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장필화,정영애,강선미 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구소 1993 여성학논집 Vol.10 No.-
The Purpose of this study is to examine the employment and skills implications of the expansion of the information technology, specifically as they relate to women in the production sector of the clothing industry. The data were obtained by a survey using questionnaires from 307 women workers in a factory producing mens suits with highly automated facilities. In addition, the data were supplemented by the analysis of the official statistics of Ministry of Labor, consultants for the production management of the clothing industry, and leaders of the women laborers movement. Main discussions of the study can be summarized as follows; First, the information technologies are being introduced during the 1980s among some large-sized and medium-sized establishments as a part of a strategy to cut costs, including labour costs. On the other hand, many companies have closed down or moved off-shore, or become a part of the domestic subcontracting system to be adjusted to the changing industrial structure. Second, the major employment changes in the clothing industry are the reduction of womens employment and the relative declination of the female versus male ratio at all occupations(annual employment decrease rate: -4.9% during 1988~1991, female versus male rate : 267.5% in 1987 to 244.1% in 1991). We cannot say yet this phenomena is mainly due to the introduction of the information technology, but partly due to the advanced automation process among the companies sized more than 300 employees. Third, the reduction of womens employment is taking place mainly among the production laborers in firms sized more than 100 employees. On the other hand, the womens employment ratio in office-related jobs(professional & technical, administration & managerial, clerical & related) has been increased from 373.% in 1987 to 47.9% in 1991(annual increase in numbers: 17.8% in general), and the female versus male ratio from 59.4% to 92.1% during the same period. This phenomena shows that the introduction of information technologies does not only lead to the loss of jobs but also to the creation of new ones, though the quality of the newly created jobs for women is another issue to be examined separately. Fourth, one of the important changes in production sector which covers up the reduction of womens employment due to the information technologies is the increasing shortage rate of labour force. But the data analysis by the firm sizes shows that those firms seriously suffering from the shortage of labour force are mostly sized less than 300 employees which cannot afford the laborers expected wage levels. In the case of the large sized firms (more than 300), since both the actual number of firms and the employment are rapidly decreasing due to the changing industrial structure, we cannot say that the shortage rate will be continuously increasing in the future. If we see the deskilling process by the introduction of information technologies, the displacement of the present labour force with low-skilled one is not yet taking place even in the case of the large sized firms. On the contrary, the ratio of skilled laborers are increasing at these firms. For the concrete cause of this phenomena, we need further study. But we can point out that the chronic shortage of labor force, especially the semi-skilled or unskilled laborers, will be blocking the job-deskilling process in the clothing industry. Fifth, the cases of the two factories producing mens suits with highly automated facilities in chapter III shows that the introduction of the information technologies to these factories(J factory: 85%, S factory: 76%) has reduced almost half of the former employees(S factorys case: from 1,100 to 630), and that the possibility to destroy the horizontal gender division of labor are growing so fast with the feminization of almost all the occupations in the factories. Sixth, the deskilling of the tasks as a result of the introduction of new technology made the managers at the factories require persons with fewer skills to perform them. But the shortage of female labor force is making the deskilling of the jobs in the traditional sense of the term, rather impractical. If the employers would change the skills label attached to present jobs and pay less amount, they could not secure the types of labour required. In other words, the bargaining power of the women laborers is potentially high for the destruction of the vertical gender devision of labor. But their organizational ability to actively realize this potentiality is rather low. The computerized labor control technology and high labor intensity is making the share of work. As the result of the survey shows, their consciousness become so individualized. Even though they are aware of the sexual discrimination in skills evaluation, and think that their payment levels are unfair, they preferred solving their problems through the private talk or moving to other jobs to collective activities.
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여성의 사회적 위치; 일, 가족, 국가와의 체계분석을 위한 예비적 고찰
장필화 이화여대 한국여성연구소 1987 여성학논집 Vol.4 No.-
This article attempts, as a preliminary step, to draw a picture of the interrelated structure of work organization, the family, and the state in formulating and maintaining sexual division of labour, and women's subordination. The basic assumptions of existing studies on women's work accept the definition of work as cash-related activities. It is argued in this study that the sexual division of labour and men's supremacy which gradually progressed with the development of modes of production is established in the form of male-breadwinner and female home maker through industrialization. Secondly, such development is paralleled with a development of liberalism and the lack of theorization on the family in its paradigm left a deep mark in treating the matters related to the family in pre-modern concepts. The conservatism is one of the causes of gender asymmetry. The invisible nature of women's work in the family is closely related to their subordination in society and in order to overcome it, it is necessary to reformulate the relationships of individuals and the family, and the state which plays a large part in maintaining the divisions of the private and public spheres.
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장필화 연세대학교 간호정책연구소 1996 간호학탐구 Vol.5 No.1
The questions around women and body as an area of investigation in feminist studies have significant meanings. The first assumption is that prevalent myths about women's body can be related to women's oppression. The second assumption is that women's body can be identified as a minimum commonality of all women, and therefore if women can ever be taken as a homogeneous group, the issued around women's body would be the starting point. This article reviews 'biological determinism' in the level of widespread myths of women's body and sexual differences, and discusses sexuality in the cultural context of patriarchal society in which male and female bodies take on different meanings. The review leads to the conclusion that the questions of women and body are the subject matter of both social science and natural science because the correlation between women's body and women's oppression can only be understood in the context of particular social arrangements and value systems in which women's body is situated. The again calls for a new paradigm which can incorporate interdisciplinary approach based on feminist consciousness and praxis.
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