‘킬러로봇’ 규범을 둘러싼 국제적 갈등: ‘국제규범 창설자’와 ‘국제규범 반대자’ 사이의 정치적 대립을 중심으로

장기영 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2020 국제지역연구 Vol.29 No.1

Recently, ‘killer robots’ are emerging as one of key technologies of future warfare. Given that robotic weapons, once activated, can select and engage targets without any human intervention, this paper mainly deals with why the international community has still failed to create specific new global norms to ban killer robots in international relations. While the idea of banning killer robots has been promoted by ‘norm entrepreneurs’ on the international stage, an oppositional role – the ‘norm antipreneur’ – should also be recognized to understand the dynamics of international norms to ban killer robots. Thus, it is critical to examine international conflicts between norm entrepreneurs and norm antipreneurs in order to understand the life-cycle of global norms against the use of killer robots. 본 연구는 다수의 국제정치 행위자들이 인간의 통제를 벗어난 무기체계의 도입을 우려하는 상황 에도 불구하고 킬러로봇과 같은 자율무기체계 개발을 금지하는 규범이 왜 국제사회에서 확립되지 못하는지 그 원인에 대하여 분석한다. 현재 킬러로봇에 대한 국제규범은 ‘규범생애주기’(norm life cycle)의 첫 번째 단계인 ‘규범출현’ 단계에 있다. 규범출현 단계에서 규범창설자들이 일정 수의 국 가들을 설득해서 임계점(tipping point)을 넘게 되면 킬러로봇 규범은 전 지구적 규범으로 발전될 수 있지만 반대로 임계점에 도달하지 않으면 관련 규범은 더 이상 전 세계 국가지도자들의 관심을 얻지 못한 채 ‘잃어버린 대의’(lost cause)로 전락할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 킬러로봇 국제규범 을 정착시키려는 ‘규범창설자’(norm entrepreneurs)와 로봇기술의 발전을 도모하고자 하는 ‘규범 반대자’(norm antipreneurs) 사이의 규범적 갈등을 바탕으로 향후 관련 규범화가 어려운 원인을 규명한다.

현대 주거공간에 있어서의 木器개발에 관한 연구

장기영 청주대학교 예술문화연구소 1996 淸藝論叢 Vol.10 No.-

경북대학교 병원 치과보철과 내원환자들의 성향 및 진료만족도에 관한 분석

장기영 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1997 慶北齒大論文集 Vol.14 No.-

(Abstract) The objective of this survey were to analyze the patients' characteristics and degree of satisfaction to their dental visit. Data for this survey were gathered by self-developed questonnaire from 500 randomly selected samples comsisting of all patients who had treated their teeth at the department of prosthodontics in Kyungpook National University Hospital. The questionnair was consisted with 49 items and all the items were categorized with 6 factors. The 30 items were constructed using a five-likert response format and were pretested Cronbach's alpha=0.7705). Among the fimal mailed sample of 3533, 199 was returmed (56.37%). Collected samples were analyzed using the SAS package, and t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis were performed. The preference characteristics of sample were women (56.2%), aged more than forty(62.3%) and high level of education. They used public transformation (64.9%) to visit KNU and the time from home to KNU was 30-60 minutes (43.5%). The most favorable reasons to visit KNU were confidence (34.6%), distinction ratio distributed from 27.79(minimum) to 95.83 (maximum) and the average ratio was 53.69. They were satisfied with he general satisfaction factor (47.75). The majority factors which explained general satisfaction were kindliness and distinction of private dental clinic and the specific factors accounted for 26.6% of the variation in general satisfaction as a result from multiple regression analysis.

