[인물바로보기 1] 시대를 앞서간 선구자 장보고

윤재운 내일을 여는 역사 2001 내일을 여는 역사 Vol.4 No.-

중국 역사교과서에 보이는 소수민족정책과 내용

윤재운 역사교육학회 2010 역사교육논집 Vol.44 No.-

After the foundation of modern states, it was one of significant aim that the history education has inculcated the students with Master Narrative of the states. The contents in the history textbook are recognized as an “official knowledge” and the background and process of history formulation is closely connected with the structure of the society. The considerable issues of history education are the choice or elimination, the reasonable emphasis and reduction, and the acceptance of neighboring states on the description of historical facts. China in pre-modern times was the stage for arms and gown because the Han race settled in the middle lands had competed for the supremacy in a country with other races living around China. However, not a few Minority races exist in China and they are the creature of the times, also. The grip on the trend of Minority races is related with the current attitude of Chinese government toward them. The examination on the Chinese government understanding about the Minority races would tell us the process of Chinese history education after socialists China, at the same time. It was not until in the middle of 1950’s that power and class struggle in the Chinese Communists was serious. Therefore, the contents of a history textbook were written with a dynastic point of view at the moment. Minority races were basically described as ‘different races’ who often committed invasion, plunge and ruin. This recognition to ‘different races’ was changed from the end of 1970’s, however. According to Marxism and the Cultural Revolution, the policy line of Minority races emphasized ‘the Union of races’. But emphasis on dynasties often inclined toward supporting of despotism or nationalism. This tendency was stressed more and more on the background of ‘the unification of multi racial states’ from the year of 2000. In short, the story of exchange between races was added much than the story of conflicts. After all, the Minority races described in Chinese history textbooks were not incorporated into whole but only cited insignificantly. Moreover, most parts of that description tells us why the Minority races living in the ‘present Chinese territory’ should be a part of Chinese history, simply. In addition, ‘the unification of multi racial states’ that is all races living in China including the Minority races oriented thesis is inferred surely as political idea not the results of research. According to the thesis, Chinese government is prohibiting the Minority races from the liberation movement and concentrating issues on the unification of all races in Chinese territory. Consequently, the history of the past of races and its relations were distorted by the thesis.

프랑스 종교전쟁기의 조국애(祖國愛) : 대법관 로피탈(Michel de L’Hospital)의 활동을 중심으로

윤재운 대구사학회 2014 대구사학 Vol.115 No.-

By the end of the century from the time of Charles IX, the swirls of religious fanaticism and sectarian passions was the long-term causes of the French religious wars. Early in the religious wars between Protestants and Catholics began to spread mutual slaughter. Then Michel de L’Hopital, who was appointed by the Queen Mother Catherine de Medicis, was longing for the strengthening of the monarchy tarnished and the preservation of the kingdom torn. From when Michel de L’Hopital was appointed Chancellor to the first religious war, he was devoted to religious harmony and was set to draw a sketch of patriotism. In other words, he led registration to the edict of Romorantin, preventing the execution of the prince of Conde, promulgating the edict of Orleans, drafting the ordinance of April and promulgating the edict of January 1562. From the period of the peace of Amboise to the second religious war, he was devoted to political integration and made a complete picture of patriotism. In other words, he had to run to retake the city of Le Havre, cut off intervention of the Council of Trente, establish the foundations of Gallicanism, the declaration of the King’s majority and the tour of the Kingdom. As such this, a powerful political force came out in the Queen Mother and Michel de L’Hopital’s patriotism was implemented by this. But When she who was sensitive to political interests withdrew support for him, his patriotism could not visualize. Because the measures were biased Catholic and the catholics to defend the orthodox religion seemed obsessed. The huguenot also was induced as a result of the backlash. Even though Michel de L’Hopital’s patriotism was short-lived, which existed only for the duration of his chancellery, he left behind more success than failure about the religious harmony and political integration performing the chancellery during the eight years. (Halla University / nskang@halla.ac.kr)

