조선 선조대 남북 분당과 내암 정인홍

우인수(Woo, In Soo) 부산경남사학회 2011 역사와 경계 Vol.81 No.-

남북분당의 과정을 남북 갈등의 조짐, 갈등의 심화로 인한 분당, 대립의 고착이라는 세 단계를 설정하여 각 단계별로 분석하면서 파악하였다. 남북분당기에 발생한 사안에 관한 서로 다른 견해에 대해 그 의미를 검토하고 음미하는 방법을 통해 남북분당 과정을 재구성하면서 종합하는데 의미를 두었다. 특히 단계별 남북분당의 과정에서 보인 정인홍의 역할에 주목하여 이를 통해 그의 영향과 위상을 드러내고자 하였다. 먼저 동인 내부의 남북 갈등의 조짐이 있었던 시기는 선조 13년으로부터 선조 22년 기축옥사가 일어나기 전까지의 기간으로 설정하였다. 이 시기 갈등의 조짐이 된 사건들에는 여러 사람이 상호 복잡하게 얽혀 있었다. 이발과 우성전, 정인홍과 우성전, 이경중과 정여립, 정인홍과 이경중을 둘러싼 여러 가지 갈등이 그러한 예였다. 하지만 이러한 갈등은 분당으로까지 치달을 정도로 심각한 단계는 아니었다고 생각된다. 이 시기의 정인홍도 다소 경직된 면은 있었지만 공무를 강직하게 수행한다는 차원에서 이해될 수 있는 활동을 한 시기로 볼 수 있다. 선조 22년의 기축옥사는 동인을 남북으로 분당시키는 지경으로까지 치닫게 하였다. 정여립의 모역사건을 계기로 만연된 옥사는 동인과 서인 뿐아니라 선조까지 깊숙이 개입하면서 후일 북인으로 분류되는 많은 사람들이 억울하게 처형되는 참혹한 화로 확산되었다. 이 과정에서 화를 주로 입은 측의 인사들은 옥사를 만연한 상대당인 서인은 물론이거니와 이를 적극적으로 구원하지 않고 관망하는 자세를 보였던 같은 동인의 일부에 대해서도 점차 반감을 가지게 되었다. 정인홍과 류성룡, 이산해와 류성룡, 이경전과 정경세 간의 갈등으로 심화되면서 동인이 결국 남인과 북인으로 나뉘게 되었다. 임진왜란이 거의 극복되어갈 무렵인 선조 31년 북인들이 대대적으로 남인의 우두머리 영의정 류성룡을 집중 공격하여 실각시키면서 대립 양상은 절정에 달하게 되었다. 북인들은 명에 보내는 변무 사행에 류성룡이 자청하지 않은 점을 거론하여 체직을 시킨 다음 남북분당의 책임, 임난 때의 주화론 주창 등의 책임을 집중 공격하여 관작을 삭탈케 하는데 성공하였다. 그 외의 남인 인사들이 함께 조정에서 몰려났음은 물론이었으며, 임난 중 의병 활동을 하다가 과로사한 우성전의 관작까지 삭탈시켰다. 정인홍은 이러한 남인의 공격에 직접 나서거나 또는 문인을 통하여 공격하는 간접적인 방법으로 일익을 담당하였다. I analyze the process of the split between Namin and Bukin party in three phases: signs of the conflict between Namin and Bukin party, party split caused by increased conflict, and settlement of opposition. I value to reconstruct the process of the split party by investigating the issues occurred during the period of the split. Special attention is given to Jeong, In-Hong’s role throughout the stages of the split. First, I define the period which shows the signs of the conflict between Namin and Bukin as King Seonjo’s thirteenth year to twenty-second year. I analyze the various conflicts between Lee, Bal and Woo, Sung-Jeon, Jeong, In-Hong and Woo, Sung-Jeon, Lee, Kyung-Jung and Chung, Yeo-Rip, and Jeong, In-Hong and Lee, Kyung-Jung. During this period, Jeong, In-Hong performs his official duties with integrity although he has the tendency to be a bit inflexible. The conspiracy to treason in the King Seonjo’s twenty-second year resulted in the party split in Dongin party. The incident spread by Chung, Yeo-Rip’s treason sacrifice the many innocent people of the Bukin party. In this process, the most victimized Bukin party gradually begins to feel hostile towards some Dongin party who takes a wait-and-see attitude, not to mention Seoin party who are the main reason of the spread of the incident. After all, Dongin party is divided into Namin and Bukin party after the deepened conflicts between Jeong, In-Hong and Ryu, Sung-Ryong, Lee, San-Hae and Ryu, Sung-Ryong, and Lee, Kyung-Jeon and Chung, Kyung-Se. In the last stages of Japanese Invasion of Korea in King Seonjo’s thirty-first year, the sentiments of opposition reach an extreme when Bukin party extensively overthrows the prime minister Ryu, Sung-Ryong, the head of Namin party. Bukin party succeeds in removing Ryu, Sung-Ryong from the government by intensively bashing Ryu’s responsibilities of Pacifism during the Japanese Invasion and the party split between Namin and Bukin party. Naturally, Namin party is expelled from the Court as well. Jeong, In-Hong plays an important role in attacking Namin party by directly involving himself or by indirectly attacking through disciples. The Party Split between Namin and Bukin party is established by undergoing above process. And Jeong, In-Hong is the key force in the course, which proves his historical status in the split.

