수분 섭취의 증가가 닭의 고온 스트레스 완화에 미치는 효과

이봉덕 대한양계협회 1994 월간 양계 Vol.26 No.8

탈피 대두박 및 전지대두의 육계에 대한 급여 효과 및 경제성 검토

이봉덕,박홍석,정근기 한국영양사료학회 1988 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.12 No.6

탈피대두박과 전지대두의 급여 효과를 알기 위하여 320수의 육계 병아리를 가지고 7주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험사료는 모두 동-에너지, 동-단백 질의 분말사료로 하였으며, 대조구(대두박사용구). 탈피대두박과 어분사용구, 탈피내두박과 어분 미사용구 및 전지대두구의 4처리구였다. 2개의 탈피대두박 처리구들에서는 어분의 사용량을 대조구 어분 사용량의 50%와 0%로 하였고, 전지대두박에서는 우지를 전혀 사용하지 않았으며, 수입생대두를 dry extrusion시켜서 사용하였다. 육계의 증체율, 사료 섭취량 및 사료효율을 보면 4가지 처리구들 사이에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 대두박 대신 탈피대두박을 사용하므로써 육계사료 배합시 사용되는 어분의 양을 부분적으로 혹은 완전히 절감할수 있음을 시사하여 주었다. 또한 전지대두를 사용할 경우 우지를 전혀 첨가하지 않고서도 고-에너지, 고-단백질의 육계사교를 배합함이 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 경제성을 검토한 결과, 탈피대두박 및 전지대두의 사용이 대조구에 비해서 유리하게 나왔으며, 이러한 경제적 잇점 외에도 이들 사료에 부수적으로 따르는 여러가지 장점들이 있기 때문에 우리나라에서도 탈피대두박 및 전지대두의 조속한 실용화가 바람직하다 하겠다. A 7-week floor feeding trial with 320 broiler chicks was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding dehulled soybean meal(48% protein) and dry extruded full-fat soybean(37% protein and 18% oil). Four all-mash broiler starter and finisher diets were prepared to have similar levels of energy and protein. Each dietary treatment contained four replicates, and 10 chicks per replicate(pen). There were one control treatment which contained regular soybean meal(44% protein) and fish meal, two dehulled soybean meal treatments replacing soybean meal and half or all of fish meal, and one full-fat soybean treatment replacing soybean meal and tallow in the control treatment. Raw soybeans imported from the U.S. were used to prepare the soybean meal, dehulled soybean meal and full-fat soybean. No significant differences were found among four dietary treatments with regard to growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency. Theses results indicate that by using the dehulled soybean meal instead of regular soybean meal, the levels of fish meal needed in preparing the high-energy, high-protein broiler diets could be curtailed in half or totally. In addition, it was possible to remove tallow completely from broiler diets by replacing soybean mealwith full-fat soybean. Thus, the use of dehulled soybean meal and / or full-fat soybean might provide more flexibility in formulating high density broiler diet. The economic evaluation conducted with data of broiler performance ad current ingredient prices turned out to be advantageous to use dehulled soybean meal and full-fat soybean in broiler diets. It was concluded that the use of dehulled soybean meal and full-fat soybean in broiler diets in Korea were desirable considering many beneficial effects including nutritional and economical advantages.

수정ㆍ부화율 향상을 위한 적정 배웅비 결정 연구

이봉덕,박창식,장애무,이경우 한국가금학회 2003 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.30 No.2

본 연구는 육용종계 암컷과수컷의 배웅비를 달리할 경우 종란의 수정율과 부화율에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시 하였다. 육용종계 암컷과 수컷 비율이 각각 9:I(암컷:수컷=11:99), 11:1(9:99), 및 13:1(8:104) 이 되도록 하여 3.2 ${\times}$ 6.4m 크기의 pen에 사육하였다. 각 처리당 3반복으로, 30주령된 Ross 종계 수컷 112수 암컷 1,208수를 시험에 공시하였다. 30주령시 종란의 수정율은 93 ∼ 94% 내외로 처리간 유의차가 발견되지 않았다. A total of 112 male and 1208 female Ross broiler breeders (30-wk-old) were used in this study to investigate whether a male to female (M/F) ratio of broiler breeder chickens may influence fertility and hatchability of hatching eggs. There were three treatments, each consisting of four pens with a size of 3.2 m ${\times}$ 6.4 m. Each pen housed approx. 100 females and 10 males to give the M/F ratio as follows: T1, 1/9; T2, 1/11; and T3, 1/13, respectively. The fertility of broiler breeder eggs ranged between 93 to 94% at 30 wk of age. At 35 wk of age, breeder eggs from T3 tended to be less fertile (P>0.05) than those from T1 and T2. The low fertility observed in T3 at 35 wk of age further reduced to reach a statistical significance at 46 wk of age (P<0.05) when compared to those of T1 and T2. Hatchability of breeder eggs among treatments tended to follow a similar trend as shown in fertility, keeping hatchability of breeder eggs from T3 low when compared to the groups of T1 and T2. Our results indicated that the M/F ratio influenced fertility and consequently hatchability of breeder eggs. Furthermore, our study suggests that either 1/9 or 1/11 M/F ratio, but not 1/13 M/F ratio, seems suitable to sustain reproductive performance of broiler breeders throughout the laying periods.