백제의 무역망과 담당층

윤재운 충남대학교 백제연구소 2008 百濟硏究 Vol.47 No.-

When Wiman Joeseon(衛滿朝鮮) began to pose a treat, Han(漢) China destroyed the kingdom and established Nangnang Commandery(樂浪郡) and, later, Daebang Commandery(帶方郡) on the Korean peninsular to use them as the base for its international trade with the rest of the region. When the two Han commanderies were eventually ousted from the peninsular by Koguryo in the 4th century, Baekje began to emerge as a power that would succeed the role the two Han commanderies had played. It was during the reign of King Geunchogo(近肖古王) that Baekje established itself as a major maritime power in East Asia. This period have a significance in constructing international trade network of centering around Baekje. Its leading power is royal family of Baekje. Also Chinese-Baekje person and local power as like Mokrageunja(木羅斤資) play an active part in international trade. In late 4th century, however, Baekje's role as a mediator for international trade began to be checked by Koguryo, and the regional maritime trade began to suffer serious setbacks. In this period local power that represent as a Keyhole-shaped Mounds(前方後圓形古墳) in the Yeongsan River Basin and Wae(倭) independently try to trade. To tackle the problem, Baekje successfully persuaded neighboring countries to form an international alliance against Koguryo to restore the disrupted maritime trade route. However, the kingdom never succeeded in holding its enemy in check because by that time Koguryo had already become one of the major powers in East Asia in close cooperation with both southern and northern dynasties in China as well as a northern kingdom called Yuyeon. During the reign of King Muryeong(武寧王), Baekje regain its maritime power. The kingdom finally restored its alliance with Silla, Gaya, Wae and the southern dynasties of China, and reopened its maritime routes while efficiently blocking interruptions by Kouryo. After Silla's occupation of Han River Basin, Baekje's prosperity in trade is challenged by Silla. To tackle the problem, Baekje form an alliance with Koguryo against Silla. Koguryo try to exchange with Wae for checking Silla. Baekje play an important role in the exchange between Koguryo and Wae. 동아시아국제무역이 활성화되기 시작한 것은 漢이 위만조선을 멸하고 그 중심지인 대동강 하류지역에 낙랑군을 설치하면서부터였다. 이후 공손씨정권의 대방군설치와 魏의 동방원정으로 인한 대방군의 접수로 이어지게 된다. 이 과정에서 백제가 속해있던 삼한지역은 魏의 견제에 의해 동아시아국제무역에서 소외되게 된다. 마한은 이에 대해 岐離營 공격사건을 감행하게 된다. 백제는 이 공격에 가담하지 않고, 세력이 약화된 마한의 영도권을 장악하면서 범마한권의 영도국가로 발돋움한다. 4세기 백제의 근초고왕은 중국대륙과 한반도, 그리고 일본열도의 요소 요소에 해양거점을 확보하고 이를 통해 동북아 해상무역을 주도해 갔던 것이니, 그 규모와 체계성, 그리고 적극성의 측면에서, 항로의 길목을 장악하고 중개무역을 일삼던 이전의 위만조선과 낙랑·대방군의 그것을 크게 능가하는 것이었다. 그리고 그 위력은 그의 왕자인 근구수왕대까지 지속되었다. 이 시기에는 백제 중심의 국제무역망이 구축되었다는 데에 의미가 있으며, 주도적인 세력은 백제왕실이었다. 아울러 중국계 백제인과 木羅斤資 같은 지방세력의 활약도 보이는 시기였다. 5세기 고구려의 남하에 의한 한성의 함락과 웅진으로의 천도에 의해 백제는 시련을 당하게 된다. 이때 영산강유역의 전방후원형 고분으로 대표되는 영산강유역의 재지세력과, 倭의 독자적인 대중국무역의 시도로 인해 백제중심의 무역망은 큰 위기에 봉착한다. 백제는 황해사단항로의 개척을 통해 이 위기를 타개하기 위하여 노력한다. 하지만 신라의 한강유역 점령으로 인해 백제는 다시 위기에 봉착한다. 5세기말 신라의 한강유역 점령으로 인해 백제는 신라와 고구려에 비해 상대적으로 대중국무역에 열세를 면치 못하는 상황은 지속되었다. 이에 백제는 기존의 일본과의 관계를 계속 유지하면서, 고구려와도 정치·군사적인 동맹을 통해 신라를 견제하고자 했다. 고구려의 대일교섭은 이러한 와중에 추진되었으며, 백제는 고구려의 대일교섭에서 적극적인 역할을 한다. 이러한 동아시아 국제무역에서 백제의 역할은 훗날 남북국시대의 신라와 발해에 의한 활발한 해상무역의 토대를 구축했다는 점에 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

