동학농민전쟁부터 3ㆍ1운동까지, 종교계의 활동으로 본 사회ㆍ사상변화의 대서사 : 이영호, 『동학ㆍ천도교와 기독교의 갈등과 연대, 1893-1919』(푸른역사, 2020)

이영호 역사문제연구소 2021 역사문제연구 Vol.25 No.1

학문과 생활24:이대 이영호 교수

이영호 북한연구소 1977 北韓 Vol.- No.61

북한 군사력의 해부 : 위협의 정도와 수준-남북 군사력 균형 평가를 중심으로 Assessment on the Degree and Level of the Threat by Measuring the Balance of Military Capabilities between South and North Korea

이영호 한국전략문제연구소 1997 전략연구 Vol.4 No.3

The fall of communism and collapse of the cold war regime in the international arena, it seems, cannot keep North Korea from concentrating all her efforts building the legitimacy of Kim Jung-il' s political succession by maintaining and strengthening the monolithic ideological thought of Kim Il-sung. Despite of the strained national economy having created more difficulties for regime's preservation, North Korea has been domestically indulged herself into building the cult of personality for Kim Jung-il since the death of Kim Il-sung last year: needs for the demonstration of his abilities as a "general" and "Highest Commander-In-Chief of the North Korean Peoples Armed Forces(NKPA) seems to have made the Border Guards be under the direct control of defense ministry. NKP A now is consisted of more than one million personnel in active service: armed with more than 3,800 tanks, 10,000 artillery pieces, 850 combat aircrafts and 460 various naval combatants: which has been continuously reinforced by the deployment of newly built tanks, amphibious combat vehicles, APCs, hovercrafts, long range artillery pieces at the front, the introduction of newly tested ballastic missiles and forward redeployment of combat aircrafts; all of which will eventually enhance the NKPA's capabilities for surprise attack. Since an assessment of balance between two rivals' military capabilities is perhaps more important in judging the probability of a war than any other factor because national capabilities (including military capabilities) are relatively more static or constant than national intension (including political intension) when you presume war is functional outcome of both variables, national capabilities and intension, this paper will mainly focus on quantified comparison of forces' capabilities to provide general outline on the degree and level of North Korean military threat to South. And if the dictum, "war is an extension or a tool of politics", is an acceptable hypothesis, some what reversed hypothesis "military capabilities will set the boundary of political intension" is perhaps acceptable one since national capabilities will often decisively work in setting the political goals and means. If so, then, the correct analysis and assessment of military balance between two Koreas can provide significant symptoms for the boundaries of North Korea's political intension in near future. It is goes without saying that even the fundamental problems inherited in he quantified analysis of military capabilities using such method as ADE(Armor Division Equivalent) Scoring, which this paper applies, is remained unsolvable.: however. this is the only available method that, in a current warfare, quality factor of weapons system and intangible factors of military capabilities such as C3I, which appear to be very important at the contemporary war such as Gulf War, can be counted. In case of ground forces' capabilities, NKPA is armed partly with some obsolete weapons system of PRC and Soviet Union and in large part with self produced weapons system of relatively high quality. The total ADE scores of NKPA's ground forces is about 1.4~1.8 times of those of ground forces of Republic of Korea Armed Forces (ROKA). More significant is that the force structure of NKPA's ground forces is formed to exercise its combat fighting capability more effectively than ROKA's ground forces: Of its total ADE scores, 65.7% are composed with major attack weapons system which is consisted of fire powers and maneuver capabilities at the ratio of two to one. In comparisons with this, of total ADE scores of the ROKA's ground forces, 60% are composed with major attack weapons system and 40% with foot soldiers, 5% higher than that of NKPA's. In addition, NKPA already reorganized its Spear Head Units for infiltration and break-through operations into formidable numbers of brigades. after having had field maneuver tests of brigade's size units that is optimally operational under condition of the Korean terrains and its main forces with large scale mechanized units which can. perhaps. be used at the maneuver operations at the step of both exploit and pursuit after the break-through. Accounting all of these. it can be said that NKP A may be capable of exercising its own ''britz- krieg". perhaps North Korean's prototype of OMG against South Korea. In case of naval capabilities. the ratio of ship fire