Parable 의 相關性 : The Pearl 과 The Old Man and the Sea

梁炳鐸 경희대학교 언어연구소 1983 언어연구 Vol.4 No.-

미국문학과 (美國文學) 사회참여 (社會參與)

양병탁 한국영어영문학회 1968 영어 영문학 Vol.28 No.-

The Cycle of American Literature , 1955 By Robert E . Spiller

양병탁 한국영어영문학회 1958 영어 영문학 Vol.5 No.-

인생예찬

양병탁 慶熙大學校 문리과대학 1972 文理學叢 Vol.6 No.-

美國文學에 나타난 科學思想 : 19世紀를 中心으로 Mainly Concerned with 19th Century

梁炳鐸 慶熙大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study the relation between literature and science, mainly concerned with 19th Century American literature. This paper is based on the fact that the American major writers were much interested in science and scientific thought and American literauture showed a persistent scientific curiosity for the new facts and the new theories of experimental science and reflected the influence of scientific movement and thought in various ways and also resisted to science to some extent. The colonial periods were the age of Bacon, Newton and many other scientists. And the intelligent colonists, busy as they were with their own concerns, were much interested in science in the creating of a new culture. Colonial literature showed a scientific curiosity for the investigation of nature. Benjamin Franklin remains the most famous early experimenter to study natural phenomena. Natural science advanced with remarkable rapidity in the nineteenth century, and its effect became more and more pervasive. The period abounded in new scientific associations. In New England, scientific activity in all of the fields kept pace with developments in the Old World. New England writers were aware of these scientific developments, and their writings reflect, in various ways and degrees, the influence of the new facts and the new theories of science. Emerson greeted the scientific movement with enthusiasm. But he was not interested in science for its own sake. Science was valuable to him for the moral and spiritual implications, Thoreau's relation to science was much more intimate than Emerson's. He was interested in nature. He was a natural philosopher, which means a scientific student of nature. In Walden, he shows a scientific attitude as a naturalist. But he spoke out loud against the mechanization of American life. Hawthorne discovered a danger in the new emphasis upon experimental science. He examined the scientist and discovered that the scientist had been dehumanized in his many stories. Poe was also interested in science and his best scientific rationalism is best illustrated in Eureka, where he attempted an analysis of the universe based upon Newtonian Principles. Melville had a profound interest in biology and displayed his biological knowlege in the field of 'cetelogy' in Moby Dick. America social and economic life changed radically and rapidly during the years between 1865 and 1914. And the march of science affected religious thought and the view of life. Geology established the antiquity of the earth. Evolution, as set forth in Darwin's The Origin of Species in 1859. challenged the Christian belief. The scientific movement did not capture American literature immediately but the writers, especially the poets, began to resist science. Whitman accepted the evolutionary idea, but, as the scientific movement advanced in the post Civil War years, he accepted the Emersonian concept rather than the concept of Darwin. Dickinson was scarcely touched by the scientific movement. By the end of the century, American writers were feeling the full impact of the scientific movement. And the mechanistic philosophy was spread to writers. Mark Twain, late in life, became a convert to the mechanistic philosophy. Dreiser believed that men were creatures of force. With the turn of the century, the mechanistic philosophy began to appear in the naturalistic novel, which soon became its chief literary vehicle. American literature, especially in the 19th century, reflects the influence of scientitic movement and thought in various ways and degrees.

헤밍웨이의 世界

梁炳鐸 慶熙大學校 1958 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

As every true novelist has a "world" of some kind based on his own experiences, Hemingway his own peculiar world made up by his own vision and its texture trough his own adventures of life. First of all, the world of his situations is studied, Hemingway's world is a world of crime, violence and evil-as appeared in his early works. This world develops into a world of action and sports. And then his world, incidentally, becomes a world at war-of armed and calculated conflict or with violence and hostility. Ultimately his world turns into a world in which things do not grow and bear fruit, that is to say, a world of bareness, desperation and nihilism. But his world is upheld into a world of dream-seeking for a real significance of life. His world, seen through a crack in a wall, is a narrow one in a limited and partial way but his view of his world is not much less restricted. Secondly, the world of characters is studied. The heroes of this world are in terms of general meaning, primitive, active, brave, homeless and animal like in their actions and thinkings. Their views on love, marriage and life are examined and classified, And the heroines of this world are suffering from their misfortune in the end. They are classified into two types. And their views on death is studied from several points of view. Thirdly, the world of symbolism and style is studied to find out a relationship with the above-mentioned world of situations and characters in his works.

Ah, Bartleby! Ah, Humanity!

梁炳鐸 동국대학교 영어영문학과 1974 Dongguk review Vol.- No.5-6

With the revival of Melville, “Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street” was placed very high on the list of eminent works. “Bartleby,” not only the first of Melville’s short stories but one of the world’s great short stories, is not to be understood simply as a notable autobiography because its meanings are rich and various. Therefore, the interpretation of this story varies among Melville’s best critics. On one level, “Bartleby” is a parable of the frustrated relations between the man of letters and the man of affairs, between the artist’s world and the world of practice. But in the first place, it is a classic but an unusual fable of patience, isolation, utter negation, frustration, pathos, and failure. Its hero is not active, like Captain Ahab or even Pierre. He is completely passive, but he is as defiant as either. He makes no attempt to storm the sky. He would simply “prefer not to” trawl or to conform to any of the expectations of him. His force of character is great but entirely negative. “Bartleby” is a story extraordinarily rich in its suggestiveness. Its dark probings into the spirit of man and its delineation of “sickness unto death” clearly go beyond a merely introspective self-assessment.