『동아시아사』 교과서의 고대국제관계 서술 검토

윤재운 대구사학회 2014 대구사학 Vol.115 No.-

This paper presents a review of the content about ancient international relations in three authorized textbooks of East Asian History, which were written according to the 2011 Curriculum and put to use in the first semester of 2014. The review results point out the followings:The textbooks of East Asian History are the result of an attempt to catch two rabbits, namely time-based organization and an approach by the topics. The textbooks sought after the approach by the topics in general with some exceptions. Such a structural feature differentiates them from the old textbooks of Korean History and World History written chronologically. Of them, the topic of “international relations” to be addressed in the present study is original, not having been dealt with in their own name in any textbooks in the nation. The changed achievement criteria of learning content in the domain of ancient international relations announced in the 2011 Curriculum, in particular, were designed to induce the multifaceted description of diplomatic relations in East Asia by defining ancient international relations in East Asia as “various diplomatic formats including tribute and investiture relations in East Asia” unlike the 2007 Curriculum that confined them to “tribute and investiture relations as a diplomatic format in East Asia.”The parts describing “ancient international relations” in the textbooks of East Asia History have been supplemented in some content as the achievement criteria changed from the description focused on investiture and tribute relations in the 2007 Curriculum to the description of various diplomatic relations including investiture and tribute relations in the 2011 Curriculum. However, the two textbooks not published by Chunjae Education are weak with significance granted to the limitations and actual state of investiture and tribute relations. When the learning materials are considered, the textbooks of East Asian History introduced in 2014 contain more exploratory activities and show improvements both in quantity and quality despite certain content errors and misses compared with their counterparts of 2012. Finally, the study proposes that research discourse on “ancient international relations in East Asia” and the perspectives of Korean academic circles for the period should begin in a bold and serious manner if they pursue East Asian History to present in balance “East Asian history in the world history” and “Korean history in East Asia.”(Daegu university / hiswoon@daegu.ac.kr)

한국 고대의 해양문화와 이사부

윤재운,장희흥 대구대학교 2008 敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.1

Korea is deep tradition of ocean culture because the three dimensions of it is enclosed by sea. But the value of ocean culture fall, because we take no interest in ocean. Besides industrialization and urbanization of islands and the coast is carried out, the tradition of ocean culture go out of sight. Luckily recognition about sea is changed recently. However it is limited to Yellow Sea and South Sea, interest about East Sea is insufficient. For succeed to tradition of ocean culture and presentation of vision about 21th ocean strong power, we need vision about East Sea. This article study Siljikkook, activity of Yi Sa Boo and connection of Silla & Balhae focusing on ocean exchange or trade. This contents present role model of Gangwon province in economic exchange.

