존재와 詩간의 역설

이환태 한국현대영어영문학회 1988 현대영어영문학 Vol.30 No.1

소아 환자에서의 대량수혈 프로토콜

이환태,박필환,서일혜,안정열,서자영,정지훈,김문진,이정남,이길재,김경희 대한진단검사의학회 2016 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.6 No.2

The number of massive transfusions for pediatric patients has risen owing to the increasing number of complex surgeries and trauma centers. However, as there are only a few studies on pediatric massive transfusion, adult massive transfusion protocols are used for pediatric patients in many hospitals and institutions. Although massive transfusion protocols would improve the outcomes and reduce the received blood products during transfusion, pediatric patients differ from adults in the tolerability to transfusion, incidence of coagulopathy, and mechanisms of injuries. Therefore clinical physicians have requested for a pediatric massive transfusion protocol. Herein, we reviewed pediatric massive transfusion protocols that have been used in various clinical settings. To date, only a few single-center studies with a small number of pediatric patients have been performed. Even though these studies did not show improvement in outcomes such as mortality and side effects, they reported a short preparation time for fresh frozen plasma products and a low coagulopathy rate in pediatric massive transfusion groups. Therefore, large, prospective, multicenter studies are needed to identify the empiric ratio of blood products for improving outcomes of pediatric patients who need massive transfusion. 최근 외상센터의 증가와 이식 수술과 같은 복잡한 수술이 증가하면서 소아에서도 대량수혈을 필요로 하는 경우가 많아지고 있다. 성인에서와 달리 아직 소아 환자에서 대량수혈에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이며, 많은 병원과 기관에서는 성인 대량수혈 프로토콜을 소아 환자에도 적용하고 있다. 이러한 프로토콜은 환자의 생존율을 높이고 수혈 시 사용되는 혈액제제의 양도 줄일 수 있다는 장점이 있으나, 소아 환자의 경우 응고병증에 대한 내성이나 수상 기전이 성인과 다르다. 이러한 이유로 임상의사들의 소아 대량수혈 프로토콜에 대한 요구가 있어, 현재 사용되고 있는 프로토콜에 관한 국내외 문헌을 고찰해 보았다. 지금까지 발표된 소아 대량수혈 프로토콜 관련 연구들은 모두 단일 기관에서 적은 수의 환자를 대상으로 진행되었으며, 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높은 생존율 을 보이지는 않았으나 소아 대량수혈 프로토콜에 따라 처치받은 환자군에서 짧은 신선동결혈장 준비 시간과 낮은 응고병증 발생빈도를 보였다. 따라서 국내에서도 여러 기관이 포함된 대규모 연구를 통해서 대량수혈을 필요로 하는 소아 환자의 생존율을 높일 수 있는 최적화된 혈액제제 비율과 대량수혈 프로토콜을 구축할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

윌리엄 칼로스 윌리엄스의 시에 사용된 은유의 역할

이환태 목원대학교 인문과학연구소 2003 인문과학 Vol.12 No.-

윌리엄스의 객체주의 시는 소재의 취급에서 대상에 대한 일방적인 가치부여 또는 의미부여를 지양하고 그것을 또 다른 객체로 시 속에 제시하기 때문에 자칫하면 그 과정에서 시인이 영혼이 배제되었다는 비난을 받기 쉽다. 그러나 피상적으로는 객체의 표현에 필수적인 최소의 수식어를 갖고 있는 객체들이 시 속에서 서로 아무런 연관성도 없이 나열된 듯한 그의 시는 묵시적인 은유 속에 주체와 객체사이에서 이동하는 힘을 암시적으로 담아내고 있음을 알 수 있다.

비극의 등장인물이 갖고 있는 연극적 기호로서의 속성

이환태 牧園大學校 1998 論文集 - 牧園大學校 Vol.34 No.-

Aristotle`s definition of tragedy as the imitation of an action is problematic when we try to determine the meaning of the action through the component parts in a play. For the parts themselves are actions each characters perform and are essentially zweideuting as is pointed out by Francis Fergusson. How can the parts be united into an organic whole without being contradictory to each other? The parts such as incidents and doings of each character, to be united into an organic whole without being contradictory to each other, must have something in them to rid themselves of in the individuality. This is what we find in Shakespeare`s characters: the characters in Shakespeare`s tragedy are often themselves and some other things at the same time as is the case in the often-quoted Iago`s dictum, `I am not what I am.` Unlike those of a novel, dramatic characters are not described; they are always in action. It is by their actions that we know what they are. But the problem is that it is impossible for us to know them only through their actions because they are essentially zweideuting. This problem can be solved, this thesis argues, only by seeing them as the speaker who is spoken. For dramatic characters are both themselves and the means with which playwrights express what they wish to tell through their works. Seen in this way, dramatic characters are not a conceptually describable being but a text to be deconstructed. The mysterious, often ambiguous, expressions we find in Shakespeare`s tragedies, which are the source of much controversy, are the corollary of the problematic ontological status of dramatic characters. For a thing, if it is to work as a sign, should be itself and some other thing at the same time. When we interpret each character`s actions we should take this into consideration. What is implied by the character`s speech is not the only meaning of his action; his intention is always already erased and delimited by that of his opponent`s which is equally important in terms of an organic whole. In reading Shakespeare, therefore, we should not exclude either part of the meaning each incident of the play equivocally implies, for in his dramatic world `Fair is foul and foul is fair,` and `Nothing is but what is not` and `A is non-A.` By equating a thing with what is diametrically opposite, Shakespeare seems to expand its meaning to the extent that it is impossible for us to pin it down with ordinary conceptual words. This is why we should be careful not to read Shakespeare conceptually.