기획논문 : 인조반정(仁祖反正)과 남명학파(南冥學派) ; 인조반정 전후의 산림과 산림정치

우인수 ( In Soo Woo ) 南冥學硏究院 2011 南冥學 Vol.16 No.-

이 논문은 선조대 서인집권기의 성혼, 광해군대 대북집권기의 정인홍의 사례를 통해 산림정치가 구현되기 시작되고 확립된 과정을 살핀 것이다. 그리고 인조반정 뒤에도 산림정치가 계속 계승 지속되면서 붕당정치기의 특징적 요소 중의 하나로 모습을 갖추어 가는 과정을 살폈다. 아래와 같은 크게 네가지 점에 주목하고자 하였다. 먼저 산림정치를 붕당정치기의 특징적 요소로 지적하고, 그 용어의 자리매김을 위한 기초적인 작업을 하였다. 산림정치란 조선시대 붕당정치 하에서 붕당의 이념적 지도자인 산림이 각 붕당의 정책이나 논의 결정에 깊숙이 관여하여 영향력을 행사한 정치로 정의하였다. 산림정치가 나타난 시대적 배경으로는 학연이라는 핵심적인 요소에 기반한 붕당정치의 성립과 사림의 성장으로 인해 새롭게 요구된 왕권과 신권의 역학관계를 들어 설명하였다. 붕당의 우두머리로 추대된 산림은 조정과 향촌에 포진한 자신의 사우문생과 우호적인 일군의 관료를 바탕으로 때로는 막후에서 조정자로서의 기능을 수행하기도 하였고, 때로는 전면에서 정국의 주재자로서의 역할을 수행하기도 하였다. 다음으로 산림정치가 선조대 성혼에게서 그 단초가 열렸다는 점을 확인하였다. 그는 선조대 산림으로서 특히 율곡 이이의 사후 서인의 정신적인 지주로서의 역할을 수행하였다. 선조대 후반 상대당으로부터 집요한 공격을 받은 것도 그의 영향력이 상대당에게 그만큼 크게 느껴졌기 때문이다. 이는 산림정치의 조짐을 보였던 서인정권하의 성혼의 위상을 알려준다. 그리고 또한 산림정치는 광해군대 정인홍 단계에서 그 전형이 확립되었다는 점을 강조하면서 그 의미를 살폈다. 정인홍은 막후에서 북인 또는 대북에게 지지기반과 명분을 제공하면서 조정의 권한을 장악하였을 뿐 아니라, 필요할 때는 전면에 나서서 정국을 주도하는 등의 산림정치를 폈다. 광해군대만 하더라도 임해군건, 영창대군건, 폐모건 등의 굵직굵직한 사건에 적극 자신의 견해를 개진하면서 정책결정 과정에 깊숙이 관여하였다. 정인홍이 가지는 역사적 위상과 의미는 산림정치의 형성과 관련하여서도 부여할 수 있는 것이었다. 마지막으로 인조반정 후에도 산림에 대한 우대 정책은 제도적 장치의 마련을 통해 체계화하면서 계승되어 이후 산림정치 구현의 토대가 되었다는 점에 의미를 부여하였다. 인조대는 반정에 의해 수립된 정권이기는 하지만 단절보다는 계승하는 측면도 많았다. 후일 인조반정을 일으킨 서인 공신들도 정인홍을 비록 역적으로 처형하기는 하였지만, 그가 보여준 산림정치의 기능과 위력만큼은 충분히 인지하고 있었기 때문에 산림을 숭용하는 정책은 그대로 계승하였던 것이다. 여기에 광해군대 북인정권이 전체 조선후기사에서 가지는 위치가 있으며, 정인홍의 산림정치가 가지는 역사적 위상과 의미가 있다고 보았다. This research coped with realization and setup process of the Sallim scholar politics, based on the analysis of central figures like Seong-Hohn in the reign of king Seonjo and Jeong In-hong in the reign of king Kwanghae-Kun. Furthermore this paper, also, addresses issues on the succession of the Sallim scholar`s power and its establishment as main political aspects, after undergoing enthronement of the king In-Jo. As below, the process could be specificated as four aspects. First, considering the Sallim scholar`s political power as a important factor of party politics, this study tried to define the power with precision. The Sallim scholar politics can be defined as political conditions leaded by Sallim`s preponderating influence in politics including policy