발해의 동부유라시아정책과 국가전략

윤재운 신라사학회 2019 新羅史學報 Vol.0 No.45

Balhae's national strategy was to establish a Balhae-centric world view by building Sanggyeong in the boundary area between the old Goguryeo-based regions and Mohe-based ones. That is to say, Balhae succeeded in the attribution of some Mohe tribes, publishing the slogan of succeeding Goguryeo during the reign of King Mu. Refusing to be satisfied with this, King Mun moved the nation's capital to Sanggyeong and conquered all the Mohe tribes in the northern regions outside the territory of old Goguryeo. That is, he moved the capital to Sanggyeong to push forward the policy of marching north. King Mun then dispatched a series of missions to Tang in need of software for the efficient rule of Balhae's expanded territory. The missions corresponded with the transfer of the capital to Sanggyeong and concluded in the arrangement and completion of the central and local institutions. Finally, Balhae's Eastern European policy can be seen through the success of economic policy through trade. This could be seen as a result of the active use of the Northern Mohe tribe's indirect rule and the Sogd Network. In addition, if the northern Mohe people lived in Northeast Asia, the economic policies of Balhae were soon aimed at all of eastern Eurasia, as the Sogdians lived in the area. Such active foreign trade of Balhae left huge traces in the trade of East Asia in the eighth and ninth century along with seaborne trade that was vitalized by the government and merchants of Silla and built a foundation for the development of foreign trade in the Kitan and Jurchen regions since the tenth century, thus hold significant historical meanings. In the end, the transfer of Balhae's capital to Sanggyeong during the reign of King Mun was an outcome of its national strategy to establish a Balhae-centric world view by winning over several tribes including the Mohe people around the Goguryeo people. It led to Balhae's domestic political system internally and its economic policy or trade based externally based on the utilization of Mohe suryong and the Sogd Network, externally. 발해의 국가전략은 기존 고구려계 중심 지역과 말갈계 중심 지역의 경계지역에 상경을 건설하여 발해 중심 천하관을 구현하고자 한 것이었다. 다시 말하자면 무왕대는 고구려계승을 슬로건으로 내세우면서 일부 말갈부족을 귀속하는 데 성공하였다. 문왕은 이에 만족하지 않고, 상경천도를 통해 옛 고구려영역 밖에 있던 북부말갈제족의 정복 즉 북진정책을 꾀하기 위해 상경천도를 단행한 것이었다. 이어서 문왕은 늘어난 영토의 효율적인 통치를 위한 소프트웨어의 필요성 때문에 당에 사절단을 파견한 것이었고, 그것은 상경 천도시기와 맞물려 중앙 및 지방 제도의 정비・완비로 귀결되었다고 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 발해의 동부유라시아 정책은 무역을 통한 경제정책의 성공을 통해 알 수가 있다. 이는 북부말갈제족의 간접통치와 소그드네트워크를 적극 활용한 결과로 볼 수가 있을 것이다. 아울러 북부말갈제족이 거주하던 곳이 동북아시아지역이라면 소그드인들의 거주공간은 동부유라시아 전역에 걸치고 있었기 때문에, 발해의 경제정책은 곧 동부유라시아 전역을 대상으로 하고 있었다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 활발한 대외무역은 신라정부와 신라상인들에 의해 활발히 이루어지던 해상무역과 함께, 8~9세기 동아시아 무역에 커다란 족적을 남기었고, 10세기 이후 거란・여진의 대외무역 발전의 기초를 닦았다는 점에서 적지 않은 역사적 의미를 가지고 있다고 할 수 있다. 결국 문왕대에 시행된 상경천도는 고구려계 중심으로 말갈을 비롯한 북부 여러 종족의 포섭을 통한 발해중심 천하관의 구축을 국가 전략으로 한 성과물이었다. 이것이 발해 내부로는 국내정치체제 구축이고, 외부로는 말갈계 수령과 소그드네트워크의 활용을 통한 경제 정책 즉 무역이었다.

