한국어 TTS에 적용되는 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 발음 처리에 대하여-TTS의 발음에 대한 국어 음운론적 관점의 진단-

임현열 국어국문학회 2019 국어국문학 Vol.0 No.187

이 연구에서는 한국어 TTS가 산출하고 있는 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄와 관련된 발음의 문제점을 살펴보고, /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 적절한 발음 처리를 위해 TTS 시스템에서 고려해야 할 점들을 국어 음운론의 관점에서 제시하였다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 네이버 파파고와 구글 번역기의 TTS에서 다양한 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄를 어떻게 처리하고 있는지 살폈다. 그 결과, 한국어 TTS에서 /ㄴㄹ/의 유음화는 비교적 정확하게 처리하고 있는 데 반해, /ㄴㄹ/의 비음화와 관련하여 정확성이 낮다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 이러한 현상의 원인을 한국어 TTS가 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 유음화와 비음화에 관여하는 형태소 정보를 적절히 반영하지 못하고 있기 때문이라고 진단하였다. 이에 이 연구에서는 한국어 TTS의 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄 발음 성능 향상을 위해 문자열을 발음열로 변환하는 과정에 형태소 정보를 반영하여 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 발음을 처리하는 방안을 제시하였다. 더불어, 위와 같은 방식으로 자연스러운 발음이 산출되기 어려운 일부 사례가 있기 때문에 해당되는 사례는 별도로 목록화하여 해당 단어의 발음 정보에 /ㄴㄹ/ 연쇄의 발음 처리 정보를 탑재해 두어야 한다는 점도 언급하였다. In this study, we investigated the pronunciation problems of /n-l/ string in Korean TTS system, and suggested the points to consider in TTS system for proper pronunciation processing of Korean TTS. To this end, this study examined how Naver Papago and Google Translator handle various /n-l/ strings. As a result, it was found that the accuracy of the lateralization of /n-l/ string was comparably high, but the accuracy of nasalization of /n-l/ string was very low. Also, it is diagnosed that the cause of this phenomenon is that the Korean TTS does not adequately reflect the morphological information related to the lateralization and nasalization of /n-l/ strings. In this study, we propose a method to process the pronunciation of /n-l/ string by reflecting the morpheme information in the process of converting the string to the pronunciation string in order to improve the pronunciation performance of Korean TTS. In addition, there are some cases where it is difficult to produce natural pronunciation in the above-mentioned method. Therefore, it is noted that the corresponding case should be listed separately and the pronunciation information of /n-l/ string should be loaded in the pronunciation information of the corresponding word.

조사 분포의 계량적 측정을 통한 정보 탐색 연구― 구어성 텍스트와 문어성 텍스트의 특성 비교 ―

임현열 중앙어문학회 2023 語文論集 Vol.95 No.-

This study aims to quantitatively analyze the distribution of particles(조사 [josa] in Korean linguistics) in Korean texts. Moreover, the study examines how particle usage reveals characteristics of spoken and written texts. The study investigates spoken and written language features in texts by comparing unique texts. These may include comparing reading and listening to passages in Korean textbooks with those in a balanced corpus. For this purpose, the “bareun” deep learning-based morphological analyzer, coupled with Python’s “konlpy” library, was employed as the analytical framework. Furthermore, the study used Excel’s pivot tables, various filter functions, and correlation coefficient functions to analyze the data from multiple perspectives. The results provide insight into the use of particles in the ongoing discourse on the characteristics of spoken and written Korean texts. Additionally, this study identified certain characteristics in Korean textbook texts, particularly in listening passages, which may not fully represent aspects of the Korean language.

한국어 TTS 경음화 발음의 국어학적 점검

임현열 한말연구학회 2019 한말연구 Vol.- No.54

The purpose of this study is to suggest how to improve pronunciation of Korean TTS from the point of view of Korean language. In particular, this study focused on the tensification pronunciation of TTS. For this purpose, this study examined the tensification pronunciation of Korean TTS. The pronunciation examination was done in two steps. The first step was a basic examination. We examined whether Korean TTS applied the six tensification rules of the standard pronunciation regulation. The six tensification rules were examined in 11 subtypes. The second step was a deepening examination. The problems arising from the basic examination were examined more closely. The deepening examination extended the number of words to be examined. Examination of the pronunciation of the TTS revealed problems with the four types of the tensification. Based on the results, this study proposed the following to improve the pronunciation of the tensification. (1) The pronunciation information must be faithfully attached to the words related to the tensification. (2) In order to process the tensification that occurs when the stem and the ending combine, the pronunciation information related to the tensification must be attached to the stem and the ending. (3) When the dependent nouns are combined after the adnominal form '-(으) ㄹ' in predicate, the rules of tensification should be applied carefully. (4) Regardless of the spacing, when a chain of obstruent sounds occurs in consecutive nouns, the obstruent sound in the back should be pronounced as tensificated sound. In order for these studies to lead to substantial improvements in TTS, collaboration between engineering and linguistics is required.