『자에는 자로』의 두 인식체계

이환태 현대영미어문학회 2007 현대영미어문학 Vol.25 No.1

문학에 나타난 자아실현의 문제 : 『맥베스』의 경우 The Case of Macbeth

李桓泰 한국영어영문학회 1996 영어 영문학 Vol.42 No.1

『앤터니와 클레오파트라』에 나타난 신격화의 실체

이환태 牧園大學校 2000 論文集 - 牧園大學校 Vol.39 No.-

The apotheosis we see at the end of Antony and Cleopatra is a natural consequence arising from the relationships the two major characters have been deeply committed to; It is an extension of what they have been dependent on for their satisfaction of desire, not the result of an abrupt decision to discard and transcend the earthly world for another higher one. For every relationship is always already transcendental in that each party is persuaded into feeling, although it is only on the linguistic level, (s)he has got what (s)he wants to get by participating in the relationship. That's why people in a relationship are exceedingly praised or criticized with no objective ground. Considering the scarcity or absence of the thing they think they have got, it cannot be gain or loss in the true sense of the words. They all live a life that is already transcendental because it is a life "conditional only on absence." All the relationships in Antony and Cleopatra demonstrate and substantiate the assertion that they all have the chance of apotheosis. The Caesar and Antony have won is not through their own virtues but through their officers. Caesar, without having to be a 'sworder' himself, can win the battle with Antony. Also Antony, by saying 'Let Rome in Tiber melt' without actually discarding his position in Rome, tries to persuade Cleopatra that he is one with her, but it is undeniable that half of his heart is in Rome product of Rome. The moment he denies Rome, he also denies himself, consequently putting unawares the Roman part of himself into the domin of absence. every relationship, whether it is concerned with gaining power, love, or a position, has, to some degree, this domain far above the real. The apotheosis Antony and Cleopatra dream of gaining by killing themselves in a Roman fashion, therefore, far from being 'noble to themselves', is no more than a surrender to the Roman system of signification, the Roman system of values they have stood against to satisfy their desire for love as well as power.

뇌졸중 병변에 따른 삼킴장애의 양상

이환태,임오경,박기덕,이주강 대한연하장애학회 2014 대한연하장애학회지 Vol.4 No.1

Objective: To investigate the pattern of dysphagia according to the location of brain lesions. Method: Two hundred and seventy two patients with post-stroke dysphagia underwent a Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS). The brain lesions were classified into infarction and hemorrhage by brain MRI or CT findings, and the location of the brain lesions was subdivided into right and left hemisphere (cortical and subcortical), brainstem, and cerebellum. The dysphagia pattern was analyzed according to stroke location. Result: Patients with left hemispheric or cerebellar stroke showed more frequent abnormal coordination of oral transfer (P<0.05). Delayed pharyngeal swallowing was seen more frequently in patients with stroke of the left hemisphere and brainstem (P<0.05). In patients with brainstem or cerebellar stroke, the range of laryngeal excursion was smaller and the bolus retentions in vallecular and piriform sinues were larger than hemispheric stroke. (P<0.05). Pharyngeal motility was reduced in patients with brainstem or cerebellar lesions. Patients with brainstem stroke had a higher incidence of upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction (P<0.05). Conclusion: The pattern of dysphagia can be predicted by stroke location, and it will be of beneficial to make therapeutic plans for reducing complications from dysphagia.

Eosinophilic Meningitis after Bovine Graft Duraplasty for Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type 1 in a 33-year-old Man

이환태,박필환,서일혜,김경희,서자영,정지훈,김문진,안정열 대한진단검사의학회 2017 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.7 No.1

Cases of pediatric eosinophilic meningitis following duraplasty with a bovine graft have been reported. These patients recovered following the surgical removal of the dural graft or steroid therapy. Decompression for Chiari malformation is a common procedure in both pediatric and adult neurosurgery. We describe the case of a 33-yr-old male patient with eosinophilic meningitis following Chiari decompression via bovine graft duraplasty. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study showed 49 red blood cells/μL and 129 leukocytes/μL with 17% eosinophils. There was no evidence of infectious disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of adult eosinophilic meningitis after bovine graft duraplasty in Korea.

Othello에 나타난 언어의 문제

이환태 목원대학교 어문학연구소 1997 어문학연구 Vol.6 No.1