Genome analysis of Zoysia japonica ‘Yaji’ cultivar using PacBio long-read sequencing

양대화,정옥철,Sun Hyeon-Jin,Kang Hong-Gyu,이효연 한국식물생명공학회 2023 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.17 No.2

The Zoysia japonica plant is a warm-season turfgrass and a horticultural crop used in various places and an important genetic resource because it is more resilient to stress from high temperature, drought, coastal salt, disease and pests, and trampling. Genome research on Z. japonica is necessary to find molecular markers related to useful traits. This study analyzed the genome of the Z. japonica ‘Yaji’ cultivar plant by PacBio-based long-read sequencing and assembly and annotation. Before performing the PacBio-based long-read NGS analysis, the ‘Yaji’ cultivar was analyzed by the external morphological classification method and the molecular identification method, and it was confirmed that the ‘Yaji’ cultivar was identified as a Z. japonica plant. Construction of genomic DNA libraries and sequencing with the PacBio RSII platform were performed. As a result of the DNA sequencing, 40 SMRT cells were sequenced, and about 38.6 Gb of reads were produced. De novo assembly was done by the Canu assembler. The resulting assembly consisted of 1,350 contigs. The BUSCO analysis results showed that 1390 (96.5%) of 1440 conserved orthologous are present as complete genes in the Z. japonica ‘Yaji’ cultivar genome. The PacBio-based assembly found that the predicted putative gene sequences and the number of the genes showed high identity to the previously reported individual genes. Gene predictions and annotation of Z. japonica ‘Yaji’ cultivar were done with the Augustus gene prediction software and NCBI-nr database. As a result, 50,140 gene sets of the Z. japonica ‘Yaji’ cultivar were obtained. Target prediction of the ‘Yaji’ cultivar was performed for conserved miRNAs using psRNATarget. As a result, 8207 miRNA/target site pairs of the ‘Yaji’ cultivar were predicted. The transposon element of the ‘Yaji’ cultivar genome was predicted with the REPET package. As a result, 2656 transposon elements of LARD, TRIM of class I (RXX), and TIR of class II (DXX) were predicted. Genomic data of Korean Z. japonica plants were obtained by PacBio long-read sequencing. These genome data of Z. japonica plant will provide valuable basic data for developing molecular markers and molecular identification of Zoysia turfgrass research.

벼멸구 저항성 유전자와 내염성과의 연관

양대화,김진홍,위승곤,백명화,임상용,이인석,이규성,이명철,임용표,정병엽,김재성,Yang Dae Hwa,Kim Jin-Hong,Wi Seung Gon,Baek Myung-Hwa,Lim Sang Yong,Lee In Sok,Lee Kyu-Seong,Lee Myung Chul,Lim Yong-Pyo,Chung Byung Yeoup,Kim Jae-Sung 한국생명과학회 2005 생명과학회지 Vol.15 No.1

Using two japonica rice cultivars (Ilpumbyeo and Sanghaehyanghyella), which are distinguishable by the brown planthopper (BHP) resistance maker (R208), a relationship between the BPH resistance gene (Os-Bil) and salt-tolerance was investigated. To do this, changes in the expression level of Os-Bil by the salt stress were quantified by the real-time PCR in the two cultivars, and compared with those in other two indica rice cultivars (Pokkali and IR29). In Ilpumbyeo, the expression level of Os-Bil decreased by the treatments of 50 and 200 mM NaCl in a concentration-dependent manner, and in Sanghaehyanghyella it rather increased slightly at 50 mM but decreased drastically at 200 mM. Comparably, IR29, a salt-sensitive cultivar, showed a reduction of the Os-Bil gene expression after the treatment of 100 mM NaCl, but Pokkali, a salt-tolerance cultivar, rather increased about two times in the level of Os-Bil transcripts. These results suggest that the BPH resistance gene may involve in the difference in the salt-tolerance at least between the two indica rice cultivars. 벼멸구(Nilapawata lugens Stal.)에 대한 저항성 마커 (R208)에서 확실한 차이를 보인 두 자포니카 품종(일품벼과 상해향혈나)을 대상으로 벼멸구 저항성 유전자(Os-Bil)와 내염성과의 관련성을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 두 품종에서 염처리에 의한 Os-Bil 발현량의 변화를 real-time PCR을 이용해 정량화 하였으며, 인디카 두 품종(Pokkali와 IR29)의 결과와 비교하였다. 일품벼는 50, 200 mM NaCl 처리에서 Os-Bil 유전자의 발현량이 농도 의존적으로 감소하였으며, 상해향혈나는 50mM에서만 약간 증가하고 200mM에서는 크게 감소하였다. 비교해서, 내염성인 Pokkali는 Os-Bil의 발현량이 100 mM의 NaCl 처리에 의해 약 2배 증가하였으나 감수성인 IR29는 같은 농도에서 발현량이 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들은 벼멸구 저항성 유전자(Os-Bil)가 적어도 인디카 품종들의 내염성 차이에 관여함을 의미하는 것으로 보인다.

