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Liquid Biopsy: An Emerging Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Tool in Gastric Cancer
이근욱,Hye Sook Han 대한위암학회 2024 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.24 No.1
Liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive procedure that causes minimal pain and complication risks to patients, has been extensively studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, it facilitates comprehensive quantification and serial assessment of the whole-body tumor burden. Several biosources obtained through liquid biopsy have been studied as important biomarkers for establishing early diagnosis, monitoring minimal residual disease, and predicting the prognosis and response to treatment in patients with cancer. Although the clinical application of liquid biopsy in gastric cancer is not as robust as that in other cancers, biomarker studies using liquid biopsy are being actively conducted in patients with gastric cancer. Herein, we aimed to review the role of various biosources that can be obtained from patients with gastric cancer through liquid biopsies, such as blood, saliva, gastric juice, urine, stool, peritoneal lavage fluid, and ascites, by dividing them into cellular and acellular components. In addition, we reviewed previous studies on the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for gastric cancer using liquid biopsy and discussed the limitations of liquid biopsy and the challenges to overcome these limitations in patients with gastric cancer.
On Stability and Inverse Optimality for a Class of Multi-agent Linear Consensus Protocols
이근욱,이재영,최윤호,박진배 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2018 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.16 No.3
This paper studies stability and inverse optimality for a class of linear consensus protocols applied to the identical linear time-invariant multi-agent systems, where communications among the agents are described by a fixed digraph, containing a spanning tree, whose scaled Laplacian is diagonalizable. The concept of the scaled Laplacian, normal Laplacian multiplied by a positive diagonal matrix, allows a more general graph topology to be handled. First, we show that partial stability and, even more, inverse optimality hold if either the scaling factors in each protocol are sufficiently large depending on graph properties, or the system matrix A satisfies the Lyapunov inequality. Then, duality principles between the agents’ and the consensus error dynamics are presented, which provide additional properties regarding consensus-related stability and inverse optimality. And the results are characterized in terms of the related symmetric Laplacian and its algebraic connectivity when the given graph is scaled undirected. Finally, through formation control simulation of a multi-agent mobile robot system for G-scaled undirected and G-scaled directed graphs, we have verified the theory of this paper on the partial stability and the inverse optimality conditions.
이근욱,나군호,양승철 대한비뇨의학회 2005 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.46 No.3
Purpose: The increased incidence of urologic malignancy, especially transitional cell carcinoma in patient after renal allograft is well known. The aim of this study was to analyze the development of transitional cell carcinoma and its management. Materials and Methods: Of 2,092 patients who underwent renal allograft at Severance hospital between April 1986 and August 2003, 10(0.48%) had urologic malignancies. The clinical variables collected were patient age, age at renal allograft, cancer diagnosis time since renal allograft, cancer site, TNM stage, pathology and grade, treatment, recurrence and follow up tool. Results: There were 6 men(median age at renal allograft 49.6, median age at cancer diagnosis 57.6) and 4 women(median age at renal allograft 54.5, median age at cancer diagnosis 62.8). There were two adenocarcinoma of prostate patients(0.10%), six transitional cell carcinoma patients(0.29%) and two squamous cell carcinoma of penis patients(0.10%). Sites of transitional cell carcinoma were bladder in five patients, renal pelvis in three patients, ureter in two patients, respectively. As a treatment, nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection for transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis or ureter, transurethral resection of bladder tumor with mitomycin C intravesical instillation for transitional cell carcinoma of bladder were done. No recurrence or metastasis was observed except transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. In four of five transitional cell carcinoma of bladder patients, multiple recurrences more than three times were observed. Conclusions: In patients after renal allograft, the transitional cell carcinoma always should be highly suspected. Aggressive follow up and management are indicated
1938년 9월 뮌헨 위기 시 영국의 정책 결정과정: 공수 균형이론에 대한 반론
이근욱 서강대학교 동아연구소 2004 東亞 硏究 Vol.- No.특별호
1938년 9월 영국이 나치 독일에 대해서 유화정책을 펴기를 결정하고 잠재적인 동맹국인 체코슬로바키아를 독일에게 양보하였다. 이것은 2차 대전 직전의 유화정책의 정점으로서 국제정치 이론에서는 이를 공수 균형이론에 의해 설명하고 있다. 즉, 당시 영국은 지상전투에서 공격보다는 방어가 유리하다고 보았고, 따라서 양보를 한다고 해도 세력균형의 급격한 변화는 없을 것이라고 보았다는 것이다. 그러나, 1차 자료에 기초한 본인의 연구에 따르면, 이러한 해석은 잘못된 것이다. 당시 영국이 가지고 있었던 결정적인 인식은 지상 전투에서의 방어 우위가 아니라, 오히려 공중전에서의 공격 우위였다. 이것은 상당 부분 공습에 대한 공포증으로까지 이어졌으며, 바로 이러한 공포증이 영국 정책 결정자들을 사로잡고 있는 과정에서 1938년 9월 팽창적인 독일에 대한 치명적인 양보가 이루어졌다. 이러한 측면에서 볼 때, 기존의 공수 균형 이론은 그 이론적인 논리와 경험적인 설명력 부분에서 심각한 문제점을 지니고 있다. In September 1938, Britain made a critical choice to appease Nazi Germany and abandoned Czechoslovakia. Why did Britain make such a decision? The dominant account in international relations theory, provided by Thomas Christensen and Jack Snyder, is that Britain perceived defensive advantage in land warfare and that it believed nothing dramatic would happen in the European balance of power. However, I argue that it was not the case. In-depth investigation shows that Britain’s predominant perception was not the perceived defensive advantage in the land warfare, but the offensive advantage in air-war. This perception was strong enough to make Britain’s decision-makers air-raid phobic, which led to the critical decision in the Munich Crisis. This research suggests that the offense-defense theory has critical problems in its explanatory power as well as its own logics.