power index between North and South is about 100 to 90 which can be said almost even. The capabilities of component operations. however. differ each other. The ship fire power index of NKPN in missile boat and submarine out-numbers ROKN as much as 4 times. while in case of destroyer and patrol craft, ROKN out-numbers the NKPN from 2.5 to 5 times. NKPN is so structured withlarge numbers of small combatants as to exercise ''hit and run" operations around coastal area; and in the fields of short distance surprise landing, infiltration support. sea lane harassment, mine laying and coastal defense NKPN can probably perform the operations more effectively than ROKN; except for the submarine attack. as the high-sea operation capabilities are very limited. KKPN' s main fleet perhaps cannot but avoid direct confrontation against South Korean Fleet at high sea. As for ROKN have more capabilities of high sea operations than NKPN, it is expected for ROKN to conduct relatively independent naval operation with more effectiveness than KKPN in the areas of anti-submarine warfare. some what large scale landing support. and cutting the line of communications on the sea. As for the case of air forces capabilities. even if fire power index of Air force of North Korean Peoples Armed Forces(NKPAF) appears to be about 10% to 20% higher than that of Air Force of ROK Armed Forces (ROKAF). disparity of capabilities between two Korea's air forces may be neglect able when technologically advanced electronic equipments and higher skill of pilots of ROKAF were considered. And in case of the force structure, NKPAF is consisted by 44% of its total fire power index with obsolete type of aircrafts, MIG-17/19 in contrast to ROKAF of which total fire power index only 31% is consisted by the relatively obsolete type of aircraft F-5C/D. This well indicates ROKAF is more modernized than its rival. Considering the disadvantages posed by the inferior qualities of weapons system and pilots' skills of NKPAF as well as the advantages of absolute superiority in the quantities of aircrafts, NKPAF may believe that in case of war, to maximize the effects of initial surprise attack is the only way to preserve the parity, if not superiority, of air power. And to achieve this goal. NKPAF can, most likely, utilize those obsolete aircrafts as the suicidal commando forces infiltrating deep into South to strike strategic targets such as communication posts, air fields or aircrafts at lots and perform "dog-fighting" with large scales of wings to disrupt the effectiveness of electronics. Then, as for the ROKAF, early warning capabilities and counter measures to the initial surprise attack as well as break-down of "dog-fighting" will be the key for achievement of air superiority at the initial stage of war. Of other North Korean military capabilities, not-neglectable are both the chemical warfare and the infiltration capabilities. Since NKPA has formidable amounts(1.000 tons to 3,000tons) of all kinds chemical agent in stock. but also large numbers of delivery means such as IL-28 bombers, 150mm/170mm artillery pieces, FROG-5/7 and SCUD missiles, it is highly possible that NKPA in case of war will launch a chemical warfare in order to make a break-through at front or to achieve a strategic goal by direct attack on Seoul. capital city with high density of population. In contrast to North Korean capabilities of chemical warfare, South Korea's protective capabilities remains at the very rudimentary level. The individual protective equipment at combat field under CBR warfare is proved with very limited sustainability of combat fighting and group protection and regional counteraction system for the high densely populated area is turned out to be in need of urgent improvement. NKPA is accounted of its capabilities to infiltrate all at once about 3 brigades by aireal and naval means and 6 to 7 brigades through ground routes. These units, after having infiltrated just into ROKA's front or/and deep into South, can work decisively, it is believed, for securing the high speedy maneuver of the main attack forces, NKPA's ground forces by opening up the routes for their maneuver and by checking free advance of ROKA's combat reserves through the assault or occupation of strategic position of operation. ROKA's counter-infiltration operations which in general is due to rely on much to the reserve forces's operations, seems mainly to focus on counter measures against the operation of the infiltrated troops within South Korean regions instead on early detection and strike on the way of initial infiltration movement. Of various fields of military capabilities, advantageous area for South Korea includes such intangible factors as logistics, C3I. training and exercises, morale which are often