<Troilus and Cressida> 의 희비극성

윤화영 한국연극학회 1985 한국연극학 Vol.2 No.1

도덕 경험론의 욕망과 도덕규범의 문제

윤화영 한국윤리학회(8A3209) 2018 윤리학 Vol.7 No.2

This article argues that moral empiricism has a definite disadvantage compared to moral rationalism. The former argues, by focusing on moral agents’ behavior such as desires and wants, that it can explain away the nature of moral norms and structure through an epistemic analysis. In contrast, moral rationalism holds that moral norms and structure can be constructed or analyzed by universal or theoretical reason. Moral empiricists deny the function of reason in this matter. The author examines John Mackie and Peter Railton, both of whom can represent moral empiricism, to show that moral empiricism's argument is unjustified. The empirical analysis as theirs confirms and relies only on the existence of given moral convention, rather than illustrating how the convention can be formed or changed. The reason for this difficulty comes from the inadequacy of empiricists’ tools that are wants, desires, and instrumental reason. These can be meaningful only within the range of given moral convention, so the tools cannot be applied beyond what lies beyond the range-- that is, the examination of how the moral norms and structure are made. This examination is not an empirical research, so that it can be dealt only by transcendental reason. Meanwhile moral rationalism can accommodate instrumental reason or desire--major weapons wielded by moral empiricism. That is, moral rationalism admits that average moral agents can be motivated by wants and desires, or by instrumental reason. But wants and desires are not consistent at all, and conflictive with each other, so that moral norms and system can be constructed only by rational thinking. Then moral agents can internalize moral norms and maintain moral life with the trust in the given moral system--so-called moral convention. This epistemic explanation or description on this moral behavior can be a contribution from moral empiricism, but it cannot be said, the author argues, that the explanation is solely right. 본 논문은 도덕 경험론이 도덕 이성론과 비교해서 어떤 문제가 있음을 주장한다. 도덕경험론은 도덕행위자들의 욕망과 바람에 초점을 맞추고 그들의 인식론적 분석을 통해 도덕규범과 체계의 본질을 설명할 수 있다고 주장한다. 반면에 잘 알려진 대로, 도덕 이성론은 보편적 이성 또는 이론적 이성을 통해서 도덕규범과 체계를 구성하거나 분석할 수 있다고 주장한다. 그런데 도덕적 경험론자들은 이런 이성적 기능이 불필요하다고 말한다. 필자는 대표적인 도덕적 경험론자인 존 맥키와 피터 레일톤의 이론들을 분석하여 이들 이론은 도덕규범과 체계의 구성과 분석을 다루지 못한다는 것을 보여준다. 이런 경험적 방법은 결국 주어진 도덕적 전통을 재확인 하고 거기에 의존하는 방법에 그치고 말게 되며, 도덕적 전통 자체를 분석하거나 그 변화를 설명할 수 없게 된다. 경험론적 도덕론이 도덕규범과 체계의 근본에 대해 논할 수 없는 주된 이유는 그들이 사용하는 도구의 부적절성에서 온다고 할 수 있다. 그들은 도덕행위자의 욕망이나 바람 또는 도구적 이성에 의존하는데, 이런 것들은 주어진 또는 전통적 도덕규범과 체계의 범위 안에서만 의미가 있는 도구들이므로, 그 범위 밖, 즉 도덕적 전통이 어떻게 구성될 수 있는지에 대해서는 이 도구들로 다룰 수가 없는 것이다. 도덕규범과 체계의 구성은 경험할 수 있는 사건이 아니며, 그것들을 논하는 방법은 경험을 초월하는 이성적 사유로서만이 가능한 것이다. 한편 도덕 이성론은 도덕적 경험론에서 언급하는 도구적 이성이나 욕망 등을 이미 수용하고 있다. 즉 도덕 이성론자들은 평범한 도덕행위자들이 욕망이나 바람에 의해 행위의 동기부여가 됨을 인정하는 것이다. 그러나 욕망이나 바람은 일관성이 없고 서로 갈등을 일으킬 수 있으므로 이성적 사유에 의해 도덕규범들과 도덕체계를 만들게 된다고 보는 것이다. 그런 연후에 도덕행위자들은 전통으로 주어진 도덕규범들을 내재화하거나 도덕체계에 대한 신뢰를 바탕으로 도덕생활을 영위할 수 있는 것이다. 그런 인식론적 설명과 묘사가 도덕적 경험론이 기여할 수 있는 부분이 될 수도 있으나 경험론의 설명이 절대적으로 옳다고 할 수만은 없다는 것이다.