ㅂ 불규칙 활용의 다차원

임현열 현대문법학회 2022 현대문법연구 Vol.113 No.-

ㅂ irregular inflexion is a phenomenon that occurs very frequently in Korean. Many researchers have been interested in this because the phenomenon is not simple. As a result, ㅂ irregular inflexion has long been the subject of interest with various people such as phonology, morphology, and syntax. Unlike this situation, language regul- ations and grammar textbooks treat ㅂ irregular inflexion too simply. It is difficult to fully understand the multidimensions of ㅂ irregular inflexion only with the content of the grammar textbook and the language regulations. There- fore, this study pointed out the problems of grammar textbooks and language regulations related to ㅂ irregular inflexion. In addition, various research results on the characteristics of ㅂ irregular inflexion were reviewed. Finally, all words listed in the Open Dictionary, <Urimalsaem> were reviewed. Through this, we tried to get closer to the practical knowledge of ㅂ irregular inflexion. This paper is expected to provide meaningful information for Korean language education and Korean language education as a foreign language in the future. .

[K-문화 소식] 경성대학교 한국한자연구소, 대중과 함께하는 지역인문학센터

임현열 K-문화융합협회 2023 K-문화융합저널 Vol.3 No.1

南北 言語 統合 政策에 대한 專門家 調査 結果 分析

임현열,최유숙 한국어문교육연구회 2015 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.43 No.3

This study aims to analyze the opinions of experts of various fields on the policies proposed for the linguistic unification of South and North Korea. This study collected policies designed for linguistic unification that were proposed since 2000. After reviewing the selected policies, a list containing 18 linguistic unification policies was finalized. Then a survey was conducted on experts of various fields. The survey provided information on the listed policies and asked the participants to grade the policy according to importance, urgency, and utility on a five point scale. The results were analyzed based on the area of expertise of the participant and the groups to which they belong. The results are expected to be meaningful since it will serve as a cornerstone for future policy implementation. 이 硏究의 目的은 南北 言語 統合을 爲해 提案된 여러 政策들에 對한 各界 專門家의 見解를 分析하는 데 있다. 이 硏究에서는 2000年 以後 提案된 南北 言語 統合에 關한 多樣한 政策을 蒐集하였다. 蒐集된 政策을 檢討하여 最終的으로 18個 政策이 包含된 南北 言語 統合 政策 目錄을 導出하였다. 政策 目錄에 包含된 各 政策에 對해 各界 專門家들에게 設問 調査를 實施하였다. 設問 調査는 政策 目錄과 各各에 對한 說明을 提示한 後, 各 政策에 對한 重要度, 時急度, 活用度를 5段階 評價 尺度에서 評價하게 하는 方式으로 進行되었다. 設問 調査 結果는 專門家의 專攻 領域과 所屬 集團의 特性에 따라 區分하여 分析하였다. 이러한 調査 및 分析 結果는 向後 南北 言語 統合 政策 執行에 있어 重要한 判斷 根據가 될 수 있다는 點에서 意味가 있을 것으로 豫想된다.

AI 기기를 활용한 한국어 발음 실태 조사 방법론 제안

임현열 한국문화융합학회 2019 문화와 융합 Vol.41 No.6

In this study, we propose a methodology for surveying Korean pronunciation using AI devices. Pronunciation surveys are necessary in the theoretical study of language, as such survey data are an important reference not in only phonology but also sociolinguistic research. In addition, these surveys are important in developing and improving language standard regulations after careful consideration of actual language use in speech. The necessity and importance of the pronunciation survey has been recognized in the past, and the survey has been conducted in various ways. However, past approaches were clearly limited in terms of research methodology. Therefore, this study proposes a new methodology to investigate the pronunciation of Korean language, using AI devices. This methodology is expected to have the following advantages: 1) suitable for collecting realistic pronunciations, 2) possibility of a large-scale pronunciation survey, 3) possibility of a real-time survey, 4) easy-to-understand characteristics of the pronunciation data provider, and 5) convenience in using the survey results in the research and policy-making process. At present, this survey methodology has not been implemented elsewhere and remains just a suggestion of a Korean linguist. It is hoped that this methodology of Korean pronunciation survey using AI devices will be converted into a real system through close collaboration between Korean linguists and engineers.