수분 섭취의 증가가 닭의 고온 스트레스 완화에 미치는 효과

이봉덕 한국가금학회 1994 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.21 No.2

Chickens subjected to heat stress decrease their heat production by consuming less feed. The lowered feed intake naturally brings about decreased production performance of chicken. The only exception to this is the increased survivability. Birds drink less when they eat less. In hot enviror-mental temperature, chicken need more water for increased heat loss through evaporation an increased urine excretion. Thus, the increased water intake may alleviate the heat stress of chicken. Various electrolytes supplementation to feed or drinking water can alleviate the heat stress of chicken by their effect of increasing water intake. Lasalocid, an ionophorous coccidiostat, was found to have the effect of increasing water consumption of chicken, thereby improving the lowered production performance of heat-stressed chicken. Finally, dietary fiber could be another possible element which can exert beneficial effects on heat-stressed chicken.

대전광역시 양축농가의 축분뇨 관리 실태 및 VOCs 농도 조사

이봉덕,이수기,오홍록,허정민,정기철,김성복 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2005 농업과학연구 Vol.32 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the style of livestock house, concentration of malodorous substances of livestock feces and livestock houses in Daejeon area. Among the livestock houses investigated, as most of cow pens(94.5%) have sawdust or chaff on the bottom, there was no leakage of feces out of pen. Most pig pens adopted slury style, but some of them currently use buffering material on the bottom. It is thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. When it comes to hen house, all the broiler house use litters on the bottom and all the layer house use scrapper. It is also thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. 3 out of 12 deer pens used buffering material on the bottom, 10 places were maintained in a traditional method, and 7 places left possibility of contamination leakage considering whether the roof was installed or not. The contents of ammonia, amine and volatile fatty acid in fresh feces were lower compared to rotten feces, but the concentration of sulfur-containing matter - hydrogen sulfide, methylmercapthan and ethylmercapthan were higher compared to rotten feces. In the case of malodorous ingredient in livestock houses, only small amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected in pig pen and hen house, and other ingredients were not detectable. And those who are engaged in animal husbandry reacted negatively to the use of feed additives for decreasing malodor. In conclusion, it is not worrisome that contamination can be leaked out of animal raising facilities. But if we take into consideration that the point of investigation time is wintry season, there should be more considerate attitude. And feed additives for decreasing malodor need establishing criteria in the manufacturing process.

여러 가지 종류의 사료 섬유질을 섭취하는 수탉의 수분 및 Na대사에 관한 연구

이봉덕,이수기,정하연,임재삼 한국가금학회 1985 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.12 No.2

