고랭지 밭의 비점오염부하 저감을 위한 지표피복재와 토양개량제의 효과

원철희,신민환,이수인,금동혁,임경재,최중대,Won, Chul-Hee,Shin, Min-Hwan,Lee, Su-In,Kum, Dong-Hyuk,Lim, Kyoung-Jae,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국농공학회 2014 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.56 No.3

We investigated the effect of straw mat cover and soil amendments on the reduction of runoff, non-point source pollution load and yield of a Chinese cabbage from alpine fields. Two plots on sandy loam soil were prepared. Experimental treatments were control and rice straw mat cover (3,300 kg/ha)+Polyacrylamide (PAM) (5 kg/ha)+Gypsum (1 ton/ha) (SPG). A variety of Chinese cabbage was cultivated and runoff was monitored during a growing season in 2012. Monitoring was conducted to seven times. Runoff rate of SPG plot was lower than those of control plot. The reduction rate of runoff from SPG plot was 29.4 % compared to control plot. The reduction rate of suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) load of SPG plot was 86.5 %, 34.7 % and 39.1 %, respectively. Yield of a Chinese cabbage from SPG plot (39,646 kg/ha) was greater than that of control plots (28,482 kg/ha). It was concluded that the use of SPG on soil surface could not only reduce the NPS pollution loads in receiving waters but also help increase the crop yield.

볏짚거적과 토양개량제를 활용한 경사지 밭의 비점오염원 저감평가

원철희,신민환,최용훈,신재영,박운지,이수인,최중대,Won, Chul-Hee,Shin, Min-Hwan,Choi, Yong-Hun,Shin, Jae-Young,Park, Woon-Ji,Lee, Su-In,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국농공학회 2013 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.55 No.2

The objective of the research was to describe the effect of straw mat cover and soil amendments on the reduction of runoff and non-point source load from steep sloped highland agricultural fields. Four $5{\times}30$ m plots on sandy loam soil with 28 % slope were prepared. Experimental treatments were bare (control), rice straw mat cover (3,000 kg/ha) (S), PAM (5 kg/ha)+Gypsum (1 ton/ha) (PG) and rice straw mat cover+PAM+Gypsum (SPG). A variety of lettuce was cultivated and runoff was monitored during a growing season in 2011. Natural monitoring was conducted to three times. Runoff rate of S, PG and SPG plots were significantly lower than those of control plot. Especially, the runoff rate is zero in SPG plot at a first rainfall events. The reduction rate of runoff from the S, PG and SPG plots was 30.8 %, 29.0 % and 81.8 % compared to control plots, respectively. The reduction rate of NPS pollution load of S, PG and SPG was ranged of 50~90 %, 30~70 % and 90~100 %, respectively. Yield of lettuce from S, PG and SPG plots was respectively 400 (567 kg/ha), 320 (453 kg/ha) and 760 (1,067 kg/ha) that of compared to control plots greater than that from control plots (140 kg/ha). We speculated that the experimental treated plots could hold more nutrients and moisture than the control and helped the crop grow healthier. When analyzing the above results, in terms of reduction of runoff and NPS pollution load and crop yields, SPG experimental treatment had the best effect. It was concluded that the use of rice straw mats cover and soil amendments on soil surface could not only reduce the NPS pollution loads in receiving waters but also help increase the crop yield.

무강우시 합류식 하수관거의 오염부하 특성

원철희,최용훈,박운지,신민환,최중대,Won, Chul-Hee,Choi, Yong-Hun,Park, Woon-Ji,Shin, Min-Hwan,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국농공학회 2011 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.53 No.6

We have examined the pollutant load of combined sewer in dry days. Two monitoring sites (C-1, C-2) were equipped with an flowmeter. Monitoring was conducted from September 2004 to April 2006 for 20 months during dry days. Flowrate and concentration of pollutants are lowest from 3 to 6 o'clock, and it is high at 9, 12 and 21 o'clock. Most of organic matters exist in the dissolved state. The results show that pollution loads in C-2 area were 4.5-7.2 times higher than in C-1. Pollutant loads were high on Saturdays. Pollutant loads (kg/ha/day) of C-2 were 1.1-3.1 times higher those of C-1. However there was no significant difference in winter. Analysis of correlation coefficient of water quality parameter indicates that besides of flowrate all items in C-1 site have tight relationship respectively (p<0.01). In C-2 site, correlation coefficient of TP-SS, TP-TN, TP-flowrate, BOD-flowrate, BOD-SS and TN-TP are statistically significant (p<0.01).