regarded as the multiplier for the capabilities. It can be said that NKPA is outstripped to ROKA in the fields of logistics, communications. and combat intelligence, even to it in the fields of discipline and commanding ability, but still inanimate relatively to ROKA in the fields of morale and training and exercises. It can be presumed that in field of the intangible capabilities as the multiplier, ROKA will be weighted 20% to 30% more than its rival. The net assessment, relied on static analysis of the military balance between South and North Korea shows that ROKA's capabilities is about 73% to 75% of NKPA's and will reach to 85% to 87% of it when we weight ROKA 20% to 30% more with the multiplier of intangible factors. Even if war is an extension of politics and the causes of war vary in accordance with the political purposes, it also can be said that no rational politics of a nation can make a reckless war without close and enough accounts in advance on the winning. So, even though static analysis provides presumption of no expectation for winning to both South and North, still, additionally necessary is the dynamic analysis which enables the close examination on the level and contents of the threat and the war probabilities through a realistic analysis of war game models or war simulations under realistic combat condition and war situation presumed from both rivals' strategies, tactics, military postures, terrain and even climate conditions. Dynamic analysis of the South and North Korean military capabilities is believed to be conducted by the experts within the military services and the outcomes of it is presumed to be used for complement for OP 5027, the defense plan for ROK and eventually applied for force improvement plans. Since it needs more spaces for details of outcomes of any war game. this paper provides. instead of detailed dynamic analysis. only the fundamental frame-work of scenarios for North Korea's offense and its expected outcomes. The NKPA is known to deploy about % of its total ground forces southward Pyongyang-Wonsan line. This posture can be considered as flexible one for both offensive and defensive operation with the ratio of front to reserve forces at 2:1 rather than it is usually understood as one of offensive only. ADE scores of the front units of both side ground forces maintain almost parity in general. although slightly different in accordance with each approach: therefore. in the case of a usual attrition warfare. it might be difficult for anyone side. either South or North. to make any strategically significant break-through of the Front within a short time. There is not, however. little possibility for NKPA to make an unexpected break through of the Front. if not by an unexpected force concentration. by a successful surpTIse attack invaliding early warning system of ROKA (and its allied forces, U.S. Armed Forces), making a significant break-through with the help of the chemical offensive operations and/or large scale infiltration operations followed by the maneuver operations of large scale mechanized units consisting the maneuver group for the exploitation and pursuit before the intersections of the ROKA's reserve forces either directly to occupy the capital city, Seoul or to closely encircle it. Yet. it seems that this doesn't impair much the deterrent provided by the south Korean military capabilities when the available counter measures are considered. Although not with- standing to account other deterrent factors such as allied force capabilities, especially U.S. force's C31 and war-time reinforcements, it can be insisted that two Koreas maintain so highly dense military forces as to enable the mutual deterrence even if current military capabilities is in favor of the North at the Hone) to 0.75 ratio over the South. If both two Koreas continue to improve their military capabilities during next half decade in a manner similar to those they did past decade. south Korea may be hardly able to gain the parity of military capabilities with north before the beginning of the 21'st Century. This slow improve- ment of the disparity of military capabilities between two Koreas seems rather not to impair much the military stability on the Korean peninsular. than to increment the high density of forces confronting each other. Since the confrontation between two high strengths maintains to create a strained condition against each other, it is presumable that the pendulum of the relations between south and North Korea will keep swinging between the high military tension and the political rapprochement and the dangerousness of a war out-break will remain as in the past if not incremental. out of the mutual misunderstandings,miscalculations on the opponent's capabilities or unexpected incidents.