FT-IR스펙트럼 데이터의 다변량통계분석 기반 들잔디와 갯잔디의 대사체 수준신속 식별 체계

양대화,안명숙,정옥철,송인자,고석민,전예인,강홍규,선현진,권용익,김석원,이효연 한국식물생명공학회 2016 JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Vol.43 No.2

This study aims to establish a system for the rapid discrimination of Zoysia species using metabolite fingerprinting of FT-IR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Whole cell extracts from leaves of 19 identified Zoysia japonica, 6 identified Zoysia sinica, and 38 different unidentified Zoysia species were subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). PCA (principle component analysis) and PLS-DA (partial least square discriminant analysis) from FT-IR spectral data successfully divided the 25 identified turf grasses into two groups, representing good agreement with species identification using molecular markers. PC (principal component) loading values show that the 1,100 ~ 950 cm -1 region of the FT-IR spectra are important for the discrimination of Zoysia species. A dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) from the PCA and PLS-DA data of turf grasses showed that turf grass samples were divided into Zoysia japonica and Zoysia sinica in a species-dependent manner. PCA and PLS-DA from FT-IR spectral data of Zoysia species identified and unidentified by molecular markers successfully divided the 49 turf grasses into Z. japonica and Z. sinica. In particular, PLS-DA and the HCA dendrogram could mostly discriminate the 47 Z. japonica grasses into two groups depending on their origins (mountainous areas and island area). Considering these results, we suggest that FT-IR fingerprinting combined with multivariate analysis could be applied to discriminate between Zoysia species as well as their geographical origins of various Zoysia species. 본 연구에서는 FT-IR 스펙트럼 분석을 통해 한국에서 자생하는 Zoysia 속인 들잔디(Zoysia japonica)와 갯잔디(Zoysia sinica)의 전세포추출 시료로부터 대사체 수준에서 신속한식별체계를 확립하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 기준라인으로분자마커를 이용해 동정이 완료된 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료를FT-IR 분석에 사용하였으며, 제주도와 전라도에서 수집된미동정 잔디들을 기준라인과 비교분석하기 위해 FT-IR 분석에 사용하였다. 기준라인 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료로부터확보된 FT-IR 스펙트럼 데이터의 PCA (principal component analysis)와 PLS-DA (partial least square discriminant analysis) 분석 결과 각 기준라인은 들잔디 및 갯잔디 종에 따라 뚜렷하게 식별되었다. 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료 사이에서 가장 큰PC loading value값을 보인 부위는 1,100 ~ 950 cm -1 였다. 이부위는 carbohydrates 계열의 화합물들의 질적, 양적 정보를반영하는 부위로 이 계열의 화합물의 양적, 질적 차이가 들잔디, 갯잔디의 대사체 수준 구분에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 기준라인 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료집단에미동정된 잔디 시료 집단을 추가하여 PCA와 PLS-DA 분석한 결과, 일차적으로 들잔디와 갯잔디로 구분이 이루어졌으며 미동정 집단은 모두 들잔디 그룹내에 분포하였다. 특히, HCA (hierarchical clustering analysis) dendrogram 분석 결과에서 동정 및 미동정 들잔디 시료들은 모두 수집지 특성에따라 국내 국립공원의 고산지대와 국내 섬지역 해안가의저지대로 별도의 소그룹을 형성하였다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과에서 확립된 FT-IR 스펙트럼 분석법은 한국 전역에 자생하는 들잔디와 갯잔디의 신속한 종 식별뿐만 아니라 수집지역의 특성에 따라 대사체 수준에서의 유연관계를 규명하는데 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

