高句麗의 征服과 爵位(試論)

李玉 연세대학교 국학연구원 1981 동방학지 Vol.27 No.-

Thireau와 Salinger의 文學에 反映된 東洋思想

李玉 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1977 인문학연구 Vol.4 No.2

The stream of transcendentalism in American ideas has contributed greatly to the formation of American mind and culture based, at one hand, on the anti-calvinistic attitude, and, on the other hand, on enlightening people along the line of the spirit of self-reliance with the divine nature of human. The transcendentalism itself that seems to be a compromised concept between the romantic individualism and the pantheistic mysticism, consists of the idealism of German philosophy, the, Neo-Platonism and some of the oriental thoughts. Thoreau, as one of the Concord groups who were greatly influenced with the thoughts and ideas of Emerson, was absorbed in reading the Indian and Chinese classics, representing the Oriental thoughts in his works with intensive an interest and desire. It is our common understanding that readers can smell some flavor of the Oriental thoughts reflected in his work, Walden, a documentary depiction of his contemplation and observation toward Nature with an Oriental nature-view and atmosphere. His ultimate object in life led him to an ascetic life, and in consequence forced him to embrace the idea of neglecting luxury, honor and materialism, and finally kept him to live a life of tranquil contemplation. It would be therefore natural that he maintained a position as an idealist in the tradition of American literature who lived amidst nature and solitude atmosphere with an impact of the Oriental thoughts, a spiritual rebirth system of thought. Salinger, one of the contemporary writers after a lapse of a century since Thoreau, has also inclined to embrace humanism involving the Oriental thoughts along with the tradition and mainstream of American literature. He himself has been interested in the Zen Buddhism and has become a prominent writer among the readers for The Catcher in the Rye, a fiction of socio-cultural criticism to his society around 1950s, in which he has depicted a dream of a teen-ager in the quest of an ideal world in his imagination by protecting playing kids from falling off at the end of the cliff. In the quest of his pilgrimage journey, some of, Salinger's main characters have been saved from his own spiritual breakdown when he was enlightened by the doctrine of 'Satori' (by Suzuki) embodied in Mahayana Buddhism, and has determined themselves to live for mankind to save mankind from the crucial destiny. Especially literary thoughts reflected in Franny and Zooey, have closely connected to the doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism that is also Salinger's view. Both Thoreau and Salinger influenced by the Oriental thoughts, are humanists who disgust the material world and maintain the significance in spiritual world in the human life in their literary works. It is a commonly understood that their views in life should be distinguished between them. Thoreau, one of the transcendentalists in 19th century, has struggled for the liberation of human from the world of God, whereas Salinger in 20th century, has deeply concerned with the □□□□ation of human nature from mechanism, restraint and loneliness. Thoreau □□□□his setting in nature but Salinger his setting in fiction amidst urban city. □□□□contradictory setting one can discover, in Thoreau's view, the similarity to the philosophy of Lao-tzu and Chung-tzu who maintained a firm objection to the glorious phenomenon of civilization and sought for his own spiritual enlightenment with a closed mind. However, author discovers in Salinger's concept a very close similarity to Mahayana Buddhism that is more realistic, and positive attitude toward human milieu in the urban environments. In brief, the Oriental thoughts in the works of Salinger are more realistic and subtle than Thoreau's who dwelled in a closed inner world of his own toward Nature.

청소년의 신체적 성숙속도와 심리-사회적 적용

이옥 덕성여자대학교 사회과학연구소 1995 사회과학연구 Vol.2 No.-

This study is to find the relationships between the variations in Korean adolescents' pubertal development and their social and psychological adjustments. The adolescents' social and psychological adjustments were defined as the adolescents' self-esteem and sociality. The total sample in this study consisted of 230 male adolescents and 221 female adolescents in the third grade from middle schools in Seoul. They were grouped into three; early mature group, late mature group, and average mature group, which was based on the adolescents' subjective evaluation of their own pubertal development and the ages at which growth spurt and pubertal signs occured. The questionnaire to gather the data included a revised Rosenberg's self-esteem scale and a sociality scale to assess adolescents' peer relationships. In this study, the early maturing male adolescents compared with the late maturing male adolescents were found to hate higher self-esteem and sociality. Early maturation was related to more favorable self-concepts and sociality only in the male adolescents sample. The late maturing female adolesents compared with the early maturing female adolescents were found to have higher self-esteem and sociality. Late maturing boys and early maturing girls had several disadvantages for their psychological and social adjustments. This study suggests that adults' special attention should be given to these late mature male adolescents and early mature female adolesents.

