인터넷 시대 공공서비스 제공의 다원화 개혁 및 제도적 보장

장진화 한중법학회 2019 中國法硏究 Vol.37 No.-

장기적으로 중국의 공공서비스 제공은 정부를 대표로 하는 공공 부서가 독점하고 있다. 개혁개방이 심층화 되면서 민간 자본, 외국자본 및 사회조직이 참여하면서 공공서비스 제공이 다원화 형태를 보여주게 되었다. 인터넷 시대는 새로운 기술의 영향을 받는 동시에 공유경제의 번창을 빌어 공공서비스 제공의 다원화가 더욱 활발하게 되어 정부는 기존의 공공 제품의 서비스 제공 방식에 대하여 심사숙고하여야 한다. “인터넷 + 공공서비스”에서 공공서비스의 의는 단지 인터넷 기술을 활용하여 대중과 공적부서 간의 소통을 강화하거나 공적부서가 공공서비스를 구매하는데 전자 플랫폼을 제공하는 데 그치지 않는다. 더욱 중요한 것은 인터넷 경제의 발전이 안겨준 신형 상업 모드가 공공서비스 제공에 있어서 근본적인 혁신적 의미가 있다는 것이다. 정부는 공적 직무 부서로서 제 때에 이용이 가능한 새로운 기술, 새로운 방식을 활용하여 공공서비스 제공의 다원화 개혁을 추진하여야 한다. 이로써 점차적으로 핵심적이지 않고 우세가 없는 공공서비스 제공에서 정부의 역할을 빼내고 정부가 공공서비스 제공을 독점하고 있는 국면을 변경하여야 한다. 이와 동시에 개혁개방의 성과를 보장하기 위하여 반드시 법률적인 보장을 마련하여야 한다. 공권력이 공공서비스에 영역에서 서비스를 제공하는 행위를 규제하여 공권력의 과분한 개입을 피면하여야 한다. 또한 시장주체의 자체적 우세를 격려하여 그들이 공공서비스 제공에 더욱 많이 참석할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 제도적으로 모든 유형의 시장주체가 공공서비스 제공자가 될 수 있는 것을 보장하여야 한다. 이와 동시에 제도적으로 정부의 종국적인 책임을 명확히 하여야 한다. “징벌성 배상”조항을 설정하는 것을 통하여 양질의 시장주체를 격려하고 인터넷 기술을 결합하여 공공서비스 감독 시스템을 강화하고 절차의 투명도를 향상하여야 한다. 각 절차와 분야에서의 감독의 역할을 충분히 발휘하여 권력이 사용될 수 있는 모든 단계에 대한 감독을 하여 각 주체의 책임을 명확히 구분하여야 한다. 이로써 공공서비스의 제공 효율을 향상하고 사회 공공이익의 최대화를 이루는 공적 목표를 실현하여야 한다. For a long time, the supply of public services in China has in fact been monopolized by the public sector represented by the government. With the deepening of reform, the participation of private capital, foreign capital and social organizations makes the supply of public services diversified. In the Internet era, influenced by new technological conditions and the prosperity of the sharing economy, the government may need to re-examine the existing supply of public goods and services. The meaning of “Internet + public service” to the supply of public services is not only that the Internet as a means of technology greatly facilitates the communication and connection between the public and the public sector, but also provides an electronic platform for the public sector to purchase public services, and more importantly, the root change significance of the new business model for public service supply brought about by the development of Internet Economy. As a public function department, the government should identify the new technologies and modes available in time, deepen the reform of public service diversification, and gradually extricate itself from non-core and non-dominant public service supply, breaking the current situation that the government monopolizes public service supply. At the same time, in order to consolidate and deepen the achievements of the reform, we must guarantee the system in law, regulate the supply of public power in the field of public service, avoid excessive interference of public power, encourage market participants to take advantage of their own advantages, participate in public service supply activities effectively, and ensure that any market participant has the possibility of becoming a public service provider in system. At the same time, it is necessary to clarify the final responsibility of the government in terms of system construction. We can consider reverse incentives to market participants through the “punitive damages” clause, and further improve the supervision and guarantee system of public services, improve process transparency, give full play to the role of supervision in all aspects, so that supervision covers all aspects of the exercise of power and the division of specific responsibilities. In all aspects, ultimately achieve the public welfare goal of improving the efficiency of public service supply and meeting the needs of maximizing social public interests.