arguments and disputes as a ideological leader. Also this research dealt with historical backdrops of The Sallim scholar`s political power and its key factor could be summarized as their school ties. It must be helpful to understand the factor by studying the dynamics of political change between regal power and subjects as rising political force of Sallim. Next, this study focused on the central figure, Seong Hohn, who opened the Sallim scholar politics as a new political prospect. During the reign of king Seonjo, Seong Hohn was spiritual guide for Western faction, especially, after the death of Lee-Yi. Considering Western faction being confronted with tenacious attack from opposition parties, the great influence of Seong Hohn in the faction is evident in the factional strife in the late reign of king Seonjo and proves his strong position in the political arena. Also, the paper tried to deal with Jeong In-hong as the key figure who brought about stability of the Sallim scholar`s political power. Jeong In-hong seized political power by coming to the political forefront in case of need as well as by forming the bedrock of the Northern faction behind the scenes. He had a powerful influence on policy decision and actively offered his own suggestions on the weighty issues in the reign of king Kwanghae-Kun including the execution of prince Im-hae, the executions of Prince Young-chang, the deposition of empress dowager In-mok. His high political and historical status was deeply related to the development of the Sallim scholar`s political power. Lastly, the systematical preferential treatment to Sallim scholars provided institutional strategy and basis of establishment of their political power even after the enthronement of the king In-Jo. After dethronement of a king Kwanghae-Kun, though the Western faction executed Jeong In-hong as a traitors, they admitted the his contribution to the establishment of the Sallim scholar`s political power and succeeded the preferential treatment. This transformation must be noticeable to find out the political leverage of Northern faction including Jeong In-hong`s contribution to the Sallim scholar`s political power throughout the late Joseon Dynasty.