고등학교 검정 ‘한국사’교과서와 역사부도의 전근대 서술과 문제점

윤재운 한국사연구회 2011 한국사연구 Vol.152 No.-

The Korean high school history textbooks designed based on the modified National Education Curriculum implemented in 2009 differ from the previous textbooks in many regards. To begin with, the previous government designated textbook system has been replaced by an authorized textbook system. Moreover, in terms of the composition of the units found in a textbook, the chronological method has been adopted over the classification-based method of the past. The relationship between Korean history and world history has been further emphasized, and the number of entries pertaining to modern and contemporary history has increased. The introduction of an intensive course completion system, under which schools are allowed to only offer classes for a specific subject during specific terms, can be identified as the most significant problem with the Modified Education Curriculum. Furthermore, up to 20% of the education curriculum can be managed at each school’s discrepancy. As such, the odds that schools will choose not to offer Korean history as a subject has increased. While history was identified as a compulsory subject under the Modified Education Curriculum implemented in 2007, it is now treated as an optional subject under the Modified Education Curriculum released in 2009. This has created problems with regards to the teaching of premodern history at the middle school level and modern and contemporary history at the high school level. In extreme cases, students who learned premodern history at the middle school level might graduate from high school without ever having learned about the modern and contemporary history of Korea if their school decided not to offer Korean history as a subject. On the other hand, the biggest problem related to the teaching of premodern history based on the new Korean history textbooks is the inconsistency that exists between these sections and those related to modern and contemporary history. For example, although the textbooks emphasize the relationship with world history and feature related descriptions from Section III Late Chosŏn of the textbook onwards, no related contents can be found in Section I and II. Furthermore, Section I and II focus on the history of politics, an approach that does not mesh with the one employed in Section III. Thus, although the contents of the textbooks may have been written based on organizational principles or an organizational chart, it is essential to ensure that the overall framework of the textbook is unified.

동해교류를 통해 본 고구려와 발해의 해양문화

윤재운 고구려발해학회 2008 고구려발해연구 Vol.32 No.-

Koguryo and Balhae make active exchange with neighbored people, region and state through Balhae(sea), Yellow Sea and East Sea. In this article, the emphasis is on studying the exchange, route and worship of Sea Deities by East Sea. Because related date about East Sea exchange is more than Balhae(sea), Yellow Sea. Firstly, Balhae is similar to Koguryo in formation, leading part and route of East Sea trade. Formation of East Sea trade is a tributary system between private trade and official trade. There is the objective of tributary system that is obtainments through public channel which is consistent goods dealed of only China government. It is able to in a tributary system and award because of guarantying economic interest. Leading part of East Sea trade is a diplomatic mission, Suryeong(首領) and merchant. Nextly, the two countries are related each other in worship of Sea Deities. It is proved in that Koguryo’s Succession of Balhae’Buddhism, shamanism related sea tradition and religious service for sea god. Consequently, Balhae is in succession to Koguryo’s ocean culture. 고구려와 발해는 서쪽으로부터 발해와 황해, 그리고 동쪽의 동해를 통해 주변 제민족ㆍ지역ㆍ국가와 활발한 교류를 해왔다. 본고에서는 해양문화 가운데서도 동해를 통한 교역, 교류 루트, 해양신앙의 면에 주안점을 두고 살펴보았다. 왜냐하면 고구려와 발해는 발해와 황해를 통해, 중국과 교류를 하기도 했으나, 관련 기록이 동해해역권에 가장 많이 남아 있기 때문이다. 우선 교역면에 대해서는 교역의 형태, 교역의 주체 등에서 유사성을 찾아 볼 수가 있었다. 즉 외교사절단에 의해 이루어진 공무역, 지방세력과 민간상인 등에 이루어 진 사무역 등은 일본에서의 경우이기는 하지만, 거의 유사한 형태로 지속되었다. 교역의 주체면에서도 고구려의 경우에는 민간상인의 존재양상이 보이지는 않지만, 그 외의 경우 외교사절단이나 지방세력 등의 존재는 인정할 수가 있었다. 다음으로 동해를 통한 교류루트도 발해가 고구려의 항로를 그대로 유지ㆍ계승했던 것을 알 수가 있었다. 아울러 해양신앙면에서도 고구려를 계승한 발해의 불교와 샤머니즘계열의 해양전승 및 해신에 대한 제사 등에서 두 나라사이의 관련성을 확인할 수가 있었다. 따라서 해양문화측면에서도 발해가 고구려를 계승했다고 할 수가 있을 것이다.

신라 하대 진의 재검토

윤재운 한국사학회 1999 史學硏究 Vol.- No.58.59