금잔디와 들잔디의 교잡종 한국잔디의 ‘한라그린12’ 품종 개발

양대화,선현진,정옥철,진일두,강홍규,이효연 한국육종학회 2023 한국육종학회지 Vol.55 No.2

‘Halla Green 12’ cultivar is characterized by Zoysia matrella × Zoysia japonica. It was selected as a warm season zoysiagrass with an extended greening period phenotype at low temperatures and a short plant height. Inflorescences of Z. matrella lines were collected near the boundary between wild Z. matrella lines and wild Z. japonica lines in Ora-dong, Jeju-do. Seeds were collected from the inflorescence and sown to obtain hybrid lines of Z. matrella and Z. japonica, ranging from the Z. japonica line to the Z. matrella line. Among the collected zoysiagrasses, a hybrid line of Z. matrella and Z. japonica, which showed a short height and characteristics of extended greening periods in greenhouses and test fields during winter, was finally selected and named ‘Halla Green 12’. Subsequently, it was registered in June 2022 (Registration No. 277). The test guideline (TG) of the Korea Forest Service was used to analyze the main external morphological characteristics of the ‘Halla Green 12’ cultivar, described as follows. ‘Halla Green 12’ cultivar has a short ‘Plant height’ (6.14±0.37 cm), ‘Leaf blade’ (4.15±0.36 cm), and ‘Leaf sheath’ (1.39±0.08 cm). The ‘Leaf angle’ is very wide at 61.5o. Since the ‘Leaf blade’ of ‘Halla Green 12’ has no ‘Trichomes,’ and the ‘Leaf blade width’ is as narrow as 1.69±0.06 mm, it is morphologically classified as a hybrid line of Z. matrella and Z. japonica, which is close to Z. matrella. In particular, during the winter period, ‘Halla Green 12’, which was grown in the test field, showed an extended greening period with green and reddish-purple leaf colors. The chlorophyll levels of the leaves of ‘Halla Green 12’ cultivar were 2580.2±175.6 nmol/mL/g, which were approximately 13.4-fold higher than those of the control variety ‘Yaji’ and 5.6-fold higher than those of the control Zm-6. ‘Halla Green 12’ showed the characteristics of extended greening period. Since the ‘Halla Green 12’ cultivar is characterized as Z. matrella × Z. japonica, which is close to Z. matrella with short ‘Plant growth’ and characteristics of extended greening periods, it is expected to be useful for reducing management costs, such as those attributed to mowing and industrializing lawn greening (Registration No. 277).

액체배양을 이용한 단기 벼 형질전환 방법

양대화,서석철,장안철,안일평,김해정,김동헌,이효연 한국식물생명공학회 2013 식물생명공학회지 Vol.40 No.1

Rice is one of the most important cereal crops as a model plant for functional genomics of monocotyledons and usually transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. However, the transformation’s process using previous method is still time consuming and uneconomical, low efficiency. In this study, we established a new method by modifying the general Agrobacterium protocol especially in the infection and co-cultivation, Agrobacterium elimination,infected calli’s selection steps using liquid media. We directly inoculated Agrobacterium containing a ZjLsL gene under the control of constitutive promoter into the 1- to 3-week-old rice calli derived from mature seeds. After 3days of co-cultivation, the infected calli were transferred onto liquid media of Agrobacterium elimination and calli’s selection for 3 days. The calli were transferred to calli’s growth solid media for 14 days and then the calli transferred to shoot induction and root induction media. Putative transformants were initially selected on the medium containing phosphinothricin, and the PAT protein verified by PAT strip test. This method in this study would lead to reduction of substantial labor and time to generate transgenic plants.

FT-IR스펙트럼 데이터의 다변량통계분석 기반 들잔디와 갯잔디의 대사체 수준 신속 식별 체계

양대화,안명숙,정옥철,송인자,고석민,전예인,강홍규,선현진,권용익,김석원,이효연,Yang, Dae-Hwa,Ahn, Myung Suk,Jeong, Ok-Cheol,Song, In-Ja,Ko, Suk-Min,Jeon, Ye-In,Kang, Hong-Gyu,Sun, Hyeon-Jin,Kwon, Yong-Ik,Kim, Suk Weon,Lee, Hyo-Yeon 한국식물생명공학회 2016 식물생명공학회지 Vol.43 No.2