영천의 ‘사난(四難)’ 창의와 포은정신(圃隱精神)

우인수(Woo, In-soo) 포은학회 2017 포은학연구 Vol.20 No.-

영천은 포은(圃隱) 정몽주(鄭夢周)의 탄생지(誕生地)이다. 정몽주는 고려말 풍전등화와 같은 왕조를 위해 목숨을 바침으로써 영원한 충절의 상징이 되었다. 그는 그를 죽인 자들이 세운 조선왕조가 개창된 후 얼마 되지않아 복권되었고, 이어 문묘에까지 배향됨으로써 만인의 존경을 한 몸에 받는 영광을 누리게 되었다. 본 논문은 영천에서 전후 네 차례에 걸쳐 일어난 의병의 창의 상황을 살피고, 그 상황을 모아 하나의 책으로 엮은 영양사난창의록(永陽四難倡義錄)의 편찬 과정과 의미를 살핀 글이다. 이는 영천에서 정몽주를 숭모하여 그 정신을 계승하고 실천한 모습을 역사 속에서 찾고 증명하는 일이다. 조선에 서원이 세워지기 시작하던 초창기에 영천에는 이황의 문인들이 주도하여 정몽주를 모시는 임고서원을 세웠다. 이황의 관심과 지원 속에 창건된 임고서원은 두 번째로 사액서원이 되면서 그 명성을 확고히 할 수 있었다. 그리고 정몽주의 주된 향사처로서의 지위도 아울러 가지게 되었다. 정몽주와 임고서원을 자랑스럽게 생각하는 영천인들은 국가가 위기에 처하였을 때, 평소 체득한 ‘포은정신’으로 떨쳐 일어나 충의를 실천하였다. 임진의병, 정묘의병, 병자의병, 무신의병 등 전후 4차례에 걸쳐 의병을 일으켰다. 참여한 총 인원이 확인되는 자만 650여명에 달하였다. 후일 자료의 인멸을 안타까워한 영천인들은 영양사난창의록(永陽四難倡義錄)의 편찬을 통해 길이 기억하고자 하였다. 여기서 정몽주의 ‘의(義)’ 와 영천의병의 ‘의’를 동일시하였고, 나아가 창의록 편찬의 ‘의’까지도 동일 한 것으로 간주하였다. 그리고 ‘포은정신’의 계승을 천명한 창의록의 편찬은 영천을 넘어 영남, 나아가 조선의 행운이 되는 것임을 드러내어 밝혔다. Yeongcheon is the birthplace of Poeun(圃隱) Jeong Mong-ju. This paper presents an investigation into the publication process and significance of Yeongyangsananchanguirok((永陽四難倡義錄)), which examined and put together the situations in which an army was raised four times for the cause of justice in Yeongcheon. It is an attempt to find and demonstrate in history the ways that the people of Yeongcheon respected Jeong Mong-ju; thus, inherited and practiced his spirit. In the early days of Seowons in Joseon, the literary figures under Lee Hwang took the lead in building Imgo Seowon(臨皐書院) to enshrine Jeong Mong-ju in Yeongcheon. Built with Lee Hwang s interest and support, Imgo Seowon became the second Sa-aek Seowon(賜額書院); and thus, solidified its fame. It also obtained the status of a major shrine for Jeong Mong-ju. Taking pride in Poeun and Imgo Seowon, the people of Yeongcheon rose high in the spirit of Poeun, which they had learned and practiced faithfully in case of national crisis. They raised an army in the cause of justice four times after wars broke out, which were called Imjin, Jeongmyo, Byeongja, and Musin Uibyeong(義兵). The confirmed number of people who participated was 650. Feeling worried about the potential destruction of their data in later times, the people of Yeongcheon decided to publish Yeongyangsananchanguirok to keep the memories for many years to come. In this book, they identified the righteousness of Jeong Mong-ju with that of Yeongcheon Uibyeong and furthered its publication. They also demonstrated that the publication of the book, which declared the inheritance of the Poeun spirit, would bring good luck to Yeongnam and also Joseon beyond Yeongcheon.

기획논문 : 우복(愚伏) 정경세(鄭經世)의 정치사회적 위상과 현실대응

우인수 ( In Soo Woo ) 경북대학교 퇴계연구소 2011 퇴계학과 유교문화 Vol.49 No.-

Jeong Kyung-se was an excellent scholar and official in Youngnam district during the first half of 17th century. He was taught by Ryu Seong-ryong(柳成龍) who were Lee Hwang`s best pupil. He was the leading pupil among Lee Hwang`s school. Especially, he entered upon a political career as a member of deputations representing Youngnam(嶺南) Nam-in(Southern faction) during the King Injo`s period and made the most of one`s ability. During his tenure of office, he fulfilled his obligation with self-esteem and a sense of mission about his work. But he could not keep clear of engaging in party strife. Therefore he had ups and downs in his political path and public office by the party strife. He was disgraced with Nam-in(Southern faction) because of political attack of Buk-in(Northen faction) after Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. He had his best days again in the King Injo`s time through a long period of an inactive political life. He helped and advised Kings using his knowledge and a noble character with all his hearts. During the process, he had been stripped from a government office because he advised King Kwanghaegun what somebody else hardly dared to advise to the king. For instance, he strongly advised bringing some new measures against current affairs and put the brakes on increasing King`s own possessions. He also knew many things about the basic decencies of those civilized society and tried to apply the guidelines on upgrading the title of the King Wonjong, father of King Injo. Meanwhile he suffered two big wars in his life. He raised an army in the cause of loyalty when Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592. After that, he came back to Royal Court and provided support. He was appointed Youngnam hososa(嶺南 號召使) in the Chinese Invasion of Joseon in 1627. He undertook tasks gathering provisions and army. Through such efforts we can make sure that he was a man of high who could take the responsibility of the defense of the Youngnam district.

