch took place frequently and changed the political climate in the lately Chosun Dynasty period. During the reign period between the king Kwanghaegun(光海君) to Injo(仁祖), these events got mixed with the trouble of the succession of king. The times of king Sukjong(肅宗)’ s was the political struggle years between Southerners(南人) and Westerners(西人). It was the changeful period from Gyongjong(景宗) to Yeongjo(英祖) that the Noron party(老論) came to the power and the Soron party(小論) responded to the Noron party in the meanwhile. All the before and after of the enthronement of Jeonjo(正祖), since when the Noron party took the political leadership. It seemed to me that the eunuch took part in the political change course because they was likely to look around the king nearly. They did not control the affairs of state by themselves but were needed inevitably by the ambitious court officials for the access or the turnover of political power. Those officials could remove the kings of the generation in Chosun Dynasty by killing or poisoning through the eunuch and the court lady who serviced on the king at the most closed palace. As time go by, the function of the eunuch and the court lady was changed. The eunuch played the middle part of treasonable affairs with the court lady in the reign of king Kwanghaegun and Injo Especially each case of Min Hee-gun(閔希騫) or Bae Hee-do(裵希度) was not the prime mover’s case. Each of eunuch concerned of their case was the assistant whom the prime mover entice to kill the king at Court. Either case of Park Sang-gum(朴尙儉) or Chang Sea Gil(張世相), however, was transformed into the prime mover s cases. As is remarked above, when the bureaucratic group and the maternal relative group of King continued to attempt to seize the political power, their groups formed friendly relations with the eunuch and the court lady properly for the a treasonable plot and by their needs. For this reason, the eunuch and the court lady had consider influence upon the political transformation in the latter period of Chosun Dynasty.
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Shaun O’Dwyer 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2022 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.- No.38
It is a widely held belief that State Shinto was the main indigenous ideological driver of Japan’s descent into ultranationalism and war in the 1930s. However, much less is known today of Japanese Confucian justifications for war in the same era. This article joins a small group of other studies researching a now little-known educational and research association formed in 1918 by Japanese Confucian scholars and Sinologists, the Shibunkai (斯文会) which reached the peak of its influence and patronage from Japan’s political elite in the 1930’s. This article reviews the Shibunkai’s early efforts to revive traditional Confucian morality and promote Chinese learning, its pursuit of “Confucian Diplomacy” with the Kong family estate at Qufu in Shandong Province, and its elaboration of a Confucian Pan-Asian doctrine that accorded Japan, with its supposed purified version of Confucianism, the role of leader and guardian of East Asia’s spiritual and moral culture. Last, this article analyses some of the seldom-studied war-era literature produced by Shibunkai scholars to argue that a modern Japanese “Imperial Way” Confucianism played a role in the moral legitimation of Japan’s war against China in 1937-1945. Based on its analysis of the Occidentalism and self-Orientalism in the Shibunkai’s wartime publications, the article concludes that there is a need for more critical reflection on Occidentalist and self-Orientalist trends in Confucian normative theorizing amidst the troubled geopolitical conditions of East Asia today.
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