「사일러스 마너(Silas Marner)」 : 변장한 신의 섭리 Divine Providence in Disguise

이옥 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 人文科學論集 Vol.20 No.-

George Eliot wanted to offer a serious interpretation of life unlike her predecessors, who had written novels either to entertain or to propagate their personal views. She thought that human relationship were interwoven like a web, an it was inevitable for one's action to influence others. Therefore, the moral lives of George Elitos's characters are very largely determined by the extent to which the social experience of the race and the will of society have shaped their attitudes. From Spinoza, Wordsworth, Carlyle, Eliot derived a panthism in which God is immanent in the laws of nature and the mind of human. She believed in the right and wrong of human behavior, and her moral order was manifested in love and fellow-feeling between individuals. Although Geogrge Eliot rejected completely Christianity's claim to have the truth about mature and God, she remained always intensely interested in Christianity and clung to Christian ethics while rejecting Christian dogma. In Silas Marner, Elot showed that art has a social, moral mission and its twin goals should be the destruction of egoism and the creation of sympathy for others. Silas is broken off from a narrow society in which he exists not only by his own powerless character but also by the influence of social environment. Little by little, an account of the robbery of gold Silas begins to open the door of his heart and to feel what the real meaning of human relationship is. And Eppie's appearance creates fresh links between his life and the lives which he has shrunk into a narrow isolation. Silas finds his new seif and restores his humanity through the social relationships. Because the characters in Silas Marner are lacking in the sense of duty and responsibility in the society they live, they must suffer and be punished. But suffering means Divine Providence in disguise for Silas and leads to increased understanding of and sympathy for one's fellow men. Silas moves from religious faith to faithless solitude because of the Lantern Yard crisis. However, through his relationship with Eppie, he moves to trust in a universal order based an human love. The painful movement form innocence to experience is, for Eliot, what is needed to expiate the tragic flaw of egoism.

「엠마」(Emma) : 상상력과 사실의 충돌 A Collision between Imagination and Reality

이옥 청주대학교 학술연구소 2004 淸大學術論集 Vol.2 No.-

The dominant theme of Jane Austen's novels is a marriage. Her novels portray the morals and manners of the marriage customs within the narrow society of the gentry class. In Emma Austen explores the same theme by making a spoiled heroine and showing how she is educated through a combination of suffering, correction, and good example. The development of the novel is a progression towards moral growth. The real evils of Emma's situation were the power of having rather too much her own way and a disposition to think a little too well of herself. After Emma has been involved in the self-deception that results from an over-indulgence in imagination, Emma accepts the suffering and the disillusionment that the pursuit of truth inevitably causes. Mr. Knightley is the link between Emma's interior struggle and her struggle with Highbury. Hughbury in Emma represents a rural society confronted with the gradual invasion of the changing outside world. Mr. Knightley seems to represent both her conseience and the community. Emma learns that people have an internal life of their own and that the recognition of this personal existence, this self in someone else, is the necessary requisite for morality and for love. Emma is instructed not only by Mr. Knightley, but also by reality, which crushes her pride and forces her to abandon her delusional system. Emma has to be allowed to discover for herself through mistakes and blunders that her profoundest emotional relationship is also with Mr. Knightley. The marriage of Emma and Knightley is based on the spirit of equality and mutual respect that will permit 'truth and sincerity' to rule. Emma triumphs in a marriage that represents the union of tradition and change, and holds the fullest promise of happy life.

「제인 에어」(Jane Eyre)에 나타난 저항의 의미와 그 한계

이옥 청주대학교 국제협력연구원 2006 國際文化硏究 Vol.24 No.-

創意性의 槪念과 測定硏究에 官한 一考察

李玉 德成女子大學校 1987 德成女大論文集 Vol.16 No.-

The purpose of this paper was to review the studies on the concepts and measurement of creativity. Firstly, the concepts of creativitu were defined and discussed based on major theories and studies on creativity. The study identified four key concepts of creativity which have been generally reseached for the last three decades. Those concept are intellectual divergent thinking ability, self actualizing personality, imagery and act of conncetedness. Secondly, the major measuring instruments of creativity were reviewed and classified into four catefories, that is, observational methods of creativity behavior, measures of creative thinking ability, self checking methods of creative personality and a measure of reative performance. The advantages and disadvantages of each measuring instruments were evaluated in terms of usability, validity and reliability for the empirical studies.