기획논문 : 사미헌 장복추의 문학과 사상 ; 사미헌 장복추의 문인록과 문인집단 분석

우인수 ( In Soo Woo ) 한국문학언어학회( 구- 경북어문학회) 2007 어문론총 Vol.47 No.-

Samihun(四未軒) Jang Bokchoo(張福樞 ; 1815~1900) was a Neoconfucian who represented Youngnam province at the end of the Joseon dynasty. He was not only learned in the Neoconfucianism, but also believed earnestly in the words of the wise and exerted himself to practice those words. He cultivated lots of men who wanted to be taught from him in his life. This article addressed characteristics, which disciples of Jang Bokchoo had, and their activities through old documents dealing with them. And this paper is predicated on studying about the mixed state of registration of the disciples by contrasting the xylographic books about them. This would form the basis of my point in this paper. Then, based on the study, this paper would reveal a scale of followers of Jang Bokchoo and features their activities had. Also, we will see in this article how the disciples, affected from Jang Bokchoo, survived the period of a reform and what kind of meaningful works they made, so we can find social level and characteristics of Samihun doctrinal faction. Documents about disciples of Jang Bokchoo were published in collections of works third time, being complemented each time, from now on. According to 『Samihunsunsangjunjip(四未軒先生全集)』, archive about pupils of Jang Bokchoo, in 1972, 428 disciples were under his instruction. Records in 『Samihunjip(四未軒集)』, 1985, said there were 682 people. And in 『Samihunjunseo(四未軒全書)』, 2006, it was concluded that there were 747 pupils. Through assuming disciples`s residences, they resided in Chilgok, Indong, Sungju, where they were close to the place Jang Bokchoo lived, were 287 in total and they formed 38% of whole followers. Also, there were many disciples dwelled at Keochang, Habcheon, Changlyong in Southwestern districts and Keumlyuong, Sunsan in Northern districts. In conclusion, absorption force of Jang Bokchoo was concentrated on Sungju area. When it comes to family name, people who had surname Jang of Indong district, which is same as Jang Bokchoo`s, were 133 in total and they carried weight among the whole disciples, forming 18%. We have to consider that the number of them were naturally overlapped that of Hanju(寒洲) Lee Jinsang(李震相) and this, also, can be one of the features. In this article, I addressed that there were two patterns in the disciple`s activities. The one was the patriot who strongly resisted to the power of foreign countries like Jang Sukyoung and Song Joonpil. And the other one were the scholars in retirement who lived in seclusion, kept their loyalty, being conservative, like Jang Seungtaek and Jo Keungsub. This two groups had different patterns in coping with the tide, but both were possible choices for disciples being worried about the reality of Josedn dynasty.

임란시 상주 북천전투의 실상과 현창사업

우인수 ( Woo In-soo ) 역사교육학회 2017 역사교육논집 Vol.62 No.-

The Battle of Bukcheon in Sangju was a battle between the local army of Sangju under the command of the central army of Joseon and the Japanese forces. The Battle holds its significance as the first battle since Milyang against the Japanese forces on its way to the capital along the middle path. It was also the battle in which the central army of Joseon had its first encounter with the Japanese forces. This study critically reviewed sporadic opinions about the reality and causes of defeat of the Battle and reached the following conclusions: the study first examined the parts on why General Lee Il moved his troops to the side of Bukcheon from the town castle of Sangju. There were two opposing opinions about it: one insisted that it was for battle formation training, and the other argued that it was for a plain battle. The nature and significance of the Battle of Bukcheon differs according to the two opinions. The study concluded that the General moved his troops to the side of Bukcheon for basic training for his troops that had been put together abruptly and training to coordinate with the central army. Different opinions had also been raised sporadically regarding the causes of their defeat in the Battle. The present study summarized the causes into three based on those opinions: first, they had their weakness exposed considerably to the enemy without taking advantage of Jeseungbangryak and its advantages as the Japanese forces were quickly moving north; secondly, their military size was absolutely inferior to that of the Japanese forces; and finally, they failed in vigilance as the commander neglected reconnaissance activities. Their defeat resulted in enormous damage to the Sangju area. Many soldiers of the local army of Sangju and the central army of Joseon fought the Japanese forces bravely, ending up being killed along the side of Bukcheon. They were slaughtered helplessly with their retreat routes blocked in the siege. The lucky few were able to climb over the mountain and escape. After their defeat, the Japanese forces inflicted unspeakable damage to each and every village in the Sangju area including the town. Some that surrendered to the Japanese forces and became their informants looted their fellow Joseon people even more viciously. It was another aspect of tragedy in the war. There were, however, some that died a heroic death after exhibiting the spirit of the Joseon people on the horrid battlefield. They became the foundation for Joseon to pull itself together over the damage and pain and recover. The surviving residents of Sangju joined together to pay a tribute to the participants of the Battle of Bukcheon. After they settled down after the disturbance of war and found some stability, they put up tombstones to honor those who were killed in defense of loyalty and demanded that the central government should reward their death. One good example was the establishment of venues to remember and honor them, and they include Chungryeolsa and Chunguidan. In addition, they left the records of their achievements in journals, town logs, and books including Yeongnaminmulgo. The Battle of Bukcheon thus ended up remaining in the memories of Sangju residents forever. There were, however, conflicts between the Sajoks of Sangju over the ways to honor the fallen soldiers in the latter half of Joseon.

