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서산 대죽리 패총 출토 빗살무늬토기의 제작특성과 고고과학적 의미
안덕임,이찬희 국립문화재연구원 2022 문화재 Vol.55 No.4
The Neolithic shell midden in Daejuk-ri, Seosan, is distributed on the gentle slope of a low hill close to the westcoast. The bedrock of the area consists mainly of schist with various mafic minerals, but shows a partial gneiss pattern. The site consists of loamy topsoil and clay loam subsoil, and the degree of siallization is relatively low. Although thepottery excavated from the shell midden shares mostly similar features, a variety of shapes and patterns coexist. Thesurface colors, thickness and physical properties are slightly different. The pottery can be subdivided into three types(IA, IB and II) according to the composition of the body clay, the temper and the existence of a black core. Types IAand IB are colorless mineral pottery with a non-black or black core respectively. TypeⅡ is colored mineral pottery with anon-black core. Type I pottery also contains non-plastic colored minerals, but type II contains a large amount of biotite,chlorite, talc, amphibole, diopside and tremolite, which include a large amount of Mg and Fe. The studied pottery contains a small amount of organic matter. Considering the grain size and relatively poorsorting and roundness of the non-plastic particles, the pottery appears to be made by adding coarse non-plastic tempersfor special purposes to the untreated weathered soil around the site. The three types of pottery seem to have beenincompletely fired in general. While type IB has the lowest degree of oxidation, typeⅡ shows the highest degree ofredness and oxidation. It can be interpreted that these differences depend on the firing temperature and the ratio ofnon-plastic particles. Through a synthesis of the minerals, geochemical data and thermal history, it can be determinedthat the firing temperature ranged from 600 to 700℃. The pottery types of the Daejuk-ri Shell Midden have slightly different production conditions, mineralcompositions, and physical properties, but have undergone similar production processes with basically the sameclay materials. The clay is almost identical to the composition of the bedrock and weathered soil distributed in theDaejuk-ri area. Currently, there is an industrial complex in the area, so it is difficult to confirm the soil and geologicaldistribution of the site. However, it is highly probable that the area around the site was self-sufficient for the clay andtempers required for the production of the Neolithic pottery. Therefore, it can be interpreted that the group that leftthe shell midden in Daejuk-ri lived near the site, visited the site for the purpose of collecting and processing shellfish,and discarded the broken pottery along with shells.
산소동위원소 분석을 이용한 당진 가곡리 패총 굴 (Crassostrea gigas) 의 채집 계절 연구
안덕임,이인성 한국패류학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.30 No.1
Oxygen isotope analysis was carried out on a oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from the neolithic age Gagok-ri shell midden site, Dangjin, Korea to determine the seasonality of shellfish gathering and site occupation. Isotope samples were taken from the hinge section of the left valve of the oyster. The isotope values of the shell range from -2.02‰ to -6.05‰ vs PDB. The isotope profile shows a seasonal temperature cycle, providing information related to seasonality of shellfish gathering. The isotope values towards the edge of the hinge are gradually increasing, suggesting progressively cooling and a fall period of shell gathering and site occupation. The result shows that the oxygen isotope analysis using oyster shell hinges can be used for archaeological seasonality studies. 우리나라의 패총에 대한 이해를 위해서는 패총을 주로 구성하는 굴에 대한 연구가 중요하다. 그러나 굴은 패각이 약하고 부서지기 쉬운 특성으로 인해 완형의 패각 시료를 입수하는 것이 어렵기 때문에 산소동위원소 분석 및 고고학적 연구에 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 굴 채집 및 패총 유적 점유 계절성 연구를 위한 시론으로서, 패각 본체가 부서져도 비교적 단단한 조직을 갖고 있어 양호한 상태로 잘 보존되는 굴의 경첩 부위를 이용한 산소동위원소 분석을 시도하였다. 분석을 위한 시료는 당진 가곡리의 신석기시대 패총에서 출토된 굴을 이용하였다.분석 결과 가곡리 굴 시료의 산소동위원소 값은 - 2.02- - 6.05‰의 범위 안에서 주기성을 보이며 계절적 수온 변화 주기를 나타내었다. 탄소동위원소 값도 산소동위원소 값의 증감과 유사한 변화주기를 보이고 있어 산소동위원소와 더불어 서식환경의 계절적인 영향을 잘 반영하였다. 이러한 동위원소 분석을 바탕으로 가곡리 굴 시료는 최고 수온기를 지나 수온이하강하는 시점 즉 가을철에 채집된 것으로 판단되며 이를 바탕으로 가곡리 패총은 가을철에 이용된 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 패총의 전반적인 점유계절에 관하여는 좀 더 많은 시료가 분석된다면 보다 상세히 알 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 굴의 경첩 부위를 이용한 산소동위원소 분석법은 고고학적인 계절성 연구에 적용 가능하고, 향후 고고학적인 문제의 해결에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 또한 경첩은 크기가 작아분석 비용을 절감할 수 있어 경제적이다. 경첩의 작은 크기로인한 시료 채취상의 문제는 미세채취기 (micromill) 를 이용한고해상 (high-resolution) 의 동위원소 분석 방법을 이용하면극복될 것으로 생각된다.