임상연구 구연발표 : Molar uprighting을 이용한 골 결손부 처치와 보철적 수복

장진화,한웅택,정철웅,정찬길 대한치주과학회 2007 대한치주과학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2007 No.2

상?하악 대구치 부위에 식립된 임플란트의 생존율에 대한 후향적 연구

장진화,류경호,정현주 대한치주과학회 2007 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.37 No.2

`Survival analysis of dental implants in maxillary and mandibular molar regions; A 4~5 year report

상$\cdot$하악 대구치 부위에 식립된 임플란트의 생존율에 대한 후향적 연구

장진화,류경호,정현주,Jang, Jin-Wha,Ryoo, Gyeong-Ho,Chung, Hyun-Ju 대한치주과학회 2007 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.37 No.2

Dental Implants have been proved to be successful prosthetic modality in edentulous patients for 10 years. However, there are few reports on the survival of implant according to location in molar regions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the $4{\sim}5$ years' cumulative survival rate and the cause of failure of dental implants in different locations for maxillary and mandibular molars. Among the implants placed in molar regions in Gwangju Mir Dental Hospital from Jan. 2001 to Jun. 2002, 473 implants from 166 patients(age range; $26{\sim}75$) were followed and evaluated retrospectively for the causes of failure. We included 417 implants in 126 periodontally compromised patients, 56 implants in 40 periodontal healthy patients, and 205 maxillary and 268 mandibular molar implants. Implant survival rates by various subject factors, surgical factors, fixture factors, and prosthetic factors at each location were compared using Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival analysis was done for follow-up(FU) periods. The overall failure rate at 5 years was 1O.2%(subject level) and 5.5%(implant level). The overall survival rates of implants during the FU periods were 94.5% with 91.3% in maxillary first molar, 91.1% in maxillary second molar, 99.2% in mandibular first molar and 94,8% in mandibular second molar regions. The survival rates differed significantly between both jaws and among different implant locations(p<0.05), whereas the survival rates of functionally loaded implants were similar in different locations. The survival rates were not different according to gender, age, previous periodontal status, surgery stage, bone graft type, or the prosthetic type. The overall survival rate was low in dental implant of too wide diameter(${\geq}5.75$ mm) and the survival rate was significantly lower for wider implant diameter(p<O.01) in mandibular second molar region, Among 5 surface types(acid etched, SLA, TPS, REM, and HA), the survival rate of SLA type implant was the highest during the FU periods and the failure rates of HA type implants was significantly high following functional loading. Among 26 failed implants, 20 resulted in early failure of osseointegration or infection prior to functional loading, and 6 were removed because of progressive bone loss or implant fracture. In conclusion, implant survival rates were different in different locations on the posterior jaws, and the fixture diameter and surface type were the significant factor for implant survival in mandibular 2nd molar region. This observation suggests that implant treatment planning might require region-specific manner.