경작지에서 볏짚거적의 비점오염물질 저감 평가

원철희,신민환,최용훈,임경재,한영한,권재혁,최중대,Won, Chul-Hee,Shin, Min-Hwan,Choi, Yong-Hun,Lim, Kyoung-Jay,Han, Young-Han,Kwon, Jay-Hyouk,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국농공학회 2013 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.55 No.4

We have examined the effect of rice straw mat (RSM) on the reduction of non-point source (NPS) pollution loads at soybean cultivations. The slope of the experimental plot was about 3 %. Monitoring was carried out for four years at conventional tillage (CT) in 2008~2009 years and RSM covered tillage in 2010~2011 years. Thirty-two rainfall events were monitored and analyzed during the study period. During the 2 years of 2008 and 2009, 20 rainfall runoff events were monitored. But in 2010 years, only 2 rainfall runoff events could be monitored. And in 2011 years, 10 rainfall runoff events was monitored. It was because the RSM cover enhanced infiltration and reduce runoff in 2010 and 2011. Average NPS pollution load (organic matters) of the RSM covered field was reduced by 72.1~94.2 % compared to that of CT field. NPS pollution load of TN and TP reduced by 67.5 % and 55.7 %, respectively. Especially, SS pollution load was reduced by 97.3 %. Based on the results, rice straw mat cover was considered as a promising best management practices (BMP) to reduce NPS pollution load. However, it was recommended that the results are limited to the field conditions and the same experiments must be performed on different soil textures, slopes, and crops if it is applied to the development of policies.

볏짚거적과 토양개량제를 이용한 강우유출 모의

원철희,신민환,최용훈,신재영,박운지,최중대,Won, Chul-Hee,Shin, Min-Hwan,Choi, Yong-Hun,Shin, Jae-Young,Park, Woon-Ji,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국농공학회 2012 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.54 No.2

The objective of this research was to experimentally test the effect of rice straw mats on the reduction of runoff, sediment discharge and turbidity under a laboratory scale. We used the small runoff plots of 1 m ${\times}$ 1 m ${\times}$ 0.65 m ($L{\times}W{\times}H$) in size filled with loamy sand. Experimental treatments were bare (control), rice straw mat cover of straw mats + PAM + Gypsum (SPG), rice straw mats + Chaff + PAM + Gypsum (SCPG) and rice straw mats + Sawdust + PAM + Gypsum (SSPG); slope of 10 % or 20 %; and rainfall intensity of 30 mm/hr. Runoff volume and rate of covered plots were significantly lower than those of control plot. Average runoff rate of covered plots, slope of 10 % and 20 %, decreased 85.6 % and 72 % in respectively. Sediment reduction ratio was more than 99 % regardless of slope. The differences runoff and sediment discharge among different cover materials were not significant. It was also shown that even if runoff reduction by surface cover were low, sediment discharge reduction could be very significant and contribute to improve the water quality of streams in sloping agricultural regions. It was concluded that the use of straw mat and soil amendments (PAM and Gypsum) on sloping agricultural fields could reduce soil erosion and muddy runoff significantly and help improve the water quality and aquatic ecosystem in receiving waters. But mixing effect of PAM and Gypsum was minimal.

인공강우를 이용한 축산 자원화물의 비점오염 배출 특성 분석

원철희,최용훈,신민환,서지연,최중대,Won, Chul-Hee,Choi, Yong-Hun,Shin, Min-Hwan,Seo, Ji-Yeon,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국농공학회 2011 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.53 No.2

This research focused on the investigation of runoff and nonpoint sources (NPS) pollution characteristics from small soil box plots treated by livestock waste composts. An indoor rainfall simulation was performed over the plots for 60 minutes. Simulated rainfall intensities were 32.4, 43.2, 50.3 and 57.1 mm/hr respectively. Slope of soil box plots was $10^{\circ}$ and $20^{\circ}$, respectively. Rainfall simulation replicated 5 times and the experiment was conducted every four days five times. As the slope of soil box increased, NPS pollution loads increased. And as rainfall intensity was increased from 32.4 to 57.1 mm/hr, NPS pollution loads gradually increased, too. Discharge of NPS pollution loads was the largest in the first simulation and thereafter decreased gradually. Discharged BOD load to the total applied load from $10^{\circ}$ plots, ranged 0.2 to 0.7 %, was 8.4 to 50.0 % lower than slope $20^{\circ}$ plots. When the application rate increased twice, the increase of pollution load was between 1.7~5.7 times. Analysis of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that organic matter content in pig compost and NPS pollution loads were correlated well. While under liquid compost application, the correlation coefficients between them were not good. It was concluded that application of livestock resources need to consider long-term weather forecast and if necessary, NPS reduction measures must be preceded in order to reduce NPS pollution discharge.

