절망을 넘어서 — 셸리의 「민감한 식물」읽기

이일재 21세기영어영문학회 2024 영어영문학21 Vol.37 No.1

In his poem “The Sensitive Plant,” Shelley uses ‘Lady’ “as a metaphor to convey limitations and also employs ‘The Sensitive Plant,’ unable to transcend those limits, as a metaphor for the poet. Through this, he both denounces a cruel world that tramples desires for a paradise-like existence and critiques the limitations of the poet’s perception. Shelley intensifies his own disillusionment with the society of his time through the death process of the ‘Sensitive Plant.’ The ‘Sensitive Plant’ and the ‘Lady’ succumb to their misfortunes due to their lack of courage to overcome their adversities they face, ultimately yielding to existential submission. This encapsulates Shelley’s despair, asserting that healing the conflicts and injustices within society is beyond the poet’s capacity. However, Shelley renews his commitment to reform by structuring the poem with ‘three narrative sections’ tracing the death of the ‘Sensitive Plant’ and ‘a concluding part’ that objectively examines it. Through the ‘conclusion’, Shelley refines his own determination for reform, conveying the message that the desire for the earthly paradise pursued by the ‘Sensitive Plant’ should persist in both the poet and the readers. In this poem, Shelley hones his will to overcome the harsh limits of relentless existence and emphasizes the continual pursuit of the restoration of the sacred essence of humanity beyond despair.

Scope-marking strategies in the acquisition of long-distance wh-movement in L2 English by adult Mongolian speakers

이일재 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2017 언어연구 Vol.34 No.3

This study investigates whether more economical derivations predate less economical ones in the acquisition of long-distance (LD) wh-movement in second language (L2) English. Production data of LD wh-movement have been elicited from 97 adult Mongolian speakers in Ulaanbaatar. The participants were at the age between 19 and 23 (female = 94, male = 3, mean age = 20), who were classified into advanced and developing groups. While LD wh-movement was infrequently observed, wh-scope marking predominantly emerged, possibly because it dispenses with Internal Merge of the wh-phrase pied-piping Q across the clausal boundary. On the other hand, the developing group depended more on silent-scope marking, possibly because the wh-expletive might not have been available in their lexicon. Moreover, the advanced group initially displaced the least possible elements containing the wh-phrase when attempting to derive LD wh-movement, while the developing group could not even displace any elements but spelled-out the wh-phrase in situ. Overall, economy conditions in language acquisition turns out to govern the Mongolian-English interlanguage; hence, more economical derivations emerge at the onset as long as they are admissible, not necessarily grammatical.

Head-Internal Relative Clauses Prerequisite for Head-External Relative Clauses

이일재,김홍기 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.73

This paper reviewed second language (L2) studies on the acquisition of SOV relative clauses (RCs) in Korean and Japanese as produced by English and Chinese speakers. While acquiring SOV RCs, the learners manifest head errors and reversal errors. The filler-gap dependency claims that the structural distance between the head noun (filler) and the variable (gap) plays a crucial role (Kanno 2007). Therefore, learners must be sensitive to the distance, and must immediately attempt to minimize the distance between filler and gap. This paper argues that such a filler-gap dependency does not exist for direct syntactic relationships. Head errors and reversal errors are rather the failure of the last part of deletion operation during the composite operation of move, copy, and deletion.

서평 해방직후 대구지방의 조공·전평활동과 「야산대」

이일재 역사문제연구소 1990 역사비평 Vol.- No.11

A Quality Comparison of English Translations of Korean Literature between Human Translation and Post-Editing

이일재 국제문화기술진흥원 2018 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.6 No.4

As the artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in machine translation (MT) which has loomed large as a new translation paradigm, concerns have also arisen if MT can produce a quality product as human translation (HT) can. In fact, several MT experimental studies report cases in which the MT product called post-editing (PE) as equally as HT or often superior ([1],[2],[6]). As motivated from those studies on translation quality between HT and PE, this study set up an experimental situation in which Korean literature was translated into English, comparatively, by 3 translators and 3 post-editors. Afterwards, a group of 3 other Koreans checked for accuracy of HT and PE; a group of 3 English native speakers scored for fluency of HT and PE. The findings are (1) HT took the translation time, at least, twice longer than PE. (2) Both HT and PE produced similar error types, and Mistranslation and Omission were the major errors for accuracy and Grammar for fluency. (3) HT turned to be inferior to PE for both accuracy and fluency.

