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장용석,신차남 순천향의학연구소 2001 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.7 No.2
Background : Recently, with the increasing number of foreigners living in or visiting Korea, the need of health care system for them is growing. But there are few studies related with foreigners of Korea. Even though there are 13 International Clinics in Seoul, foreigners still have a lot of difficulties to get good medical treatment. This study is to provide the basic clinical data for the systematic and efficient management of better medical service. Material and method : This study is an analysis of 1,546 patients in International Clinic of Soonchunhyang University hospital from Feb. 1 1999 to Jul. 31 2001. The medical records of patients were reviewed and analyzed by frequency and percentage. Results : By gender grouping, 786 cases(50.8%) were females and 760 cases(49.2%) were males out of 1,546 cases. Those who were aged from 30-39(398 cases, 25.7%) was the largest age group. Americans were 298 cases(9.3%), followed by German with 172 cases(11.1%). The total number or clinic visit was 5,257. According to departments, Internal medicine had 1,003 visits(19.1%), followed by pediatrics with 874 visits(16.6%). The most common diagnosis were Upper Respiratory Infection including common cold with 699 visits(13.3%), followed by vaccination(299 cases, 5.7%) and general checkup(213 cases, 4.0%). During the last 30 months, 2-5 visits of clinic was 839 cases(54.3%), On average patients visited medical doctor 2.8 times during this period. The most visit was 66 times for 1 year of 2000. Those who had been hospitalized were 107 cases, the average days of hospitalization was 4.5 days. During the time of study, 38 cases of operation were conducted and medical problem of 810(15.4%) visits were solved in International Clinic. In conclusion, this study has limit of data because of the lack of relationship among International Clinics. Therefore, further study is necessary under cooperation among International Clinics in the near future.
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Antigen presentation과 immune unresponsiveness
장용석 全北大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1994 基礎科學 Vol.17 No.-
어떤 항원에 대한 비효율적인 immune response에는 antigen presentation과 TcR에 의한 peptide-MHC complex 인식과정 중에도 여러 단계에서 원인을 찾을 수 있다. 죽, class-II MHC-restricted antigen presentation의 경우 antigen uptake, complex의 인식과정에 기인할 수 있다. 물론 각각의 과정은 설명한 바와 같이 서로 유기적으로 작용할 수 있는 가능성이 많다. 따라서, 응용적인 면에서 이와 같은 문제를 접했을 경우 그 항원이 인식되는 pattern의 세밀한 연구에 의하여 antigen modification의 방향을 정할 수 있게 된다. Antigen modification에서 가장 염두에 두어야 할 점은 modified antigen에 의하여 유도된 immune response가 과연 원래의 항원을 잘 인식하는지 여부이다. 이에 의하여 antigen modification의 정도와 방향이 또한 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.
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林堂遺蹟을 통해 본 慶山地域 古代 政治體의 形成과 變遷
장용석 한국문화유산협회 2007 야외고고학 Vol.0 No.3
이 글은 지금까지 조사된 임당유적의 자료-분묘, 취락, 방어시설-들을 대상으로 임당유적이 언제부터, 어떠한 과정을 거치면서 정치체를 형성하였으며, 이후 중심읍락인 국읍으로, 그리고 신라로의 편입 과정을 살펴보았다. 이를 위한 연구방법론으로 취락고고학의 연구 관점인 취락분포정형을 통해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 임당유적은 크게 4단계로 구분할 수 있는데, 첫째는 마을의 형성단계로서 임당유적이 처음 조영되기 시작한다. 분묘인 목관묘는 小群集을 이루며 조영되고, 조영 양상으로 보아 유적 내에는 3~5개의 집단(小村, 마을)과 유적의 주변지역에 최소 2개의 집단이 존재했던 것으로 추정된다. 이 단계는 複數의 마을(소촌)로 구성된 사회였다. 둘째는 정치체의 형성단계로서 와질토기를 標識으로하는 대규모 목관묘군이 조영되기 시작하며, 임당유적 및 주변의 여러 마을을 統制하거나 掌握할 수 있는 새로운 中心村이 형성된다. 그리고 이 촌을 중심으로 邑落이 형성되며, 정치체가 성립된다. 셋째는 정치체의 발전단계로서, 분묘는 前時期의 목관묘가 木槨墓로 대체되며, 목곽묘는 부장품의 多量副葬을 전제로 하는 大形의 埋葬主體部가 특징이다. 이 단계의 집단은 읍락보다 규모가 더 확대된 大村(국읍의 중심촌)이다. 취락지는 100여동 이상이 분포하는 대규모 취락지와 대형의 주거지가 축조되지만, 주변에 중․소형 주거지들과 함께 배치되어 있어서 立地狀의 우월성은 아직까지 나타나지 않는다. 이 단계의 후기에 이르러 임당유적은 경산분지 전체를 아우를 수 있을 정도로 성장하기 시작한다. 넷째는 신라로의 편입이 이루어지기 시작하며, 국가가 형성된다. 임당유적에서는 목곽묘의 대형화, 순장실시, 방어시설인 토성이 축조되는 단계이다. 이후 고총단계에 이르면 간접지배 체제가 완성되며, 이때부터 압독국은 신라에 편입되었을 것으로 판단된다. 이 시기 금호강 이남의 경산분지는 1개의 국읍과 5개의 읍락으로 이루어진 사회구조를 이룬다. 