구조화된 오류 데이터 분석을 통한 한국어 학습자의 철자 오류와 발음 오류의 관련성 연구 - 중국인의 한국어 철자 오류에 대한 국어 음운론적 관점의 분석-

임현열,고랑원 국제한국언어문화학회 2019 한국언어문화학 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구에서는 중국인 학생이 한국어 수업에서 제출한 딕토글로스자료를 활용하여 구축한 철자 오류 데이터베이스를 검색하여 철자오류의 다양한 유형들을 살펴보았다. 또한 그러한 오류들이 기존에연구된 중국인 학생의 한국어 발음 오류 유형과 어느 정도 대응이 되는지 살폈다. 그 결과 자음과 관련해서는 철자 오류와 발음 오류가 상당한 관련성이 있다는 점을 검증했다. 반면 모음과 관련해서는 철자오류와 발음 오류가 관련이 있기는 하지만, 한글 모음의 이미지 특성이 철자 오류에 영향을 미쳤을 가능성도 공존하고 있다는 점을 보였다. 이러한 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자가 좀 더 정확한 철자법을 구사하기 위해서는 한국어 발음 개선이 필요하다는 점을 시사한다. 다만, 본 연구의 시도는 중국인 한국어 학습자에게 국한되어 있기 때문에 향후 연구에서는 다른 언어를 모국어로 사용하는 한국어 학습자들을 대상으로 확대해야 할 필요가 있다. 더불어, 자음과 달리 모음의철자 오류는 발음 오류 이외의 다른 요인들이 작용했을 가능성이 있으므로 이에 대한 별도의 연구가 필요하다. Journal of the International Network for Korean Language and Culture 16-1, 297-322. For this study, we created a spelling error database from the dictogloss data submitted by a Chinese student studying Korean and looked at various types of spelling errors. Subsequently, we looked at how these errors corresponded to the types of Korean pronunciation errors that were previously studied by Chinese students. Though consonants prove that spelling and pronunciation errors are highly relevant, such errors are not too highly related to vowels. They also show that the image characteristics of Han-gul vowels may have affected spelling errors. The study suggests that Chinese students learning Korean should first improve their pronunciation to get a more accurate spelling. However, this research is limited to Chinese students learning Korean. Subsequent studies are, therefore, needed to cover learners of other languages. Furthermore, unlike consonants, spelling errors in vowels are likely to have impacted factors other than pronunciation errors. Therefore, a separate study on this issue is needed in the future.

한국어 음성합성 기술의 초분절음 진단 체계: 언어치료용 AI에 적용될 기술을 예시로 하여

임현열 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2023 인문과학연구 Vol.- No.78

This study was initiated to find ways to prevent speech synthesis technology from causing the uncanny valley effect to users in the field of speech therapy. Through past research, microdiagnosis of segmental sounds and solutions for them were explored. Here, the items to be diagnosed and the diagnostic methods for microdiagnosis of suprasegmental sounds were systematically presented. The diagnostic items for suprasegmental sounds were categorized into three dimensions: length, pitch, and intensity of the sound. For each dimension, it has been shown that pause duration and speech rate should be considered as diagnostic criteria for 'length,' pitch range, pitch level, and pitch variability for 'pitch,' and sound pressure level, peak amplitude, mean square amplitude, and other factors for 'intensity.' Moreover, these measurements, in common, are not solely concerned with achieving accurate speech; they are also relevant to the nuanced aspects of emotional expression, depending on the degree and level. Therefore, we meticulously examine the characteristics inherent in natural human speech for these elements and establish the current voice. It was mentioned that if you calmly reflect the elements that cannot be implemented in synthetic technology, you can enter a more complete technology section where you do not feel the uncanny valley. Nevertheless, it is essential to emphasize that the speech therapy AI discussed here serves as an exemplar of AI requiring delicate communication, and the scope of application proposed in this study can be extended to encompass psychological counseling AI, educational AI, and beyond.

單音節 固有語의 硬音化 樣相에 대한 硏究 : 合成語 ‘X-Y’에서 ‘Y’의 硬音化를 中心으로

林玄烈 중앙어문학회 2012 語文論集 Vol.50 No.-

This study is the research on glottalization of native Korean mono syllabic words ‘Y’ in compound words ‘X-Y’. In the previous researches, occurred in this envirornment has mainly been considered to be due to the semantic relation of X and Y. However, previous researches are not enough to explain the glottalization, because there are many exceptional words that cannot be explained by the semantic relation. So, this study hypothesized that the glottalization of Y in compound words X-Y is due to obtaining the glottalization information of Y itself. This study examined the list of the words of ‘Y’, and the words in the list were divided into two categories. The one is that Y itself has obtained glottalization information, and the other one is that Y has not obtained glottalization information. Yet, concerning the words that cannot be divided into the two categories, individual accounts were attempted.