기획논문 : 서애(西厓) 류성용(柳成龍)의 학문(學問)과 계승(繼承) ; 남북 분당과 서애 류성룡

우인수 ( In Soo Woo ) 경북대학교 퇴계연구소 2014 퇴계학과 유교문화 Vol.55 No.-

이 논문은 조선 선조대 동인의 남북분당 과정을 동인 내의 갈등, 갈등 심화로 인한 분당, 대립의 고착이라는 세 단계로 나누어 각 단계별로 발생한 사안에 관한 검토를 통해 남인과 북인으로의 분당 과정을 종합적으로 재구성한 것이다. 특히 단계별 과정에서 나타난 류성룡의 역할에 주목하여 이를 통해 그의 영향과 위상을 드러내고자 하였다. 먼저 동인 내부의 남북 갈등이 있었던 시기는 선조 13년으로부터 선조 22년 기축옥사가 일어나기 전까지의 기간으로 설정하였다. 다음으로 선조 22년의 기축옥사로 인해 동인은 남인과 북인으로 나누어지게 되었다고 보았다. 그리고 남인과 북인의 대립은 선조 31년 류성룡이 북인의 대대적인 공격을 받아 실각하고 북인정권이 들어서게 되면서 고착된 것으로 파악하였다. 이와 같은 남북분당의 과정을 거치면서 류성룡은 처음에는 동인의 중심인물 나중에는 남인의 영수로서의 위상을 가지게 되었다. 그는 중심적 위치에 서기에 여러 가지 좋은 조건과 자질을 두루 갖춘 인물이었다. 퇴계 이황의 수제자로 자리매김할 정도로 훌륭한 자질을 갖추고 있었으며, 이를 바탕으로 선배와 동문, 그리고 제자 등 폭넓은 지지 세력을 확보하고 있었다. 문과를 거쳐 관직에 나아가 주요 관직을 두루 거치면서 최고 관직인 영의정에까지 이른 점도 대표성을 확보하기에 좋은 조건이었다. 임진왜란기에 영의정을 맡아 위기의 국면을 성공적으로 수습하고 왜란을 극복한 점도 상징성을 부여받기에 충분한 요소였다. 더구나 임란 말기 북인의 집요한 공격으로 삭탈관작에 처해져서 낙향하는 극 적인 모습도 남인의 대표자로서의 모습을 강한 이미지로 각인시키기에 충분하였다. 류성룡의 거물로서의 풍모는 억울한 삭탈관작이라는 아쉬움으로 인해 더 강한 인상을 당대인의 기억 속에 남기게 되었다. This study divided the process of the split into Namin and Bukin Party from the Dongin Party during the reign of King Seonjo in Joseon into three stages: conflicts within the Dongin Party, the split due to the deteriorating conflicts, fixation of confrontations. Focusing in particular on the roles of Ryu Seong-ryong in each stage, the study set out to demonstrate his influences and status. The period of Namin-Bukin conflicts within the Dongin Party lasted from the 13th year of King Seonjo``s reign to the 22nd year of his reign before the outbreak of Gichukoksa, which seemed to have caused Dongin to split between Namin and Bukin. Confrontations between Namin and Bukin became fixed as Ryu lost his position after the extensive attacks of Bukin in the 31st year of King Seonjo``s reign and the Bukin administration was established. Going through the process of the split between Namin and Bukin Parties, Ryu was initially a central figure of Dongin and later held the status of leader of Namin. Various kinds of good conditions and qualifications aided him in taking a central position. He had such outstanding talents that he established himself as the best pupil of Lee Hwang. Based on the conditions, he secured a broad network of supports including his predecessors, alumni, and pupils. He passed the civil service examination, started a career in public offices, and finally was appointed to Yeonguijeong, the highest position in public offices, which was a good condition for him to secure representativeness. During the Japanese invasion of Joseon in 1592, he successfully straightened out the national crisis and overcame the war as Yeonguijeong, an element good enough to grant him symbolism. At the end of the war, he was forced to leave his position and rank due to the persistent attacks of Bukin and retired to the country, dramatic aspects of his that worked to imprint his strong image as the leader of Namin. His presence as an important figure combined with his pitiful and unfair situation of being forced to leave his position and rank helped him leave even stronger impressions in the memory of his contemporary people.