가치의 통일성은 어떻게 가능할까? - 드워킨의 가치통일이론 탐색과 해설 -

장진화,홍로 한중법학회 2019 中國法硏究 Vol.37 No.-

가치의 통일성은 드워킨이 쓴 《고슴도치의 정의》의 책 중에 논쟁의 핵심 명제이다. 이 명제의 기본 주장: 이론 가치와 도덕 가치가 통일이라는 것은 논 의를 하여 가치의 통일은 사람의 존엄이다. 하지만 이 주장을 입증하려면 결코 쉬운 일이 아니다. 드워킨이 우선 두 이론의 도전과 질의에 직면하다. 하나는 가치 회의주의 이론, 또 하나는 가치 다원주의 이론이다. 그 중에서 가치 회의 주의는 흄의 원칙에 기초하다. 가치관의 “객관성 및 진실성”을 반대했다 ; 가치 다원주의는 다른 가치간 사이에 피할 수 없는 “충돌” 및 “불가 통과 성질”을 가지고 있다는 것을 여긴다. 이러한 이론 곤경에 직면하여 드워킨이 한편으로 는 가치 독립성을 분석을 통해 가치의 “객관성 및 진실성”은 외적일 필요가 없 는 객관적 가치실체(또는 “도덕씨앗”)를 뒷받침함으로써 가치 회의주의의 의문 에 효과적으로 응답했다. 한편, 그는 구성적 해설로 서로 다른 가치 간의 통일 성을 통합하고, 통달적이고 통일적인 “가치적 그물”을 구축해 가치 다원주의의 도전을 성공적으로 해소한 것이다. 따라서 가치 회의주의와 가치다원주의는 가치 통일성에 대한 치명적인 위협이 되지 않다. 다시 말하자면 그들은 가치 통일성을 방해하거나 부정할 가능성이 없다. 이론적 장벽의 제거 임무를 완성한 후, 드워킨은 윤리를 시작으로 존엄의 두 가지 원칙(자기존중과 본진성)을 바탕으로 “책임제도”를 연결 고리로 하여 “윤 리적 책임 — 개인의 도덕적 책임 — 정치의무의 한 사람의 권력”의 가치통일 이론의 형성과정과 내적논리를 연출하였다. 우선, 가치통일 이론의 내적논리의 출발점은 윤리적 가치이다. 정확히 말하자면 일종의 특수한 윤리가치——인간의 존엄이다. 드워킨이 보기에 인간의 존엄은 두 가지 기본원칙을 포함한다. 하나 는 자신을 존중한 원칙이다. 또 하나는 본진성원칙이다. 전자는 모든 사람이반드시 자신의 삶을 진지하게 대해야 한다는 것을 요구하고, 후자는 모든 사람 은 특수한 개인적인 책임이 한 가지를 가지고 있고, 그 자신의 삶에서 무엇이 성공했는지를 확정하기 위해서다. 존엄의 두 가지 원칙을 통해 드워킨은 개인 의 윤리적 책임에서 도덕적 책임으로의 이행을 완수했다. 다음으로, 존엄성의 두 가지 원칙은 세 가지 다른 책임을 명시한다. 첫째, 윤리적인 책임, 모든 사 람이 자신에게 져야 할 윤리적 책임, 둘 째, 도덕적 책임, 즉, 모든 사람이 타인 에 대해 져야 할 도덕적 의무이다; 세 번째는 정치의 책임, 즉 정치 공동체가 그가 다스리는 모든 국민이 져야 할 정치적 의무이다. ‘책임제도’를 통해 드워 킨은 도덕적 책임에서 정치적 의무로의 이행을 실현했다. 마지막으로, 정치적 의무는 국민 권리와 일체 양면이며, 정치 공동체가 져야 할 해당한 정치적 의 무이다. 실제로 국민들이 누리는 것은 이 정치 공동체에 대항할 수 있는 개인 의 권리이기도 한다. 그 중에는 주로 정치적 권리, 법률권리, 그리고 인권이 포함된다. 시각적인 전환을 통해 드워킨은 정치적 의무에서 개인의 권리로의 이행을 실현했다. 이것에 의해, 윤리, 도덕, 정치, 법률 등 다양한 가치가 드워 킨에 의해 성공적으로 하나가 되어, 가치의 나무 모양의 구조를 형성하였다. 법률은 정치도덕의 한 갈래이고, 정치도덕은 개인 도덕의 하나의 갈래이며, 개 인도덕도 논리적 삶의 한 갈래가 된다. 이것은 그의 가치 통일 이론의 내적 논리이자 가치 통일 이론의 형성 과정이다. 따라서 드워킨이 가치 통일이론의 논증에 대해 성공적이다. 다시 말하자면 가치의 통일성은 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 드워킨의 가치 통일이론의 중요한 의미는 그가 일종의 새로운 정의관을 제 시하거나 정부의 합법성을 판단하는 새로운 기준을 제시하려고 했다는 것인데, 이러한 정의관과 판단 기준, 그리고 롤즈의 정의론과는 뚜렷한 차이를 가지고 있다. 그는 사람에게 훈계했다. 첫째, 어떤 정부의 합법성도 존엄의 두 가지 기본 원칙에 기초해야 하며, 어떤 정부도 책임과 의무가 있다. 모두 국민에게 존엄 도 있고 행복한 삶을 살도록 다스려야 한다. 둘째로, 모든 사람은 자신의 존엄 성을 진지하게 대해야 한다. 이는 모든 사람의 윤리적 책임이자 동시에 모든 사람의 도덕적 책임이다. The unity of value is the core proposition demonstrated by Dworkin in his book Justice for hedgehogs. The basic viewpoint of this proposition is that ethical value and moral value are unified, and the unity of value is human dignity. While, it is very difficult to prove this proposition. Dworkin must face the challenge of two theories at first: one is the value skepticism theory; the other is the value pluralism theory. Among them, value skepticism, based on Hume's principle, denies the “objectivity and truth” of value. Value pluralism holds that different values are inevitably “conflicting” and “incommensurable”. In the face of such a theoretical dilemma, Dworkin, on the one hand, through the analysis of the independence of value, and points out that the “objectivity and truth” of value does not need external objective value entities (or “moral particles”) as a support, thus effectively responding to the questioning of value skepticism. On the other hand, he integrated the unity of different values through constructive interpretation and constructed a “web of values” with coherence and unity, thus successfully eliminating the challenge of value pluralism. Therefore, value skepticism and value pluralism do not pose a fatal threat to the unity of value. In other words, they do not hinder or deny the possibility of value unity. After clearing the theoretical barriers, Dworkin starts with ethics, bases on the two principles of dignity (self-respect and authenticity), and takes the responsibility system as the link, deduces the formation process and internal logic of the unity of values—form the ethical responsibility to individual moral responsibility, form individual moral responsibility to political obligation, and form political obligation to individual right. First of all, the logical starting point of the unified theory of value is ethical value. Specifically, it is a special ethical value—human dignity. In his views, human dignity consists of two basic principles: self-respect and authenticity. The former requires everyone to take his life seriously. The latter requires that each person has a special personal responsibility to determine what constitutes success in his own life. Secondly, according to Dworkin, these two principles of dignity do triple responsibility. First is the ethical responsibility, they provide guidance about what we should do in order to live well. The second is moral responsibility,each person's moral obligation to others. The third is political responsibility, the political obligation of the political community to every citizen under its jurisdiction. Finally, political obligations and civil rights are two sides of the same coin. The political obligations undertaken by a political community are actually the individual rights enjoyed by citizens against the political community. It mainly includes political rights, legal rights and human rights. Thus, various values such as ethics, morality, politics and law were successfully integrated by Dworkin, forming a tree-like structure of values: law is a branch of political morality, political morality is a branch of individual morality, and individual morality is a branch of ethical life. This is not only the internal logic of his unified theory of value, but also the formation process of his unified theory of value. It can be seen that Dworkin's demonstration of the unified theory of value is successful, that is, the unity of value is possible. The significance of Dworkin's unified theory of value is that he tries to put forward a new view of justice or a new standard for judging the legitimacy of government, which is obviously different from Rawls's theory of justice. He cautions that: first, the legitimacy of any government must be based on two fundamental principles of dignity; And it is the responsibility and obligation of any government to ensure that every citizen it governs lives well with dignity and happiness. Second, everyone must take seriously their own dignity, which is everyone's ethical responsibility, but also everyone's moral responsibility.

