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안진흥 한국영미어문학회 2020 영미어문학 Vol.- No.138
Like violence, a law designed for national safety could threaten a minority group or an individual. People who don’t have any legal positions appear to be in an exceptional realm of the law where every law for them is suspended, but they are still bound by the law with punishment of expulsion. They can not be sacrificed or sentenced to death but can be easily murdered because they are not under constituted power. We can call them Homo Sacer. Richard in King Richard Ⅱ expels his cousin, Bullingbrook to retain his power. Contrary to his expectations, the expulsion of Bullingbrook causes him to lose his sovereignty. Giorgio Agamben explains that if state of exception continues, it becomes a new rule. Then, the former law do not work and everything comes to an end. Richard breaks English law and makes exceptions in his own kingdom. As a result, newly formed ‘constituting power’ with Bullingbrook builds a new sovereign power and makes Richard become bare life. The famous Shakespearean uprising story reveals how sovereignty moves and why Homo Sacer should not be murdered.
『프랑켄슈타인』: 인간과 비인간을 함께 포용하는 포스트휴먼
안진흥 한국영미어문학회 2019 영미어문학 Vol.- No.134
The story of Frankenstein is a conflict between a creator and his humanoid, which reveals posthuman issues. Posthuman can be understood in various ways. Some say it is beyond human while some say it is a superhuman. However critical posthumanists say it is what we are or will be. Critical posthumanists like Katherine Hayles, Rosi Braidotti and Cary Wolfe think posthuman includes humans, animals, artificial intelligence, and superhumans. We are all posthumans as living individuals because the border between human and machine has been bridged with prosthetics, artificial organs and artificial intelligences. The hybridity is a characteristic of posthuman, which can be easily seen in Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein as well as his creature shows this hybridity. His creature looks like a human while Victor shows similarities to his creature.
Characterization and Transcriptional Expression of the a-Expansin Gene Family in Rice
안진흥,신준혜,정동훈,Min Chul Park 한국분자세포생물학회 2005 Molecules and cells Vol.20 No.2
The rice genome contains at least 28 EXPA (α-expansin) genes. We have obtained near full-length cDNAs from the previously uncharacterized genes. Analysis of these newly identified clones together with the 12 identified earlier showed that the EXPA genes contain up to two introns and encode proteins of 240 to 291 amino acid residues. The EXPA proteins contain three conserved motifs: eight cysteine residues at the N-terminus, four tryptophan residues at the C-terminus, and a histidinephenylalanine- aspartate motif in the central region. EXPA proteins could be divided into six groups based on their sequence similarity. Most were strongly induced in two-day-old seedlings and in the roots of oneweek- old plants. However, only 14 genes were expressed in the aboveground organs, and their patterns were quite diverse. Transcript levels of EXPA7, 14, 15, 18, 21, and 29 were greater in stems, while EXPA2, 4, 5, 6, and 16 were highly expressed in both stem and sheath but not in leaf blade. EXPA1 is leaf blade-preferential, and EXP9 is leaf sheath-preferential. Most of the rootexpressed genes were more strongly expressed in the dividing zone. However, the Group 2 EXPA genes were also strongly expressed in both mature and dividing zones, while EXPA9 was preferentially expressed in the elongation zone. Fourteen EXPA genes were expressed in developing panicles, with some being expressed during most developmental stages, others only as the panicles matured. These diverse expression patterns of EXPA genes suggest that in general they have distinct roles in plant growth and development.
생명-기술 병합의 포스트휴먼: 『도리언 그레이의 초상』
안진흥 한국영미어문학회 2020 영미어문학 Vol.- No.136
Dorian Gray and his picture can be interpreted as a biotechnological hybrid. The picture is a cognitive tool for Dorian to realize that he has a conscience and to keep his immortal youth. Cognitive scientists insist that the definition of body is negotiable and tools can also be regarded as parts of a body. Therefore, the picture is also a part of Dorian in posthumanism. The description of Dorian’s situation in the novel is similar to depiction about telepresence or virtual realities. He loves heroines in literature and explores slums away from high society. Without any realities, he doesn’t have any responsibilities for what he does. In fact, it is not real Dorian but Dorian in the picture to react to others. The concealment of the picture results in his inability to interact with others, which prevents him from building any relationships. The situation looks like the life in online virtual communities where human bodies can be hidden vice versa. People living in cyber world need multi-layered relationships to achieve subjectivity. Both of their bodies and cyber identities are important for that. Dorian fails to maintain posthuman subjectivity when he ignores the picture which is a part of his body.
케이트 윌헬름의 『노래하던 새들도 지금은 사라지고』에 나타난 생명 기술-진화 양상
안진흥(Jin-Hung Ahn) 한국영미어문학회 2023 영미어문학 Vol.- No.149
This study analyzes Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm to reflect on the dominant species’ reaction to the minorities of the society. This novel begins with the last generation of mankind creating clones to prevent their own extinction only to see that their clones become dominant. Accordingly, human society evolves into a cloned human society, which in turn evolves into a hybrid society of humans and clones, evolving solely on technology in a barren world where biological evolution has become impossible. The nature of humanity in itself is the topic of this study. The human community distinguishes non-human from human on the basis of humanity and tends to react negatively to non-humans, considering that the alien factors would threaten their society. Likewise, clones exclude humans when they become dominant, regarding humans as backward creatures. As a political philosopher, Roberto Esposito, insists, the communities respond to foreign material in the same way as the immune system does to a disease or contamination, which can result in autoimmunity that attacks the body and the society. However, what appears to be contamination does not belong to the outside, but already exists inside. Hybridity is a feature of both living and nonliving things including humans. There’s no such thing as humanity.