Giroux의 시민성 교육

이영호 한국교육연구소 1995 한국교육연구 Vol.2 No.1

Promoted Expression of the Cloned Glucoamylase Gene with Substituted ADHI Promoter in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Having STA10 , A Suppressor or STA

이영호,박용준,박장서,백운하 한국균학회 1988 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.16 No.3

Various strains of S. diastaticus have been shwon to contain a polygenic system of STA genes, which are structural genes for a family of secreted glucoamylase (CA). S. diastaticus is closely related to S. cerevisiae except that it secrets GA into culture medium. Most S. cerevisiae strains have been known to carry a inhibitory genes) to GA production, such as STA10 designated by Polaina and Wiggs(1) or INH1 by Yamashita et al.(2) Recetly it has been claimed the STA10 phenotype could be a result from the interaction of two, unlinked dominant genes, IST1 and IST2 by Park and Mattoon. (personal comm.) Evidences that the transcription of STA is inhibited by the presence of STA10 have been reported by several groups. (3,4) In this work we tried to promote the expression level of the cloned STA gene in the presence of STA10 by switching the 5' upstream promoter region with that of ADHI gene. ADHI (Alcohol Dehydrogenase I coding gene in Saccharomyces) promoter is one of the strong promoters of S. cerevisiae and also is known to be not repressed by glucose. From the plasmid pDEX1 containing 7.0kb. DNA fragment of STA locus and its flanking sequences, two derivative plasmids, pAS1 and pAS2 were constructed. 5.8kb of Bg1II fragment of pDEX1 was inserted into the BamHI site of a expression vector pMA56 to make pAS1. To delete out the 5' upstream promoter region of the STA, StuI site at 24 nucleotides upstream from ATG initiation codon was cut with StuI and followed by SaII digestion to yield about 2.8kb DNA fragment containing only structural gene. This fragment was inserted into the EcoRI site of the plasmid pMA56, immediatly next to the ADHI promoter locus to complete another derivative pAS2. S. cerevisiae SHY3(a, trp, STA10) was transformed with these two plasmids respectively. GA activities of each transforment were assayed and the results showed the STA gene with its own promoter, that is pAS1 appeared to be not expressed in any culture conditions while significant level of GA activity was measured in the culture supernatant of SHY3/pAS2 and it seemed to escape glucose repression. 1) Polaina, J. and Wiggs, M.Y., Current Genet., 109-112, 1983 2) Yamashita, I. and Fukui, S., Agri. Biol. Chem., 48(1), 137-141, 1874 3) Pardo, J.M., et al., Nucleic Acid Research, 14(12), 4701-4718, 1986 4) Pretorius, I.S., et al., Mod. Cell. Biol., 6(9), 3034-3041, 1986

시민교육의 녹색화

이영호 한국교육연구소 1996 한국교육연구 Vol.3 No.1

투고논문 : 『안자춘추(晏子春秋)』 문형(文型) 연구(硏究)-판단문(判斷文)과 피동문(被動文)을 중심으로-

이영호 한국공자학회 2014 공자학 Vol.27 No.-

『晏子春秋』는 晏子가 죽은 후 그의 賓客들이 그의 어록과 행실을 모아 만든 것으로 보고 있다. 晏子의 활동시기가 춘추시기임을 고려하면 『晏子春秋』는 고대 중국어의 변천에 비교적 이른 시기에 해당하는 저작물이다. 『晏子春秋』는 왕에게 諫言 또는 問答의 형식으로 당시 사회상을 엿 볼 수 있는 다양한 내용이 담겨져 있어 문학적· 역사적 인 가치를 평가받고 있고, 당시의 언어를 살펴보는데 유용한 어학 자료이기도 하다. 본고는 『晏子春秋』에 나타난 判斷文과 被動文의 문형 분석을 통해 중국 춘추시기의 언어 현상을 살펴보고 언어적인 변천 과정을 고찰하였다. 분석결과 『晏子春秋』에서는 ‘者’와 ‘也’가 사용된 판단문이 가장 많이 사용되었고, 판단표시 標識역할을 하는 副詞가 사용되는 형식이 다음으로 많이 출현하였다. 判斷詞가 없는 文型은 여전히 사용되고 있지만, 판단문 標識가 있는 문형이 점차 증가하고 있음을 알 수 있다또 『晏子春秋』에서는 先秦時期에 常用되었던 意味上 被動文와 함께 형식상 피동문으로는 ‘于’ 被動式이, 다음 ‘見’ 피동식이 가장 많이 출현하다. 또 출현빈도는 적지만 ‘爲’ 피동식이 나타나고 있다. 그러나 현대중국어에서 상용되는 ‘被’ 피동식은 아직은 보이지 않고 있다. 晏子是春秋戰國濟國的名宰相。他去世後,他的賓客收集晏子的語綠,做成一本書,就是『晏子春秋』。『晏子春秋』以對國王的諫言或問答爲中心,記述了關當時生活景象和各種故事。由於該書內容豊富,具有一定的文學價値和史學价値,同時也爲硏究當時的語言提供了依據,具有一定的語言學價値。本論文通過對『晏子春秋』中出現的判斷句和被動句句型進行分析,考察了其語言特徵,對漢語語言的變천過程進行了進一步探討土。經過分析可以知道,『晏子春秋』中先秦時期使用的無判斷詞句型還沿用,使用‘者’字和‘也’字之判斷句的比率最高,使用具有標識作用的副詞之判斷句的比率高。수然使用判斷詞之判斷句的比率比較低逐漸增加。在『晏子春秋』中조到曾在先秦時期常用的“于”被動式,意味上的被動句的使用頻率也還高。被動句的形式之中“見”被動式的結構最多,可知“爲”被動式開始逐漸增加。此外,조不到‘被’字句。