본 연구에서는 FT-IR 스펙트럼 분석을 통해 한국에서 자생하는 Zoysia 속인 들잔디(Zoysia japonica)와 갯잔디(Zoysia sinica)의 전세포추출 시료로부터 대사체 수준에서 신속한 식별체계를 확립하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 기준라인으로 분자마커를 이용해 동정이 완료된 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료를 FT-IR 분석에 사용하였으며, 제주도와 전라도에서 수집된 미동정 잔디들을 기준라인과 비교분석하기 위해 FT-IR 분석에 사용하였다. 기준라인 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료로부터 확보된 FT-IR 스펙트럼 데이터의 PCA (principal component analysis)와 PLS-DA (partial least square discriminant analysis) 분석 결과 각 기준라인은 들잔디 및 갯잔디 종에 따라 뚜렷하게 식별되었다. 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료 사이에서 가장 큰 PC loading value값을 보인 부위는 $1,100{\sim}950cm^{-1}$였다. 이 부위는 carbohydrates 계열의 화합물들의 질적, 양적 정보를 반영하는 부위로 이 계열의 화합물의 양적, 질적 차이가 들잔디, 갯잔디의 대사체 수준 구분에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 기준라인 들잔디와 갯잔디 시료집단에 미동정된 잔디 시료 집단을 추가하여 PCA와 PLS-DA 분석한 결과, 일차적으로 들잔디와 갯잔디로 구분이 이루어졌으며 미동정 집단은 모두 들잔디 그룹내에 분포하였다. 특히, HCA (hierarchical clustering analysis) dendrogram 분석 결과에서 동정 및 미동정 들잔디 시료들은 모두 수집지 특성에 따라 국내 국립공원의 고산지대와 국내 섬지역 해안가의 저지대로 별도의 소그룹을 형성하였다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과에서 확립된 FT-IR 스펙트럼 분석법은 한국 전역에 자생하는 들잔디와 갯잔디의 신속한 종 식별뿐만 아니라 수집 지역의 특성에 따라 대사체 수준에서의 유연관계를 규명하는데 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다. This study aims to establish a system for the rapid discrimination of Zoysia species using metabolite fingerprinting of FT-IR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Whole cell extracts from leaves of 19 identified Zoysia japonica, 6 identified Zoysia sinica, and 38 different unidentified Zoysia species were subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). PCA (principle component analysis) and PLS-DA (partial least square discriminant analysis) from FT-IR spectral data successfully divided the 25 identified turf grasses into two groups, representing good agreement with species identification using molecular markers. PC (principal component) loading values show that the $1,100{\sim}950cm^{-1}$ region of the FT-IR spectra are important for the discrimination of Zoysia species. A dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) from the PCA and PLS-DA data of turf grasses showed that turf grass samples were divided into Zoysia japonica and Zoysia sinica in a species-dependent manner. PCA and PLS-DA from FT-IR spectral data of Zoysia species identified and unidentified by molecular markers successfully divided the 49 turf grasses into Z. japonica and Z. sinica. In particular, PLS-DA and the HCA dendrogram could mostly discriminate the 47 Z. japonica grasses into two groups depending on their origins (mountainous areas and island area). Considering these results, we suggest that FT-IR fingerprinting combined with multivariate analysis could be applied to discriminate between Zoysia species as well as their geographical origins of various Zoysia species.

한국에 자생하는 들잔디와 갯잔디, 교잡종의 신속한 식별을 위한 ITS TaqMan SNP genotyping assay와 CAPS의 비교 분석 및 각 종의 서식환경별 분포

양대화,정옥철,김유량,강미정,김양지,손지희,한승섭,박미영,진일두,송인자,홍민지,선현진,강홍규,이효연 한국원예학회 2023 원예과학기술지 Vol.41 No.4