美國의 參與文學

梁炳鐸 慶熙大學校 1969 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

The thesis is to study the history of American literature from a view-point of social consciousness in literature which means a writer's participation in social problems through his literary works. This kind of participation in literature takes a form of resistance, revolt and protest against a social authority of a period, form the necessity of inquiry or defense of humanity. It also includes areform movement to lead the nation and its people to the realieation of the so-called "American dream." American literature has its tradition as mystic, allegorical and symbolic romance and the escape into nature from cultural world and the transition into psychological thought from realistic world can be taken as its characteristics. This tradition or trends in American literature was dominant in the 19th century and was succeeded down to Eugene O'Neiil William Faulkner and other writers. This side of American literature is now explained through the study symbol, archetype, myth or assumption. But the other main stream of tendency in American literature is to study the natural and social conditions in the great tradition of democracy. Accordingly the important function of literature was mainly protest and rebellion against the society and criticism on individuality and society. The social awareness was reflected even in the romantic writers. The was appeared in a form of reform literature to buid up "anearthly paradise." Then American Writers became to concern with the social injustices and the conflict between East and West. American realism was resulted from an attack or revolt against the social evil, dishonesty, injustice which were involved with the development of industrialism in American society. Above all. American naturalism the main trend in American literature dated from the latter·half of 91th century, dealt with the outward reality rather than with the inner reality. Many writers attacked the defects of the conventional life and social evils of their times. Fiction writersional as criticissm of life, centered on social issues, problems of individual integrity where personal values were challenged by social change, the criticism of middle class society, and the revolt against the basic institutions of society and social injustice, which aroused vigorous protest and defense. American writers with a strong social consciousness cast a glance at various social problems and protest against a wrong structure of authority. American literature, inherited from the traditional American spirit, has taken a form of participation literature which is comparatively strong in social consciousness, criticism and protest. This tendency was resulted from the reform movements and the respect of individuality and defense of liberty and the consciousness of individual integrity and pursuit of individual happiness. In this study, American literature. divided into four periods, is examined in its literary trends and cha-racteristics.

The Liberal Imagination by Lionel Trilling

양병탁 한국영어영문학회 1960 영어 영문학 Vol.8 No.-

Herman Melville 硏究 : Moby Dick을 中心으로 하여 Typee to Moby Dick

梁炳鐸 慶熙大學校 1959 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

In this essay, I tried to make a modern interpretation and appreciation of Melville's works from the fact that he was rediscovered in the first quarter of the 20th century and his was the greatest literary revival ever to occur on American letters. Even though there are now over a dozen Melville biographies and hundreds of articles on his work, he still remains essentially ambiguous and elusive in the way that only true greatness can be. It can be said that his greatness and success as a literay man consists in the work of Moby-Dick. Therefore in this essay, I followed the growth of his spirit and thought, moral vision, and literary technique from his early works to Moby-Dick. I examined his growth through the chronology of the novels themselves in following Melvill's experiences. First of all, I found out his main theme is not a simple sea-story but man, facing with the evils, and the meaning of life in the world of evils which are realized gradually through his simpleness, doubt, isolation, disillusionment and inquiry of life. In Redburn, I found out his earliest awakening to the world around him and his reactions to it-his early indications to the reactions to good and evil in the world. And also he realized that the society of men an a ship is a microcosm of civilization ashore. This theme towards the life in this world remained present in almost all of his later works and it was completed in Moby-Dick. In Typee, I saw him emerging in the green Eden of the Golden Age to seek for his dreamland in the primitive society. In Omoo, I picked up his sharp and incisive portraits of people, the primitive nature not damaged by the civilization of the white, his heartful appraisal towards the simple and primitive life. In both works, Melville hadn't started to worry about the meaning of life yet-he was still busy just looking at it and doubting about it. His conception on life was more fully developed in his next work, White Jacket, in which he self-consciously views the ship as a microcosm of all society, finding in the ills of the ship the ills found ahore. And from here he used symbolism and allegory, which were more confusedly shown in Mardi which involves a mystical allegory, an exercise in metaphysics, a political satire, and a symbolic adventure of every man. But what it is symbolic of is never clear but this lack of clarity makes it even typically a Melville symbol, and this is shown most mystically in Moby-Dick. Melville wrote his masterpiece, Moby-Dick, based on his conception on life, good and evil, man and nature through his own various experiences in his spiritural and material life. But his spiritual intercourse with Hawthorne had more great part than any other influences in his writing Moby-Dick. In order to appreciate Moby-Dick from the aesthetic point of view, I analized his techniques in dramatic construction, his combined method of using allegory and symbolism and his grand epic style. Next, I considered about his uniforming theme on good and evil, man and nature, and individualism and democracy, by analizing the characters of Ahab, Ishamel and White Whale, trying to draw an American myth out of this work. Lastly I studied its peculiarity by comparing with the Old Man and The Sea by Hemingway, in the contents of the work.