프랑스 최고의 바게트 '삐샤르'

윤화영,Yun, Hwa-Yeong 대한제과협회 2002 베이커리 Vol.8 No.-

정언명법, 가언명법, 그리고 도덕객관주의

윤화영 한국윤리학회(8A3209) 2018 윤리학 Vol.7 No.1

이 논문은 정언명법과 가언명법의 관계에 대해 논하고 있다. 도덕객관주의인 칸 트가 모든 도덕행위는 정언명법적 행위라고 말한 이래로, 도덕반객관주의자들은 도덕행위가 가언명법적 행위라는 것을 보여줌으로써 도덕객관주의가 틀렸다는 것을 논증하려 하였다. 다시 말하자면, 모든 도덕행위는 가언명법의 조건절이 제시하는 도덕외적 목표달성을 위한 수단이나 도구일 뿐이므로, 도덕객관주의자들이 주장하는 독립적 또는 본원적 도덕가치가 존재하지 않는다는 것이다. 필자는 이와 같은 논증이 잘못된 것이라는 주장을 하고 있다. 도덕행위를 명령하는 가언명법들, 또는 도덕적 가언명법들은 독립적 또는 본원적 도덕가치(즉 정언명법으로 표현될 수 있는 가치)가 존재함을 전제로 하고 있다는 것이다. 그런 객관적 가치 없이는 가언명법적 행위들이 도덕행위로 이해될 수 없다고 주장한다. 필자는 나아가 주장하기를, 이 주장이 칸트의 이론체계에 부합하며, 칸트가 말하는 정언명법은 어떤 구체적 상황에서의 도덕명령이 아니라, 모든 상황에서 행위자가 도덕행동을 할 수 있게 하기 위한 의지 또는 결심을 위한 명령이라는 칸트 자신의 주장을 재확인한다. This article deals with the relationship between categorical and hypothetical imperatives. Since Kant, a moral objectivist, proclaimed that all moral activities should be carried out by categorical imperatives, moral anti-objectivists have tried to show that all moral activities are in fact practiced by hypothetical imperatives. This could disprove the objectivists’ tenet that there exist intrinsic moral values that are independent from non-moral values. The author argues that the anti-objectivists’ attempt is a failure. Moral hypothetical imperatives that demand to execute moral acts presume the existence of objective moral values, which can be expressed by categorical imperatives, without which the acts performed by hypothetical imperatives do not make sense as moral acts. The author further argues that this interpretation matches with Kant’s moral theory. The author also confirms that Kant’s categorical imperative is not to deal with a specific moral situation, but to command moral agents’ will or resolution, by which they must be able to perform moral acts in any situation.

Molecular cloning of the c DNA of canine homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2

윤화영,Sook-Yeon Lee,정진영,Il-Seob Shin,Eun-Wha Choi,황철용,한홍율 대한수의학회 2005 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.6 No.2

The research of p53 is being conducted to find the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and to treat various cancers. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase2 (HIPK2) is an important factor to regulate p53 and to increase the stability of p53. Activation of HIPK2 leads to the selective phosphorylation of p53, resulting in growth arrest and the enhancement of apoptosis. In this study, the canine HIPK2 cDNA fragments were obtained, and their overlapping regions were aligned to give a total sequence of 3489 bp. The canine HIPK2 cDNA (GenBank accession number; AY800385) shares 93% and 90% sequence identity with those of human and mouse HIPK2, respectively. The canine HIPK2 cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding 1163 amino acid residues and the predicted amino acid sequence has 98% and 96% identity with those of human and mouse, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of canine HIPK2 has also all domains’ sites compared with human and mouse HIPK2. Therefore, these structural similarities suggested that the canine HIPK2 shares the basic biological functions that HIPK2 exhibit in other species The research of p53 is being conducted to find the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and to treat various cancers. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase2 (HIPK2) is an important factor to regulate p53 and to increase the stability of p53. Activation of HIPK2 leads to the selective phosphorylation of p53, resulting in growth arrest and the enhancement of apoptosis. In this study, the canine HIPK2 cDNA fragments were obtained, and their overlapping regions were aligned to give a total sequence of 3489 bp. The canine HIPK2 cDNA (GenBank accession number; AY800385) shares 93% and 90% sequence identity with those of human and mouse HIPK2, respectively. The canine HIPK2 cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding 1163 amino acid residues and the predicted amino acid sequence has 98% and 96% identity with those of human and mouse, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of canine HIPK2 has also all domains’ sites compared with human and mouse HIPK2. Therefore, these structural similarities suggested that the canine HIPK2 shares the basic biological functions that HIPK2 exhibit in other species

Epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)in a dog

윤화영,방동하,Ul Soo Choi,김민규,Eun-Hwa Choi,Min-Soo kang,황철용,김대용,이창우 대한수의학회 2006 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.7 No.1

A seven-year-old castrated male Yorkshire terrier dog was presented for a recurrent skin disease. Erythematous skin during the first visit progressed from multiple plaques to patch lesions and exudative erosion in the oral mucosa membrane. Biopsy samples were taken from erythematous skin and were diagnosed with epitheliotropic T cell cutaneous lymphoma by histopathology and immunochemical stain. In serum chemistry, the dog had a hypercalcemia (15.7 mg/dl) and mild increased alkaline phosphatase (417 U/l). Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rP) in epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma tissues but the neoplastic cells were not labeled with anti-PTH-rP antibodies. The patient was treated with prednisolone and isotretinoin. However, the dog died unexpectedly.

노화에 따른 구강기 연하 장애 환자의 식사 조절

윤화영 대한연하장애학회 2016 대한연하장애학회지 Vol.6 No.1

Dysphagia is a dysfunction that occurs during the swallowing process, which involves the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages of the swallowing route. Dysphagia is a prevalent symptom in elderly patients with degenerative diseases such as stroke, dementia, and Parkinson’s disease. Dysphagia that occurs in the elderly is often caused by oral phase dysfunction. Oral phase dysfunction is a problem that occurs during the first stage of swallowing. The symptoms of age-associated dysphagia are the following signs: increased oral residual and longer mastication with slower oral bolus transit movement. Dysphagia can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, functional decline, and fear of eating and drinking as well as a decrease in quality of life (QOL). Modification in viscosity and texture of food is usually helpful in resolving the nutritional problem of patients presenting signs of oral phase dysfunction. The degree of dietary modification can affect compliance of the diet. Adequate assessment and dietary modifications are important for successful dietary intervention for the elderly patients.

학교 밖 초등과학교사학습공동체 참여 경험을 통한 구성원들의 수업전문성, 교사리더십의 변화 - 초등과학사랑의 사례를 중심으로 -

윤화영,이선경 한국초등과학교육학회 2018 한국초등과학교육학회 학술대회 Vol.74 No.-

경관급식 노인 환자의 영양공급실태와 영양상태 평가

윤화영,김혜경,Yoon, Hwa-Young,Kim, Hye-Kyeong 한국식품영양학회 2018 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.31 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the feeding and nutritional status of enteral tube-fed elderly patients. Subjects included 77 elderly hospitalized patients who had received enteral nutrition more than one week before admission. Medical records on admission and actual feeding volume were used to assess anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional status. Most patients manifested disorders of the nervous system (93.5%) and the average duration of tube feeding was 13.9 months. The average feeding volume of formula was 1,107 mL per day and the mean ratios of calorie and protein (supplied vs. required) were 81.7% and 80.9%, respectively. At admission, 57.4% of the patients were malnourished according to the institutional criteria. Patients receiving less than 80% of the required calories were in worse nutritional status compared with those receiving more than 80% of the required calories. Body mass index, percent ideal body weight, serum albumin level and blood lipid levels (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride) were significantly lower in patients receiving less than 80% of the required calories. These results indicate the high prevalence of malnutrition and the need for increased attention and nutritional care of elderly patients undergoing long-term enteral nutrition.

바디우와 베케트: ‘사건’의 주체와 시적 명명의 문학 : Worstward Ho를 중심으로

윤화영 새한영어영문학회 2006 새한영어영문학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.5