급성위점막병변에 대한 실험적 연구

장기영 고려대학교 의과대학 1979 고려대학교 의과대학 잡지 Vol.16 No.1

급성위점막병변에 대한 실험적 연구

장기영,전동휘,이기찬,주정화 대한신경외과학회 1977 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.6 No.2

Acute gastric mucosal lesions (AGM lesions) is a general term applied to conditions characterized by the acute development of mucosal lesions in the form of erythema, mucosal hemorrhage, erosions and ulcerations in the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum. Although the pathophysiological events leadings to the formation of these lesions remain unknown, we do know that they are after preceded by one of many situations. It has become traditional to use the term stress ulcer to describe AGM lesions preceded by a major stress such as that of an operation or of severe thermal burns or hemorrhagic shock. The salient clinical manifestation of acute gastric mucosal lesions, regardless of their cause, is bleeding. AGM lesions were experimentally produced by brain injury and administration of steroid. This experimental study was conducted in order to study the socalled AGM lesions, espicially on production and pathology of them. The experimental animals, normal adult rate, were divided into 4 groups the first group of brain injury, the second group of brain injury and administration of steroid, the third group of administration of steroid only, and the fourth group of normal control with administration of normal saline and normal rats. The frequency of AGM lesions was studied in relation to each experimental group, experimental period and grade of leions. The AGM lesions were divided into 3 grades depending on the macroscopic and microscopic findings. 1. AGM lesions were observed in 34 out of 63 all experimental animals except for control group of animal. Majority of the lesions were found in the grandular portion of the stomach. 2. In the brain injured group, the lesions that was erythematous and superficial mucosal erosion were found in 3 out of 21 (14.3%), which were observed only in experimental period of 3-5 days. 3. In the group with brain injury and steroid administration, the lesions were found in 15 out of 21 animals (76.2%) among them grade 1 was in 2 out of 16, grade 2 in 10 and grade 3 in 4, which were observed in the period of 2-7 days. 4. In the group with administration of steroid, the lesions were found in 15 out of 21 animals (71.4%), among them grade 1 was 2 out of 15, grade 2 in 11 and grade 3 in 2, which started to be observed form 2nd day through out the experimental period. 5. No lesions were investigated in the control group. No correlation between the variety of brain injury and production of AGM lesion was studied.

한국도감출판의 오늘과 내일 - 한국 도감출판의 가능성

장기영,Jang, Gi-Yeong 대한출판문화협회 2003 출판저널 Vol.332 No.-

“구원 받은 신자는 창조세계를 선물로 받는다” : 루터의 창조세계 긍정과 신자의 일상적 삶의 책임

장기영 한국교회사학회 2018 韓國敎會史學會誌 Vol.50 No.-

“구원 받은 신자는 창조세계를 선물로 받는다”라는 말은, 루터 학자 게르하르트 포드(Gerhard Forde)가 루터가 종교개혁적 혁파에서 얻은 새로운 신학적, 윤리적 인식을 훌륭하게 응축한 것이다. 하나님 은혜에 의한 구원은 하나님의 창조세계를 보는 긍정적 관점을 제공하고, 그 속에서의 삶을 은총의 선물이자 책임적 소명으로 환원시킬 동기와 동력을 부여한다는 것이다. 루터는 하나님의 창조세계 속에서 신자의 삶이란, 하나님을 의지하는 신앙으로 피조물로서의 일상적 삶을 살아가는 것으로 보았다. 창조세계 자체와 그 속에서의 신자의 일상생활을 긍정적으로 본 것이다. 중세 가톨릭 교회가 창조세계 속 일상적 삶을 경시한 데 비해, 루터는 이 땅에서 신앙으로 하는 모든 일을 영적인 일로 여겼다. 창조세계 속에서의 세 가지 삶의 형태인 교회, 가정, 국가에서의 직분을 신앙으로 감당하는 것을 하나님께 대한 예배이자 신자의 소명으로 보았다. 그리스도인이 하나님의 두 왕국에서 개인 윤리와 공적 윤리를 바르게 구분하고 적절히 적용하면서, 자신의 직분을 통해 소명을 다할 때 사회는 더 나은 방향으로 개선될 수 있음을 가르쳤다. Gerhard Forde summarized Luther’s theological and ethical thoughts given through his reformation breakthrough in a sentence: “The one saved is given creation back again as sheer gift.” Salvation by God’s grace gives believers a positive view of the world as God’s creation. It also gives them a motivation and energy to accept their life as free gift of God and to change their life into God’s vocation. In this sense, for Luther, the essence of believers’ life can be represented as living their ordinary life in trusting God. The image of God in believers should not be understood as some unknown spiritual faculty, but a capacity to live a creaturely life in a peaceful relationship with God, with other people, and with the other creatures of God in their ordinary life. Believers realize that offices, stations, or vocations in God’s creation are like a special kind of God’s law, since they are given to every human being by God as an imperative to love others. Every life station contains in it what believers can do for others, so each station can be regarded as the law inherent in God’s creation. While both Christians and non-Christians participate in and contribute to those stations, the superiority of Christian ethics to infidels is that Christians receive their stations as vocation, and faithfully perform them in the certainty that God has called them and it pleases God. Being willing to obey God, Christians are superior to the others in their performance as well as in their recognition of God’s will contained in their vocation.