In this study, zoysiagrasses found in a major province of the Korean peninsula were collected and identified by molecular techniques. The zoysiagrasses used in this study were collected from mountainous national parks; ‘oreum’ areas; and from inland, coastal and island areas, including marine and coastal national parks on the west, east, and south coasts. Molecular identification was done by means of a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker analysis based on the nrDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) method established by our research team. Additionally, in this study the ITS-based TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay was developed and used to perform molecular identification more rapidly and accurately. In total, 450 collected zoysiagrass plants were classified into three lines (234 Zoysia japonica plants, 62 Zoysia sinica plants, and 154 Z. japonica and Z. sinica hybrid plants) by molecular identification based on the ITS-based CAPS marker analysis and ITS-based TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. The results of the ITS-based TaqMan SNP genotyping assay were consistent with those of the ITS-based CAPS marker analysis. Both the ITS-based CAPS marker analysis and the ITS-based TaqMan SNP genotyping assay were found to be efficient molecular methods to identify the three species of zoysiagrasses. Specifically, the ITS-based TaqMan SNP genotyping assay method developed inthis study produced results more rapidly compared to the ITS-based CAPS marker analysis method. The habitat distributions of each of the molecularly identified zoysiagrass plants investigated in this study were also assessed. The Z. japonica plants were mainly distributed in mountainous national parks and oreum areas as well as inland and coastal areas. The Z. sinica plants were distributed along the coast and on rocks and stones frequently submerged in seawater. The Z. japonica and Z. sinica hybrid plants were distributed more in the inland, coastal, and island areas than in the mountainous national parks and oreum areas. Findings related to the leaf blade width as a main external morphological classification characteristic of the molecularly identified 450 zoysiagrass plants are described below. The leaf blade width ranged from 4 to 5 mm for the Z. japonica plants, from 2 to 4 mm for the Z. sinica plants, and from 3 to 4 mm for the Z. japonica and Z. sinica hybrid plants. Additionally, some Z. japonica and Z. sinica plants and Z. japonica and Z. sinica hybrid plants with leaf blade widths of 2 to 3, 4 to 5, and from 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 mm, respectively, were also present. Because the ranges of the leaf blade width of each species overlapped, it was difficult to identify the hybrid lines using this metric. The feasibility of the developed molecular identification method for these three species of zoysiagrasses was confirmed in this study 본 연구에서는 한국의 국립공원(산) 및 오름, 서해안 및 동해안, 남해안 부근의 해상국립공원을 포함한 해안 및 섬 등에서 한국잔디류 620점을 수집하였다. 이식, 보존 및 증식 중인 다량의 잔디 450개체는 분자생물학적 분류동정을 수행하였으며, 들잔디(Zj) 234개체, 갯잔디(Zs) 62개체, 들잔디와 갯잔디의 교잡종(H) 154개체로 식별되었다. 본 연구에서 종의 분류 동정 결과는 새로 개발된 ITS 기반 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay 분석과 기존 방법인 ITS 기반 CAPS 분석에서 그 결과가 일치하였으며, ITS 기반의 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay 분석법은 ITS 기반 CAPS 마커 분석법보다 더 신속하게 종 식별 가능함이확인되었다. 분류 동정된 450개체의 들잔디, 갯잔디, 교잡종의 서식환경별 분포를 조사한 결과, 들잔디의 경우 주로 국립공원(산) 및 오름, 내륙, 해안가 등에 분포되었고, 갯잔디의 경우 바닷물에 자주 잠기는 바위나 돌, 해안가의 바닷물이 인접한 부근에서 분포되었으며, 들잔디와 갯잔디의 교잡종은 국립공원 산 및 오름보다 내륙 및 해안가, 섬지역에 걸쳐 다양한 장소에 분포되었다. 기존 외부형태학적으로 주요한 분류 동정의 형질인 잎의 너비(엽폭)가 들잔디와 갯잔디 교잡종의 분류동정에 이용할 수 있는지 분자생물학적으로 분류 동정된 450 개체의 한국잔디류의 주요 외부형태적 분류 특성인 엽폭을 조사한 결과, 엽폭의 크기는대체로 들잔디 4–5mm, 갯잔디 2–4mm, 들잔디와 갯잔디의 교잡종 3–4mm로 분석되었다. 일부 엽폭 크기는 들잔디(2– 3mm)와 갯잔디(4–5mm), 들잔디와 갯잔디의 교잡종(2–3mm과 4–5mm)으로 확인되어 엽폭 크기에 의하여 교잡종을 확실히 분류 동정하기에 쉽지 않았기 때문에 본 연구에서 개발된 신속정확한 분자생물학적 분류 동정법의 필요성을 재확인하였다.