Access to UG in the Acquisition of Long-Distance Wh-Questions of L3 English by L1 Mongolian Learners

이일재 서울대학교 언어교육원 2014 語學硏究 Vol.50 No.2

This study examines a peculiar L3 error in the production of long-distance(LD) wh-questions in English, which does not seem to arise out ofL1 Mongolian or L2 Russian. The linguistic behavior anticipated inUniversal Grammar was to mark the LD wh-questions in English with awh-expletive sort of what in matrix clause and with the meaningfulwh-word in embedded clause such as *What do you think who Juliannelikes?, instead of Who do you think Julianne likes? These rare L3 data inEnglish were gathered from eight L1 Mongolian college students who alreadyhad working knowledge in L2 Russian. A cross-sectional oral-translation method was employed to elicit the data of L2 Russian andL3 English, which was further analyzed with the One-SampleKolmogorov-Smirnov test to tell apart the group difference. According tothe statistical analysis, the participants seemed to employ the L2 Russiangrammar in the production of LD wh-questions in L3 English, but theyselected the different wh-expletive what, not how as in L2 Russian. Sincemany other natural languages (Hungarian, German, Romani, among others)do employ what as the wh-expletive to mark their LD wh-questions,this study concludes that the participants somehow selected the linguisticoption that is available in natural languages, but not available in theirL1 Mongolian and L2 Russian.

로버트 프로스트의 ‘선택’

이일재 대한영어영문학회 2019 영어영문학연구 Vol.45 No.3

Robert Frost has been loved not only by critics but by general readers as well. He enjoyed an unrivaled popularity with a general readership among twentieth century American poets. This popularity was resulted from his refusal to be a part of the ferment of Modernist. Instead, he chose “the old-fashioned way to be new.” Although he is focusing on the sympathy between nature and humans like Romantist, he interprets the relationship with point of view of his own times. Frost’s speakers mostly feel isolation from nature unlike Romantist. This isolation refers to the isolation modern people feel in their life. He can be “a poet for all sorts and kinds” with his choice to intend to differentiate himself from his contemporaries. For him, poetry can be “a momentary stay against confusion” of life. What he really wants is that his readers feel consolation and get wisdom through his poems.

수술 중 거즈를 이용한 간단한 조직 확장법

이일재,박명철,박동하 大韓成形外科學會 2004 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.31 No.3

Crain, Stephen and Rosalind Thornton, Investigations in Unversal Grammar. A Guide to Experimnents on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics

이일재 한국응용언어학회 2004 응용 언어학 Vol.20 No.1

L2 Indirect Object Relative Clause Productions and Minimalism

이일재 한국응용언어학회 2004 응용 언어학 Vol.20 No.2

The current research studies English indirect object (IO) relative clauses as produced by 23 Korean and Japanese adult L2 learners, involving ø-, that-, and wh-relatives. The empirical findings from a cross-sectional elicited production method are as follows: (1) L2 learners with lower proficiency prefer the NoPrep construction, while the PStrand construction is more often opted for by the learners with higher proficiency; (2) the less economical PPiped construction is the least favored IO relative clause for L2 learners across- the-board; (3) a preferred production order among ø-, that-, and wh-relatives does not exist for L2 learners; (4) L2 learners in all proficiency levels produce the NoPrep construction with a wh-operator; and (5) more advanced learners have a bigger inventory of alternative structures for IO relative clauses. To theoretically delve into the properties of IO relative clauses with respect to operator movement and referential co-indexation, the present paper adopts the interpretive rule [Make OP] proposed by Munn (1994) and the Preference Principle by Chomsky (1992). The findings argue that a stylistic variant can always override a more economical output in the interlanguage of the L2 learners who participated in the research (Chomsky, 1998) even though the principle of economy under the minimalist framework expects that the least costly derivation should always be preferred. Furthermore, the prior occurrence of the NoPrep stage points out that some part of the learners’ interlanguage grammar does preferably start from a more economical, minimal option. The research concludes that, following Gass (1989), innateness does not seem to be a sufficient explanation in L2 acquisition. It seems that the L2 grammar only partly appeals to the minimalist framework of UG, at least when producing IO relative clauses.