임란공신 金太虛의 행적과 후손들의 顯彰 노력

우인수(Woo, In-Soo) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2018 한국민족문화 Vol.67 No.-

김태허는 임진왜란기 내내 울산군수로 재임하면서 외적을 격퇴하고 국토를 수호하는 데 힘을 쏟은 장군이었다. 그는 울산 군민들과 함께 혼신의 힘을 다해 나라를 지키기 위해 노력하였다. 김태허가 이끄는 울산의 관군은 인근 경주 지역의 군대와 함께 전공을 가장 많이 세운 최강의 군대였다. 울산은 전쟁 기간 내내 일본군의 침략에 노출된 지역이었고, 장기간동안 피아간의 공방이 벌어진 최전선이었다. 근래 역사학계에서는 의병에 대한 과도한 관심에서 벗어나 그동안 평가절하되었던 관군의 활동에 대해 정당한 평가를 하고자 하는 경향이 커지고 있다. 이에 따라 김태허와 같은 관군이 보여준 활동과 의미는 새롭게 조명될 여지가 크며, 그에 대한 본격적인 연구는 임진왜란사의 이해의 폭을 넓히는 점에서 의미가 있다고 생각한다. 본 논문은 김태허의 임진왜란시의 전공과 평가에 더하여 후손들에 의해 주도된 현창 사업의 실상에 대해 살펴보았다. 임란 당시의 공적을 바탕으로 후손들은 19세기에 들어 약 60여년동안 현조인 김태허를 현양하는 사업에 부단한 노력을 기울였다. 이 현창의 노력을 誌狀의 찬술, 시호의 청원, 사우의 건립, 실기의 간행 등 4단계로 나누어 각 단계별로 살피면서 그 특징을 밝혔다. 이는 문중의 결속을 다지고 가문의 위상을 높이기 위한 후손들의 노력에 대한 이해이기도 하다. Kim Tae-heo devoted himself to defeating enemies and protecting the land as the head of Ulsan-gun and a general throughout Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. He used all of his strength to protect the country along with the people of Ulsan. The government troops of Ulsan that were led by him were the strongest troops and had the most military merits along with the troops of nearby Gyeongju. As Ulsan, along with Gyeongju, was situated along an invasion route, it was exposed to the attacks from Japanese troops throughout the war and became a front line where battles against enemies took place for many years. Historical circles of South Korea have grown out of their excessive interest in the army raised for the cause of justice and have moved toward an increasingly greater trend of assessing the activities of the underestimated government troops in a fair and just manner. There is a huge possibility that they will shed new light on the activities and meanings of government troops like Kim Tae-heo, and full-blown research on them will hold significance by broadening the scope of understanding the history of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. The present study examined the actual state of the project led by his descendants to highlight his life and achievements in addition to his military merits during the war and his evaluations. Based on his military merits during the war, his descendants made continued effort to have him earn the fame he deserved for approximately 60 years in the 19th century. The investigator divided their effort into four stages: compiling his achievements, applying for his posthumous name, building a shrine for him, and publishing his actual records, examining them and their characteristics in each stage. They were also understood as efforts to strengthen the solidarity of and raise the status of their family.