연구논문 구연발표 : 상, 하악 제 1,2 대구치에서 임플란트 생존율 비교

장진화,류경호,정현주 대한치주과학회 2006 대한치주과학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2006 No.2

Assessment of Aging Effects on Computed Tomographic Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs

장진화,김환철,최지영,최호정,이희천,장동우,이영원 한국임상수의학회 2012 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.29 No.2

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and age by using dynamic computed tomography (CT) and Patlak plot analysis in dogs. Fifteen dogs were used in this study. CT-GFR study was performed under general anesthesia using propofol and isoflurane. 1 ml/kg dosage of 300 mgI/ml iohexol was administered at a rate of 3 ml/s during GFR measurement. CT-GFR was determined with a single-slice dynamic acquisition and Patlak plot analysis. The individual and global GFR values were calculated to plasma clearance per body weight (ml/min/kg). Bodyweight (mean ± SD) ranged from 2.0 to 5.7 kg (3.31 ± 1.13 kg). Age ranged from 3 years to 13 years old (7.14 ± 3.30). Mean ± SD creatinine (0.53 ± 0.34 mg/dl), phosphorus (4.1 ± 1.2 mg/dL), and albumin (3.3 ± 0.3 mg/dL) concentrations and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (all ratios were < 0.5) were within reference ranges. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed small-sized renal calculi, mineralization, or renal cyst at eight dogs. The global CT-GFR ranges shown in this study was 2.57 to 6.60 ml/min/kg. In this study, there was no trend toward weight-adjusted CT-GFR with increasing age. We found no relationships between age-related kidney dysfunction in fifteen dogs. Small-sized renal calculi or cysts did not affect renal function in this study. However, it is thought that a large sample size may have been required to document an age effect.