강우유출수와 비점오염물질을 저감하기 위한 최적관리기법의 적용

원철희,신민환,신현준,임경재,최중대,Won, Chul-Hee,Shin, Min-Hwan,Shin, Hyun-Jun,Lim, Kyoung-Jay,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국농공학회 2013 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.55 No.5

The objective of this research was to experimentally test the effect of tillage methods on the reduction of runoff, non-point source (NPS) pollution load, sediment and discharge under a rainfall simulation. We used the runoff plots of $5m{\times}30m$ ($L{\times}W$) in size. Experimental treatments were conventional tillage (CT), CT-rice straw bundle (CT-RSB) and two no-till (NT) plots; slope of 3 % or 8 % ; and rainfall intensity of 30 mm/hr. The rainfall simulation was conducted to three times. The time to initial runoff from NT plots was less than that from CT plots regardless of the slope and it was delayed about 65~90 % compared to that of CT plot. And sediment discharge of 8 % slope reduced to 55 % compared to CT plot. But the sediment discharge was not occurred at 3 % slope. The NT and CT-RSB methods have a great possibility of reducing runoff and NPS pollution loads. Runoff rate of NT plots was significantly lower than those of CT plot. The average NPS pollution loads of the NT plots and CT-RSB plot reduced about 55~80 % and 2.1~40 % compared to those of the CT plots, respectively. It was also shown that runoff and NPS pollution loads reduction by NT method could be very significant and contribute to improve the water quality of streams in agricultural regions. It was concluded that the use of NT method on agricultural fields could reduce soil erosion and muddy runoff significantly and help improve the water quality and aquatic ecosystem.

산림과 밭 지역 강우 유출수의 EMC 및 원단위 산정

원철희 ( Chul Hee Won ),최용훈 ( Yong Hun Choi ),서지연 ( Ji Yeon Seo ),김기철 ( Ki Cheol Kim ),신민환 ( Min Hwan Shin ),최중대 ( Joong Dae Choi ) 한국물환경학회 2009 한국물환경학회지 Vol.25 No.4

강우시 밭의 비점오염물질 유출 특성

원철희 ( Chul Hee Won ),최용훈 ( Yong Hun Choi ),신민환 ( Min Hwan Shin ),신동석 ( Dong Suk Shin ),강동구 ( Dong Gu Kang ),최중대 ( Joong Dae Choi ) 한국물환경학회 2011 한국물환경학회지 Vol.27 No.5

We have examined the runoff characteristics of nonpoint source (NPS) in fields. Two monitoring sites were equipped with an automatic velocity meter and water sampler. Monitoring was conducted at fields 1 and field 2 during the rainfall event. Ten rainfall-runoff events were monitored and analyzed during the study period. The results show that runoff occurred if daily rainfall and intensity were higher than 40 mm and 1.6 mm/hr except a few extreme rainfall events with very high intensity. Runoff of field 1 was approximately twice of that of field 2. Event mean concentrations (EMC) and pollution load of analyzed water quality indices were also higher in field 2 than in field 1. Especially, TN load from field 2 was 75.4 mg/m2 and was about 5 times higher than that from field 1. Analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient of water quality parameter indicates that besides of TN all items in fields 1 have tight relationship respectively (p < 0.01). But those of fields 2 have a significant (p < 0.05). Estimating units loading of NPS, we suggested that variable such as soil texture, rainfall amount and intensity and slope were needed to be considered from agricultural landuses. The results of this study can be used as a basic data in the development and implementation of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) in Korea.

토양유실 저감을 위한 지표피복재 적용

원철희 ( Chul Hee Won ),신민환 ( Min Hwan Shin ),최용훈 ( Yong Hun Choi ),신재영 ( Jae Young Shin ),박운지 ( Woon Ji Park ),최중대 ( Joong Dae Choi ) 한국물환경학회 2011 한국물환경학회지 Vol.27 No.6

The objective of this research was to experimentally test the effect of rice straw mats on the reduction of runoff, sediment and discharge under a laboratory scale with different rainfall intensity and slopes. We used the small runoff plots of 1 m × 1 m × 0.65 m (L×W×H) in size were filled with loamy sand. Experimental treatments were bare (control), rice straw mats+PAM(SP), rice straw mats+PAM+sawdust(SPS) and rice straw mats+PAM+rice husks(SPR); slope of 10% or 20%; and rainfall intensity of 30 or 60 mm/hr. Runoff volume and coefficient from covered plots were significantly lower than those from control plots. Under the 30 mm/hr and 10% simulations, average runoff coefficient of covered plots decreased more than 92%. Under 60 mm/hr and 20% simulations, the ratios were between 39.8~58.1%. Under the condition of 30 mm/hr rainfall and 10% slope, sediment discharge from covered plots was practically zero. And at 20% plots, sediment reduction ratio was more than 95%. Under the condition of 60 mm/hr rainfall, sediment reduction ratio of 10 and 20% plots ranged between 86.3~95.3% and between 79.8~86.5%, respectively. The differences in initial runoff time, runoff and sediment discharge among different cover materials were not significant. Rainfall intensity showed higher impact on initial runoff time, runoff, and sediment discharge than slope. It was also shown that even if runoff reduction by surface cover were low, sediment discharge reduction could be very significant and contribute to improve the water quality of streams in sloping agricultural regions. It was concluded that the use of straw mat and PAM on sloping agricultural fields could reduce soil erosion and muddy runoff significantly and help improve the water quality and aquatic ecosystem in receiving waters.