조선 숙종조 科擧 부정의 실상과 그 대응책

禹仁秀(Woo In-Soo) 한국사연구회 2005 한국사연구 Vol.130 No.-

The civil service examination during the Chos?n Dynasty, which was a kind of test to select the officials, played an important role in the fate of the country. The civil service examination was supposed to be fair and impartial. Therefore, Illegal acts in the civil service examination had more harmful effects on the society than anything else. This study thoroughly examined kinds of illegal acts and their countermeasures through three epoch-making events during the King Sukjong period of the late Chos?n Dynasty In the 25th reign year of the King Sukjong period, there was the worst illegal acts on a civil service examination called Kimyo kwaok(己卯科獄) undergone by many kinds of illegal acts: substitution the examination problem, an involvement with directors, a proxy, a irruption into the place for examination, etc. In the 28th reign year of the King Sukjong period, there was another illegal acts on a civil service examination called Imo kwaok(壬午科獄) involved with examination directors: The eight of nine successful candidates were relatives of the directors. In the 38th reign year of the King Sukjong period, there was another illegal acts on a civil service examination called Imjin kwaok(壬辰科獄) involved with examination directors. This affair caused the fierce dispute between two big parties those days: Noron and Soron. However their dispute and investigation could not expose examination directors' dark acts. The countermeasures of the government on the Illegal acts were very stern and strict. The government made a thorough investigation of the Illegal acts and dealt severely with the connected people. In some cases related with the parties' profit, more severe investigation carried out. Kimyo kwaok in the 25th reign year of the King caused 50 criminals punished and the civil service examination to be valid. In addition, there were many endeavors to prevent illegal acts on a civil service examination. For example, the government rearranged the law and the king's instructions on the civil service examination for easier application of the law. The government reannounced the law and the king's instructions on the civil service examination to emphasize the importance of the civil service examination. They go as far as to create new law on the civil service examination. During the King Sukjong period of the Chos?n Dynasty, the king's instructions on the civil service examination was given more often than in the past. These instructions was written in three books on the king's instructions like this: 《Kaksa sukyo(各司受敎)》, 》Sukyo-jiprok(受敎輯錄)》, 《Sinbo sukyo jiprok(新補受敎輯錄)》. From the King Sunjo period to the King Yongjo period, the king's instructions on the civil service examination was summed up to 29 affairs. The 80 percent of these 29 affairs were carried out during the King Sukjong period. Most of these king's instructions on the civil service examination was effective as a regulation by being registered in the law book 《Soktaejon(續大典)》 published during the King Youngjo period. This tells us that the kings tried the civil service examination to be fair and equitable. At the same time, they published and distributed some law books on the regulations and countermeasures to prevent illegal acts on a civil service examination. Their resolution took concrete shape by publishing two books: 《Sukyo jiprok(受敎輯錄)》, and 《Chonrok t´onggo(典錄通考)》. All these endeavors formed the foundation of the rearrangement of the law books and national prosperity during the King Y?ngjo and Chungjo period.

논문(論文) : 조선후기 상주 존애원의 설립과 의료 기능

우인수 ( In Soo Woo ) 대구사학회 2011 대구사학 Vol.104 No.-

This thesis studied on the establishment and function of Jonaewon as a medical center in Sangju District. This paper was based on the existing study and data regarding Jonaewon. I have checked the background for establishing Jonaewon in two sides: local order reconstruction for noblemen in Sangju District and improvement in a regional medical system. And I have carefully researched on its first founder and its management. Jonaewon was the medical center founded by a meeting made up of a lot of clans gathering in Sangju District. Nevertheless, it was characteristic that medical benefit was open to ordinary people in Sangju. And I have made reconstruction through exactly criticism of historical materials about operation and function of Jonaewon, and its change processes. Especially, I have carefully researched focusing to a function as a medical center of Jonaewon. The reason is that it is the most basic function of Jonaewon. The function of Jonaewon operated as a medical center during 180 years from 1599 to 1782. Undoubtfully, Jonaewon had various hardship in operating. It experienced trouble to get from a threat to existence as a medical center during the middle of 17th century. After that, its function as a medical center weakened a lot only to completely stop in the end of 18th century. The existence of Jonaewon is a representative example of regional social changing trend that a medical system led by the government was changed into a medical system by the clans of the noblemen privately.