Rabbit, Run : 구원을 향한 탐색

李鈺 청주대학교 국제문제연구원 1990 國際文化硏究 Vol.7 No.-

In the modern world where there are no values to direct people, Updike suggests that the quest for God is itself a new standard of modern values. Updike is influenced by S oren Kierkegaard, the representative religious existentialist and by Karl Barth, the Swiss Neo-Orthodoxist The subject Updike is interested in is the meaning and role of traditional Christian message such as the mysteriousness of God's existence, and the possibility of individual redamption through faith in American society ruled by disbelief in God, materia- lism and industrialism. In Rabbit, Run, Updike shows a strong religious concern. And he asks for the questions about the meaning of life in our time. Harry Angstrom( " Rabbit" ), the protagonist, feels that he is caught in a trap or net by the corrupted industrial society which ignores individual's desire to exist. So he runs away from his home and society, and thinks that there is something behind this world that wants him to find it Through the drive to Gulf of Mexico and sex with Ruth, part-time prostitute, Rabbit searches for this something, but he fails in his quest. As he runs from his home and society, he ignores his social responsibility which the humanistic morality stresses. Jack Eccles, the Episcopal minister, is the representative of this morality and he persuades Rabbit to return to home. Therefore, there is a disagreement between man's longings for uniqueness and transcendental world and his social responsibi- lity. This disagreement remains unsolved at the end of the novel and Updike seems to present to no clear conclusion. Rabbit finds that goodness lies inside, there is nothing outside, those things he was trying to balance have no weightl. Finally, I believe that Rabbit is the modern quester who searches for the meaning of individual existence.

Wuthering Heights에 관한 연구 : 영원한 생명의 탐색 The Search for eternal life.

이옥 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 1986 人文科學論集 Vol.5 No.-

Emily Bronte¨s Wuthering Heights is a unique imaginative Creation which ignores the moral and social assumptions of the Victorian novels. The story consists of two parts: part one of the story develops the motivation for Heathcliff's revenge, and part two presents Heathcliff's revenge. In fact, Heathcliff's passion for Catherine and his revenge is the main theme of the root of the story. In Wuthering Heights the living and the dead exist side by side and they are in communication. When Catherine dies, her spirit besieges Heathcliff with her passion as much as in life. Catherine and Heathcliff reach the final union through their death. Therefore in this novel death is not an end but a liberation of a spirit. Also the story starts in storm, wind, and snow as strong elements of Gothicism, which arouse in the reader chilly horrible sense that may keep him in some uncomfortable suspense. The re-established relationship of Catherine Linton and Hareton gives a sense of positive hope and continuity of life in nature. In the end the fatal love between Catherine and Heathcliff would go on in this world through the love of their descendants. I think Wuthering Heights is the unigue mysterious novel in the world.

J.D Salinger의 小說과 Buddhism

李鈺 淸州大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.14 No.1

J.D. Salinger, one of the contemporary writers has inclined to embrace humanism involving the Oriental thoughts along with the tradition and mainstream of American literature. He himself has been interested in the Zen Buddhism and has become a prominent writer among the readers for The Catcher in the Rye, a fiction of socio-cultural criticism to his society around 1950s, in which he has depicted a dream of teenager in the quest of an ideal world in his imagination by protecting playing kids from falling off at the of the cliff. Also, Salinger's main characters have been saved from their own spiritual breakdown when they were enlightened by the doctirne of ‘Satori’ (by Suzuki) embodied in Mahayana Buddhism, and have determined themselves to live for mankind to save mankind from the crucial destiny. Especially, literary thoughts reflected in Franny and Zooey, have closely connected to doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism that is also Salinger's view. In brief, following are some of the issues pertinent to any detcailed analysis of what Salinger's critics have had to say about his writing: (a) His protagonists are often intelligent, sensitive, and very aware adolescents, or adults who, in either case, seek their own identity in relation to an external world with which they find themselves more or less at odds. (b) A definition of the adult world is sometimes sought or offered-- it may be viewed as commercialized, materialistic, phony, ugly grotesque, ego-- a 11 suggestive .of reasons for the sensitive protagonist to retreat from it. (c) Salinger is very concerned with the rather ancient question of innocence and experience in human lives, and how the life experience that is inevitable may best be realized in true spiritual growth, instead of producing a tough cynicism. (d) Salinger's style includes a rather inspired use of detail and a good deal of 20th century slang, vocabulary of adolescents and colloquialisms.