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축구부 감독 교사의 직무 스트레스 경험 과정에 대한 근거이론 연구
이승만 한국스포츠교육학회 2019 한국스포츠교육학회지 Vol.26 No.4
The objective of the present study was to identify the process involving job stress experienced by school soccer coach/teacher. The study conducted in-depth interviews with eight teachers with diverse backgrounds and the contents of the interviews were analyzed by applying the Grounded Theory method proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1998). As a result, a total of 74 concepts in 17 sub-categories within 12 categories were derived. The central phenomenon among these categories was “job stress of school soccer coach/teacher.” The results showed that job stress experienced by school soccer coach/teacher involved five stages: “directly facing stress,” “confusion about the values of being a teacher,” “establishment of strategies for problem solving,” “repeat of problem onset and resolution,” and “re-establishment of job consciousness.” In addition, the core category of their stress was identified as “struggling through life after being exposed to job stress of being in charge of the unwanted position of soccer coach.” Furthermore, types of actions taken to overcome various job stress were found to be “sacrifice and adjust,” “reconcile and persevere,” and “look for changes.” Lastly, the study also presented situational models related to the Office of Education, unit schools, and individual teachers, in identifying how these circumstances interact to affect the outcome. 본 연구의 목적은 축구부 감독 교사가 경험하는 직무 스트레스의 경험 과정을 밝히는 것이다. 다양한 배경 을 지닌 8명의 교사들을 심층면담하고, 면담한 내용을 Strauss와 Corbin(1998)이 제시한 근거이론방법으로 분석한 결과, 74개의 나타난 개념, 17개의 하위범주, 12개의 상위범주가 도출되었다. 이러한 범주들 중 중 심현상은 ‘축구부 감독 교사의 직무 스트레스’였으며, 축구부 감독 교사 직무 스트레스 경험은 ‘스트레스 직 면 단계’, ‘교직에 대한 가치관 혼란 단계’, ‘문제 해결을 위한 전략 수립 단계’, ‘문제 발생 및 해결 반복 단 계’, 그리고 ‘직무 의식 재구축 단계’의 다섯 단계를 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 이들의 스트레스의 핵 심 범주는 <원치 않은 축구부를 담당하여 직무 스트레스에 노출되어 고군분투하는 생활>이었다. 또한 다양 한 직무 스트레스 속에서 이를 극복하려는 유형은 ‘희생 및 적응하기’, ‘체념하고 버티기’, ‘변화 탐색하기’ 로 나타났다. 마지막으로 교육청, 단위 학교, 교사 개인과 관련한 상황 모형을 제시하여 이러한 다양한 상 황들이 상호작용하여 결과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해서 밝혔다.
Transaction Costs and Institutionalized Cooperation in Transnational Rivers
이승만,이재우 한국유럽학회 2013 유럽연구 Vol.31 No.1
We often witness a substantial difference in the way international cooperations are achieved in transboundary rivers. We take cases of the Rhine and the Mekong rivers to explain what factors cause such differences between the two rivers in international cooperation. To cope with the tragedy of the commons, riparian countries of each river have developed so unique and differentiated institutions (or regimes) to minimize transboundary damages or externality in the use of commonly shared water. We argue that such differences in institutionalization are the outcomes of endeavors of each region's riparian actors to economize transaction costs. Extending the traditional transaction cost dichotomy of market vs. hierarchy, we propose a conceptual model, in which we can select between ad-hoc consultation vs. an institution in the intergovernmental cooperation. It posits that transaction costs are the key in determining which mode is preferred to the other. Based upon Keohane and Gilligan's insights on implications of transaction costs theory on international relations, we focus on different kinds of transaction cost determinants such as issue density, sovereignty, regional hegemony, and heterogeneity in explaining institutions to govern transboundary river cooperation. Together with the well-known determinants of transaction costs,such as asset specificity, frequency and uncertainty, these newly recognized attributes turn out to be effective in showing how and why two regions so differin modes they govern the internationally shared rivers. Based upon our findings,we argue that the Rhine regime looks like an institution whereas the Mekong one looks like an ad-hoc consultation.