여러 가지 종류의 사료 섬유질이 수탉의 수분 Na 대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 약 1년 된 SCWL 수탉 15수를 공시하였다. 시험사료는 5가지로서, 밀기울, 셀루로스 및 볏짚들로서 대조구의 옥수수를 10% 수준으로 대체하였으며, 펙틴은 8%수준으로 사용하였다. 각 시험사료 처리당 3수의 수탉을 사용하여 3반복으로 하였다. 시험사료의 건물 대사율은 셀루로스구와 볏짚구가 제일 낮았으며 (P$\leq$.05), 대조구와 펙틴구가 제일 높았다. 밀기울사료의 건물 대사율은 이들의 중간 정도이었다. 수탉의 음수량은 사료 g당 음수량으로 표시할 경우 펙틴구가 타 사료구들에 비해 유의하게 (P$\leq$.05) 높았으며, 배설물의 수분 함량도 제일 많았다. 그러나 이러한 음수량의 차이는 수탉을 결장척출수술을 하였을 경우 사라져서 처리구간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또한 음수량은 수탉을 수술하기 전보다 수술한 후에 유의하게 증가하였다. 배설물의 water holding capacity와 bulk density data는 셀루로스>볏짚>밀기울의 순으로 섬유질성이 강함을 보여 주었다. 결장척출수술을 한 탉의 혈장과 요의 $Na^{+}$ 농도와 osmolality는 사료처리구별로 유의성이 없었으며, $C_{Na+}$, $C_{osm}$ 및 $C_{H_2O}$에 있어서도 각 처리구 사이에 5 % 수준에서 유의성이 없었다. 그러나 요 배설량과 osmolality 및 $C_{H_2O}$의 수치들을 종합하여 볼 때, 공시한 15수의 수탉 중에서 11수가 다요증상을 보였으며, 섬유질성이 높은 사료를 섭취하는 수탉일수록 그 증세가 심하였음을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 본 시험에서 공시된 4가지의 섬유질들을 섬유질성이 높은 순으로 나열해 보면 펙틴, 셀루로스, 볏짚 그리고 밀기울의 순서라고 하겠다.하겠다. Fifteen 1-yr old roosters were employed in order to investigate the influence of various dietary fibers on the water and Na metabolism of chicken. Wheat bran, pure cellulose and ground rice straw replaced corn in the control diet at 10% level; Pectin replaced corn at 8% level. Three roosters were allotted per dietary treatment and one rooster per replicate. The limit of probability accepted as being significant was P$\leq$.05. The dry matter metabolizabilities of cellulose and rice straw diets were significantly lower, and those of control and pectin diets were significantly higher than that of the wheat bran diet. Pectin fed roosters seemed to drink more water than did the other birds. Also, excreta from roosters fed the pectin diet were significantly wetter than those from other treatments. However, no difference in water intake and fecal moisture were found when !he roosters were colostomized. It was also found that the colostomized birds drank more water than did intact ones. Data of water holding capacity and bulk density of dried excreta showed that cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order were strong in fibrous property. There were no significant differences in C$_{Na+}$ , Cosm and C$_{{H_2}O}$ among all treatments. When the values of urine volume, urine osmolality and C$_{{H_2}O}$ were put together, it can be concluded that 11 out of 15 roosters developed diuresis. More severe diuretic symptoms were developed in roosters when they were fed more fibrous diets. In conclusion, when the four dietary fibers were graded in terms of fibrous property, it turned out to be pectin, cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order.

파코 라반(Paco Rabanne) 작품에 표현된 다원주의

이봉덕,양숙희 복식문화학회 2001 服飾文化硏究 Vol.9 No.1

In the midst of rapid cultural and 7rtistic changes with the tuts of the century, postmodernism is exerting great influence on the value and trends of arts. Many artists are making utmost efforts in order to overcome ambiguity and confusion caused by these changes, Analysis of the works and philosophy of prominent fashion designers provides insight into the influence of postmodernism to the creation of modern arts including fashion. This paper attempts to explore how pluralism, one of the most important features of postmodernism, has given impact to the modern fashion design. Fashion trend and works of Paco Rabanne were reviewed with particular emphasis on pluralistic expressions in his fashion creation. It was found that Paco Rabanne's diversified and innovative use of materials and design methods were possible due to the influence of pluralism. It is anticipated that this trend will be observed in the various forms of arts with the further analysis of fashion designers and artists.

사료에 대한 활성탄의 첨가가 in vitro 시험시의 발효성상 및 영양소 소실율에 미치는 영향

이봉덕,이수기,이기동 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 1999 농업과학연구 Vol.26 No.2