한편 6세기 중엽 이후에는 고총고분이 소멸되는데, 이는 신라세력의 확대를 의미하며, 지방관 파견을 통한 직접적인 지방지배가 실시됨을 나타낸다. Using archaeological evidence such as tombs, settlements, and defense facilities, this paper examines when and how social groups at the site of Imdang came to form a polity, how this polity developed into a guk-eup (the main eup-rak), and finally the process through which it came to be incorporated into the Silla state. The key methodological approach is based on settlement-archeology, with settlement pattern as the main focus of study. As a result, it was possible to identify four main stages at the Imdang Site. The first stage represents the forming stage of the Imdang settlement. Wooden coffin tombs have been identified forming small groups. It appears that there were at least two social groups living in around three to five hamlets at the site. This stage can therefore be defined as a 'plural hamlet society'. The second stage witnessed the establishment of the Imdang polity. Large scale wooden coffin tombs containing assemblages of wajil pottery have been identified. There also appears to have emerged a central hamlet which ruled several hamlets in and around Imdang. It is this central hamlet which came to form the Imdang eup-rak and polity. The third stage witnessed the development of the Imdang polity. The wooden coffin tombs of the earlier period came to be replaced by wooden chambered tombs, characterized by their large burial chambers which have yielded an abundant amount of grave goods. Communities resided in large towns (probably the central village of the guk-eup) which were considerably larger in size than that of normal villages. Large-scale settlements comprising over 100 buildings, including significantly large dwellings, appear at this stage. Spatial differentiation within the settlement, however, does not seem to have existed since the large dwellings are found in association with mid-scale and small dwellings. In the latter period of this stage, the polity centered around the Imdang site grew to include the entire Gyeongsan Basin area. Finally, the fourth stage witnessed Imdang communities merging with Silla and ultimately forming a state. Large wood chambered tombs, containing evidence of human sacrificial interment, and earthen fortification walls have been identified. The latter part of this stage - the period of the high mounded (gochong) tombs - saw the completion of the indirect ruling system, and concomitantly, the merging of Apdokguk with the Silla state. The Gyeongsan Basin (the southern area of the Geumho River), appears to have contained a social system consisting of one guk-eup and five eup-rak. Interestingly enough, high mounded tombs disappear from this area from the mid sixth century AD. This may indicate the increased power of Silla in this region, which came to adopt a strategy of direct local governing by deploying local officers from the Silla center.
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The Art Educators’ Role in Defusing Violence in Popular Culture
장용석 한국국제미술교육학회 2016 미술과 교육 Vol.17 No.2
In the past, many people enjoyed participating in as well as watching combative sports, such as wrestling, boxing, and martial arts. Some of these combative sports evolved to the present day, while other aspects of these sports disappeared. Presently, new types of combative sports have appeared and become popular. The fighters involved in these combative sports are allowed to use several fighting disciplines at the same time. If an opponent falls down, a fighter can hit him or step on him, which is violent and cruel. Art educators need to pay attention to these violent sports, since many young people are drawn to the sports and to their violent images. The researcher uses Duncum’s (2002) and Goldstein’s (1998) frameworks to analyze several examples of combative sports in order to answer four questions: Why do many people enjoy watching violence? What aspects of violent sports are most appealing? What is the influence of violent sports on children? What role can art educators play in helping children understand the meanings behind violent images? Suggestions are made based on art therapy, critical thinking, and holistic education.
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