古代中國語合音字考察 - 文型의 敎學上이해를 중심으로-

이영호 한국언어연구학회 2021 언어학연구 Vol.26 No.2

Although quantity of fusional character in ancient Chinese is not much, it is used very frequently. For learners of classical Chinese, fusional character is difficult to understand the meaning of the letters and sentences. In this study, I research fusional character ‘諸 旃叵盍曷耳那’, and related character ‘焉爾然’ in ancient Chinese. Conclusions obtained as a result of the study are as follows. 諸(zhū) is fusional character of ‘之于/於’ or ‘之乎’. 旃(zhān) is fusional character of ‘之焉’. 叵(pǒ) is fusional character of ‘不可’. 盍’(hé) and ‘曷’(hé) are all fusional characters of ‘之焉’. 叵(pǒ) is fusional character of ‘不可’. 盍’(hé) and ‘曷’(hé) are all fusional characters of ‘何不’. 耳(ěr) is fusional character of ‘而已’. 那(nuó) is fusional character of ‘奈何’. ‘焉’(yān) is fusional character of ‘於之/是’. ‘爾’(ěr) and ‘然’(rán) are all fusional characters of ‘如 此’.

조선후기 ‘永作宮屯’ 궁장토의 구조와 창원 모델

이영호 부경역사연구소 2012 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.30

In the late Joseon Dynasty, among the royal lands which did not have clear ownership, there were two types. One was levied 100 dus(斗) of rough rice on each gyeol(結) while the other was 200 dus. ‘Rough rice 200 dus type royal land’ was formed by modeling ‘Yongdong-gung’(龍洞宮) royal land in Changwon County, Gyeongsang Province which was bestowed by the king in the middle of 17th century, and called ‘Yeongjakgungdun’ [Eternal Cultivation Royal Land, 永作宮屯]. Since then, ‘Rough rice 200 dus type royal land’, ‘Yeongjakgungdun’ was regarded as a standard of farm rent rate. This paper is to examine the formation of Yongdong-gung(龍洞宮) royal land in Changwon County, farm rent rate and the actual management of that land, and the condition of tenants’ farming which could be viewed by analyzing land registers(量案). Especially, this paper clearly argues that ‘Rough rice 200 dus’ was not levied to the whole area of that royal lands, rather, it was applied only to the actually cultivated area in which devastated and disaster area were not included. 100 dus of 200 dus of rough rice was land tax and the rest 100 dus was the farm rent. This low farm rent rate means that the tenants were permitted to retain considerable rights in terms of land ownership. However, despite the resist and lawsuit, the tenants’ bid for ownership and the right for farming was disregarded. Despite the process of readjustment with the royal land based on the thought of modern landownership system formed since the Kabo Reform(1894), the tenants’ bid for ownership was not admitted. Hence, the Yongdong-gung royal land was at last vested into the government land. ‘200 dus type royal lands’ were quite different from ‘100 dus type royal lands’ which the tenants’ bid for ownership could be obtained by constant resists and lawsuits.

ePRO-OMP: OpenMP 응용 프로그램의 성능 및 에너지 분석 도구

이영호,김지홍,Lee, Young-Ho,Kim, Jihong 대한임베디드공학회 2011 대한임베디드공학회논문지 Vol.6 No.5

As chip multiprocessors have been widely adopted in embedded systems, achieving both high performance and low power consumptions of parallel applications becomes challenging. In order to meet these requirements, it is crucial for developers to analyze the performance and energy consumption of parallel applications. In this paper, we propose a tool for profiling and optimizing the performance and energy consumption of OpenMP applications (energy PROfiler and analyzer for OpenMP: ePRO-OMP). The main advantage of ePRO-OMP is that it can analyze both the performance and energy consumption of each parallel region of an OpenMP application, which can help developers find the bottleneck of parallel applications in detail.