역할놀이 비유 활동 수업이 초등학생의 과학 학업성취도와 과학탐구능력에 미치는 영향

장진화,이형철 대한지구과학교육학회 2012 대한지구과학교육학회지 Vol.5 No.3

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of the role-playing analogy activity-based class on the academic achievement in science and the science process skills of elementary school students. One experimental group and one control group of 4th grade students were selected to perform a prior investigation on the academic achievement in science and the science process skill. Then the experimental group attended science lessons that were based on the role-playing analogy activity and the control group attended the traditional science lessons based on the text book and teacher’s guide. After conducting lessons, a post investigation was performed for each group and the results were analyzed to produce the following conclusions. First, the role-playing analogy activity class was more effective to improve students' academic achievements than the traditional science class. And the role-playing analogy activity class was more effective to learners in the high-level group, which made a scores above the average in prior investigation on the academic achievement, whereas it was little effective to those in the low-level group. Second, the role-playing analogy activity class was effective to enhance students' science process skills than the traditional science class. And the role-playing analogy activity class was more effective to the learners’ in the high-level group than those in the low-level group.

Computed tomographic evaluation of abdominal fat in minipigs

장진화,Joohyun Jung,Hyeyeon Lee,장동우,윤정희,최민철 대한수의학회 2011 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.12 No.1

Computed tomography (CT) exams were conducted to determine the distribution of abdominal fat identified based on the CT number measured in Hounsfield Units (HU) and to measure the volume of the abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat in minipigs. The relationship between the CT-based fat volumes of several vertebral levels and the entire abdomen and anthropometric data including the sagittal abdominal diameter and waist circumference were evaluated. Moreover, the total fat volumes at the T11, T13, L3, and L5 levels were compared with the total fat volume of the entire abdomen to define the landmark of abdominal fat distribution. Using a single-detector CT, six 6-month-old male minipigs were scanned under general anesthesia. Three radiologists then assessed the HU value of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat by drawing the region of interest manually at the T11, T13, L1, L3, and L5 levels. The CT number and abdominal fat determined in this way by the three radiologists was found to be correlated (intra-class coefficient = 0.9). The overall HU ranges for the visceral and subcutaneous fat depots were −147.47 to −83.46 and −131.62 to −90.97, respectively. The total fat volume of the entire abdomen was highly correlated with the volume of abdominal fat at the T13 level (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001). These findings demonstrate that the volume of abdominal adipose tissue measured at the T13 level using CT is a strong and reliable predictor of total abdominal adipose volume.

전국 소동물 병원의 초음파 진단기기 및 활용도 현황조사

장진화,백민지,장동우 한국임상수의학회 2011 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.28 No.4

This study was carried out to analyze the utilization of ultrasound machines in animal hospitals and focused on surveying the present condition of diagnostic ultrasound on veterinary medicine in South Korea. Total 279 veterinary hospitals were surveyed with e-mail questionnaires or telephone survey. E-mail questionnaires consist of 17 items of questions including existence of ultrasound machine, types of ultrasound machine, ultrasound examination costs,frequency, purposes, other diagnostic imaging equipments, and referring system of ultrasound. Telephone surveys asked about the existence of the ultrasound machine and types of the ultrasound machine to 279 animal hospitals. Two hundred and seventy-one out of 279 animal hospitals holds ultrasound machine. Seventy-two percents clinics purchased used ultrasonographic machines and mean years after the date of manufacture is 7.5 years and the proportion of superannuated machines are relatively high. Also many clinicians prefer single organ scanning rather than general scan technique and more than 60% of clinics perform ultrasonographic examination less than 5 times a week. Clinics located in Seoul area tend to have more expensive and brand-new ultrasonographic machines nd the distribution of radiology specialist are higher in this area. Problems associated with the present condition were oversupply of machines, unequal distribution of the medical equipment in different localities, ineffective use of the medical equipment, and high percentage of old poor-quality medical equipments. There should be a viable alternative proposal to control amount and quality of the ultrasound machines. Also, the improved management system for the ultrasound machine is required.