키가 작고 녹기연장의 한국잔디 ‘한라그린11’ 품종의 개발

양대화,선현진,정옥철,진일두,강홍규,이효연 한국육종학회 2023 한국육종학회지 Vol.55 No.2

‘Halla Green 11’ is a Zoysia matrella cultivar showing short height and extended greening period lines at low temperatures ofwinter than general warm season zoysiagrasses. ‘Halla Green 11’ Z. matrella was collected from the seaside cliffs in Geogeum Island, Jeollanam-do. The turfgrass was transplanted to the genetic resources greenhouse and propagated in the test field. Among the zoysiagrasses cultivated inthe greenhouse and test field, Z. matrella, which had a short height and showed extended greening period lines during the low temperaturesof winter, was finally selected and named ‘Halla Green 11’ and was registered in June 2022. The main external morphological characteristicsof the ‘Halla Green 11’ variety were analyzed using the test guideline (TG) of the Korea f orest service, which is described as follows: Sincethe turfgrass has a ‘Leaf sheath’ of a short length, the mowing height can be lowered, rendering mowing easy. Furthermore, the ‘Plant height’and the length of the ‘Leaf blade’ are short. The ‘Leaf blade width’ is narrow, and trichomes on the leaf surface are not present. Hence,‘Halla Green 11’ is morphologically classified as Z. matrella. The leaf angle is very wide. The colors are green for ‘Leaf blade’, light greenfor ‘Leaf sheath’, and light purple for ‘Stolon’. Particularly, during the low-temperature period of winter, ‘Halla Green 11’ showed approximately25.2, 10.6, and 8.1-fold high levels of leaf chlorophyll than the control cultivar ‘Yaji’, control Zm-6, and Zm-19, respectively. Owing tothe short height of the plant and extended greening period phenotype, ‘Halla Green 11’ is expected to be highly preferred by consumers(Registration No. 274).

돌연변이 육종에 의해 육성된 왜성 들잔디 품종 ‘한라그린1’

양대화,선현진,정옥철,송인자,배태웅,진일두,강홍규,고석민,권용익,송필순,이효연 한국육종학회 2016 한국육종학회지 Vol.48 No.4

To develop a dwarf turfgrass (Zoysia japonica) cultivar with artificial mutation-induced breeding method, the wild type control "Gosan" plants were exposed to a 30 Gy gamma ray source in 2010. The mutant lines showing short height were selected from successive generations. One of the resulting dwarf lines obtained was registered under the cultivar name of “Halla Green 1” (2016). The dwarf phenotype of the Halla Green 1 includes a reduction of the height by 4.5-fold, an increase in leaf and third internode lengths by about 6- and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared to the Gosan, and approximately 2.4-, 3.8-, and 1.5-fold relative to the Zenith, respectively. In addition, the Halla Green 1 had a sheath of darker green coloring compared to the light green Gosan and Zenith. The leaf blades of Gosan, Zenith and Halla Green 1 were all light green, whereas their stolons were purple, yellow-green and light purple, respectively. Trichomes presented on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the Gosan’s leaves, and only on the adaxial side of the Zenith’s leaves, but none on the Halla Green 1 leaves. The Halla Green 1 exhibited sufficiently distinct morphological traits when compared with the wild type Gosan and Zenith that the dwarf phenotype enhances its commercial viability.

저온에서 녹기연장의 한국잔디 ‘한라그린 7’ 품종 개발

양대화(Dae-Hwa Yang),선현진(Hyeon-Jin Sun),정옥철(Ok-Cheol Jeong),강홍규(Hong-Gyu Kang),송인자(In-Ja Song),진일두(Il-Doo Jin),강시용(Si-Yong Kang),이효연(Hyo-Yeon Lee) 한국육종학회 2021 한국육종학회지 Vol.53 No.4

The ‘Halla Green 7’ cultivar is a hybrid of Zoysia matrella and Zoysia japonica. The inflorescences of Z. matrella lines werecollected from Jeju Island near the border between Z. matrella and Z. japonica wild plants, respectively. After their harvest, the seeds weresown and various interspecific lines were obtained. In 2021, a line with greening period extending phenotype during the low temperaturesof winter was registered under the cultivar name of ‘Halla Green 7’ (Registration No. 245). The main morphological characteristics of the‘Halla Green 7’ variety are as follows: genetically short length of plant (12.2±0.58 cm), very wide angle of leaf (68.6°), short length ofleaf blade (8.38±0.37 cm), medium-leaf (3.29±0.09 mm), and very low leaf sheath (2.18±0.19 cm). The short length of leaf sheath makesit easy to manage the turf grass with low height. A very wide leaf angle has a high photosynthetic efficiency. The ‘Halla Green 7’ cultivaris morphologically classified as Z. matrella × Z. japonica hybrid line by medium-width of leaf blade and the presence of trichomes on theleaf surface. The colors of the leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stolon are green, light green, and light purple, respectively. During the low temperatureperiod of winter, chlorophyll content of the leaves of ‘Halla Green 7’ shows a 10.1-fold from that of the control Z. japonia ‘Yaji’ and about4.2-fold from that of the control Z. matrella Zm-6. This greening period extending phenotype is expected to contribute to the industrializationof zoysiagrass (Registration No. 245).