가와사끼병의 심혈관계 합병증 및 치료

장기영 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.5

Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology, usually occurring in infants and young children. Although the etiology of Kawasaki disease remains uncertain, its serious complicationssuch as giant aneurysm formation, coronary arterial stenotic lesions, and thrombotic occlusionhave been proven to cause myocardial ischemia or infarction in patients with Kawasaki disease. To prevent and treat these complications, several modes of therapyincluding long-term anticoagulation, interventional catheterization, and surgical treatmenthave been gradually developed. In this article, we review the cardiovascular complications following Kawasaki disease and the management thereof, which includes thrombolytic therapy, catheter intervention, and coronary artery bypass graft.

氣管切開術後의 重症合倂症

張基永,金鍾悳,李基燦,朱正和 대한신경외과학회 1973 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.2 No.2

Tracheotomy is a relatively simple operative procedure and should be recommended whenever the patient's ability to maintain an airway or remove secretion is seriously impaired. The complications that develop are generally due to faulty surgical technique. Although the risks of the operative procedure are negligible, the postoperative sequale and complications may produce disability with subsequent long period of treatment before recovery and sometimes fatal. Three adult patients who were complicated with difficult extubation and hemorrhage following tracheotomy for craniocerebral injury are presented. Difficult extubation of canula was seen in a patient whose lumen of the trachea was narrowed by granulation tissue. Whenever the canula was withdrawn the patient became cyanotic with difficulty in respiration. Removal of the granulations that formed on the anterior tracheal wall at the site of the opening and change of tracheotomy site could solve the difficulty. Sudden critical hemorrhage long after the tracheotomy were observed in two patients at the time of extubation of canula. One patient was tracheotomized for 13 days and the other 70 days when they died respectively of the fatal hemorrhage. No autopsy was done, but it could be suspected that the late hemorrhage might have to do with pressure erosion of a large vessel that had been pressing on by the end or the edge of canula.

녹색광을 이용한 반사형 광용적맥파측정기의 주변광 간섭시 신호측정

장기영,고현철,이정직,윤영로,Chang, K.Y.,Ko, H.C.,Lee, J.J.,Yoon, Young Ro 대한의용생체공학회 2014 의공학회지 Vol.35 No.5

The purpose of this study is to verify the utility of reflected photoplethysmography sensor using two green light emitting diodes that influenced by ambient light. Recently it has been studied that green light emitting diode is suitable for light source of reflected photoplethysmography sensor at low temperature and high temperature. Another study showed that, green light is better for monitoring heart rate during motion than led light. However, it has a bad characteristic about ambient light noise. To verify the utility of reflected photoplethysmography sensor using green light emitting diode, this study measures the photoplethysmography signal that is distorted by ambient light and will propose a solution. This study has two parts of research method. One is measurement system that composed sensor and board. The sensor is made up PE-foam and Non-woven fabric for flexible sensor. The photoplethysmography signal is measured by measurement board that composed high-pass filter, low-pass filter and amplifier. Ambient light source is light bulb and white light emitting diode that has three steps brightness. Photoplethysmography signal is measured with lead II electrocardiography signal at the same time and it is measured at the finger and radial artery for 1 minute, 1000 Hz sampling rate. The lead II electrocardiography signal is a standard signal for heart rate and photoplethysmography signal that measured at the finger is a standard signal for waveform. The test is repeated 3 times using three sensor. The data is processed by MATLAB to verify the utility by comparing the correlation coefficient score and heart rate. The photoplethysmography sensor using two green light emitting diodes is shown better utility than using one green light emitting diode and red light emitting diode at the ambient light. The waveform and heart rate that measured by two green light emitting diodes are more identical than others. The amount of electricity used is less than red light emitting diode and error peak detectability factor is the lowest.