인천 을왕동 패총 출토 말백합 Meretrix petechialis (Lamarck) 의 성장선 분석을 이용한 패류 채집의 계절성 연구
안덕임,류동기 한국패류학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.32 No.1
Growth-line analysis was carried out on 80 hard clam (Meretrix petechialis) from the Neolithic Age Eurwang-dong Shell Midden, Incheon, Korea, to determine the seasonality of shellfish collection and site occupation. Growth increments and the marginal index (MI) of the specimens were examined. And then the marginal index was compared to the monthly MI of modern specimens under the assumption that the growth pattern was the same as it is today. MI of the archaeological specimens ranged from 0.12 to 1.55 and was divided into four categories: < 0.63, spring; 0.63-0.76, summer; 0.76-0.89, fall; ≧ 0.89, winter collection. As a result, 57 specimens (71.25%) of 80 specimens represented spring, 8 (10.0%) summer, 3 (3.75%) fall and 12 (15.0%) winter collection. The result indicates that shellfish could be collected year-round at the site with an emphasis on spring. Based on the size distribution of shells and the content of the midden, however, it seems that the midden site was not occupied permanently throughout the year but was used repeatedly but temporally for shellfish gathering and processing.
충남 안면도 고남리 패총 출토 말백합 Meretrix petechialis (Lamarck) 의 성장선 분석을 이용한 패류 채집의 계절성 연구
안덕임,류동기 한국패류학회 2020 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.36 No.3
Growth-line analysis was carried out on 221 hard clam (Meretrix petechialis) from the Bronze Age Konam-ri Shell Midden B-4, Anmyeon Island, Korea, to determine the seasonality of the clam collection and site occupation. Growth increments and the marginal index (MI) of the specimens were examined. And then the marginal index was compared to the monthly MI of modern specimens under the assumption that the growth pattern was the same as it is today. MI of the archaeological specimens ranged from 0.050 to 1.65 and was divided into four categories: < 0.63, spring; 0.63-0.76, summer; 0.76-0.89, fall; ≧ 0.89, winter collection. As a result, 193 specimens (87.33%) of 221 specimens represented spring, 14 (6.33%) summer, 6 (2.71%) fall and 8 (3.62%) winter collection. These results show that the collection of the clam at the Konam-ri Shell Midden during the Bronze Age could be carried out year-round, especially with an emphasis on spring.
안덕임 한국패류학회 1994 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.10 No.2
Molluscs from the Neolithic shell middens (Sugari, Pudjeong, Tongsamdong, Sangnodaedo, Sandeung, Yondaedo, Songdo and Kupyongri) in the southern coast, Korea, consisted of marine, fresh-water and land molluscs. Among these, intertidal species were exploited most abundantly as food resources, indicating a high dependence of intertidal shellfish collection activities. Especially oysters were the most abundant in these sites except Tongsamdong where mussels were predominant, indicating oysters were the most important food resources. Land snails from the sites consisted of woodland and open land species. Woodland species were more abundant than openland species, suggesting that there was a woodland environmint around the sites. Marine and land mollusc species from the sites are common in these rigions today, indicating no large-scale emvironmental changes have occurred since these middens formation period.
안덕임 국립문화재연구소 2006 문화재 Vol.39 No.-
본고에서는 국내 패총연구의 최근동향을 살펴봄으로서 패총연구에 대한 이해를 높이고자 하였다. 최근 국내 패총연구는 자연유물의 중요성을 인식하고 패총 출토 자료에 대한 종합적인 연구를 통하여 고환경, 생업경제, 패총의 형성과정 및 기능, 과거문화에 대한 복원을 시도하고 있다. 특히 수렵.채집민에서 농경민으로의 정환과정에 관한 연구는 선사시대 패총연구의 중요 쟁점이 되고 있다. 패총과 관련된 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위해 보다 체계적인 시료채집 전략,발굴방법 등이 새로이 도입되고 자연과학적인 분석기술 및 방법을 이용한 보다 과학적인 해석이 시도되고 있다. 이러한 자연과학적인 분석 방법에는 동위원소분석(산소동위원소분석,탄소,질소동위원소분석) 및 성장선분석 등이 포함된다. This study reviews recent shell midden studies in Korea. With more interest in biological materials, recent shell midden studies have attempted to reconstruct palaeoenvironment, and understand subsistence economy, the formation processes and function of sites and past culture. Especially, one of the major topics in prehistoric Korean shell midden studies is the transitional process from hunter gatherer to farmer. To solve these questions related with shell middens, new sampling strategies and excavation techniques have been adopted. Analytical methods combined with scientifical technologies also have been introduced to shell middle studies. These methods indude stable isotope analyses(Oxygen isotope and Carbon and Nitrogen isotope analyses) and growth line analysis, etc.
산소동위원소 분석을 이용한 신석기시대 연대도 패총의 굴 (Crassostrea gigas) 채집 계절성 연구
안덕임,이인성 한국패류학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.31 No.1
Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of three Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) specimens from the Neolithic Yeondae-do shell midden site, Tongyeong, Korea, were analyzed to determine the seasonality of shellfish gathering and site occupation. Oxygen isotope samples were taken from the left valve hinge sections of the specimens. Oxygen isotope values ranged between - 0.1 ‰ and - 2.4 ‰, between - 0.2 ‰ and - 2.9 ‰, and between 0.3 ‰ and - 2.8 ‰ in oyster specimen #one, #two and #three, respectively. The isotope profiles showed seasonal temperature cycles, providing information related to the seasonality of shellfish gathering and site occupation. Hinge-edge oxygen isotope values of the specimens showed decreasing trends after passing through maximum values (winter), indicating that they formed during spring. Thus it can be assumed that during spring season, oysters were gathered and the site was occupied.