본 시험은 활성탄의 첨가가 사료의 반추위내 발효성상·건물 및 영양소 소실을·반추위내 가스 생산량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 in vitro 조건에서 실시되었다. 활성탄의 첨가수준은 0.00·0.25·0.50%의 3수준이었으며, 사료의 조농비율은 볏짚과 농후사료 비율을 8:2·6:4·4:6 및 2:8로 하였다. 그리고 처리간 유의성은 5% 수준에서 검정하였다. 시험 결과를 요약하면, 위액의 pH는 활성탄의 첨가 비율이 높아질수록 높아지는 경향을 나타냈으나 유의성은 인정되지 않았으며, 사료의 조농비율에 따른 영향은 82구가 다른 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다. 그리고 VFA molar %는 활성탄 첨가에 의하여 유의한 결과는 아니지만 C₂는 감소되고 C₃는 증가되는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 조사료비율이 증가될 수록 전술의 결과와는 상반된 현상을 보였다. C₂/C₃ 비율도 활성탄의 첨가와 농후사료 비율의 증가에 의하여 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 건물 및 영양소 소실율에 있어서는 활성탄 첨가에 의하여 건물·조담백질·NDF ADF·hemicellulose의 소실율이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 조지방의 소실율은 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다 조농비율에 의한 영향에 있어서는 농후사료의 비율이 증가할 수록 건물 및 영양소의 소실율이 유의하게 증가하였다. 그리고 반추위내 가스 생산량에 있어서는 활성탄 0.5% 첨가구가 0.25% 및 0.00%구에 비하여 감소하는 경향이었고, 조사료의 비율이 높을수록 많아지는 경향이었다. 위 결과에서 보듯이 활성탄은 가축의 생산성 향상에 유리한 조건을 제공하는 경향이 있지만, 이것을 좀 더 명확히 밝히기 위해서는 활성탄의 흡착능력·위내의 세균총에 대한 연구 및 많은 생체 실험도 병행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) on the ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and ruminal gas production. AC was added at the levels of 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50 % to each of the four types of diets (roughage/concentrate ratio : 8/2, 6/4. 4/6 and 2/8), respectively. Although not significant, ruminal pH tended to increase by adding AC, and as the concentrate level increased, ruminal pH decreased (P<0.05). Acetate concentration and acetate/propionate molar ratio tended to decrease in AC diets but molar % of propionate tended to increase by the addition of AC Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose in AC diets tended to increase than in non-AC diet, however, no tendency in ruminal degradation of crude fat was observed. As the concentrate level increased, ruminal degradation of dry matter and nutrients in AC diets increased significantly(P<0.05). Ruminal gas production tended to decrease in the 0.50 % AC diets, however, it tended to increase in high roughage diets. Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC to ruminant diets in this study, more works should be done with AC before we can make clear conclusion on the use of AC in the ruminant diets.

영양-양돈용 자급 사료의 사료적 가치

이봉덕,Lee, Bong-Deok 대한양돈협회 1986 養豚 Vol.8 No.4

효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 금여가 육계의 생산성, 장내 융모 발달 및 혈청 콜레스테롤에 미치는 영향

이봉덕,성창근,안길환,장애무,이경우 한국가금학회 2005 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

An experiment was conducted to investigate whether dietary yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SC) and its' structural components, i.e., yeast cell-extract (YE) and yeast cell-wall (CW) could influence growth performance, ileal morphology and serum lipids of male broiler chickens. There were four dietary treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates (10 birds per replicate). Chickens were fed a corn-soybean meal base control diet and diets containing SC (0.5%), YE (0.25%) and CW (0.25%), respectively for 5-wk-experimental period. Dietary SC, YE and CW versus the control diet did not affect growth performance of male broiler chickens. Ileal morphology as to villus height, crypt depth and villus:crypt ratio of birds fed on the control diet was not significant from those fed on diets rich in SC, YE and CW, respectively. Dietary SC significantly lowered (P<0.05) serum total cholesterol by on average 19.7% as compared to the control group. In addition, chickens fed on diets with either YE or CW lowered serum cholesterol by on average 15.3 and 12.5%, respectively as compared to the control albeit that the former only reached statistical significance. In conclusion, our study observed the hypocholesterolemic effect of SC in male broiler chickens. Moreover, YE, i.e., an extract of intracellular components of SC contains active molecules that are responsible for lowering serum cholesterol concentrations, but their identification at the molecular level needs to be assessed. 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SC)의 구성성분인 yeast cell-extract(YE)과 yeast cell-wall(CW)이 육계의 생산성, 장내융모 발달 및 혈청 콜레스테롤에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 사양실험을 실시하였다. 육용 수평아리(Ross) 240수를 4처리 6반복, 반복당 10수를 공시하였다. 옥수수 및 대두박 위주 기본사료에 SC, YE 그리고 CW를 각각 0.5, 0.25 그리고 0.25%로 첨가한 실험사료를 제조하여 육계에 5주간 급여하였다. 효모의 급여는 육계의 생산성에 어떠한 영향을 미치지 못하였으며, villus height, crypt depth 및 villus:crypt ratio 역시 처리간 유의성은 발견되지 않았다. SC를 급여받은 육계의 혈청 콜레스테롤은 대조구에 비하여 19.7% 감소(P<0.05)를 나타내었다. 특히, 효모성분 중 YE가 혈청 콜레스테롤을 유의적으로 낮추었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 사료내 효모의 첨가는 육계의 혈청 콜레스테롤을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며(P<0.05), 콜레스테롤을 감소시키는 성분은 효모의 세포내용물에 포함되어 있는 것으로 본 연구결과 알 수 있었다.