현장이야기 : 빈들의 소리 ; 프로테스탄트 윤리와 사회변동(社會變動)

심영규 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2004 활천 Vol.603 No.-

현장이야기 : 빈들의 소리 ; 목사의 몸값

심영규 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2004 활천 Vol.607 No.-

엡스타인바 바이러스 감염으로 인한 뇌침범이 동반된 광범위 횡단성 척수염 1예

심영규,김헌민,황희,채종희,최지은,김기중,임병찬 대한소아신경학회 2017 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.25 No.4

A 19-year-old girl with immunosuppressive agents of tacrolimus and mychophenolate mofetil following liver transplantation due to glycogen storage disease visited hospital due to lower extremity motor weakness and blurred vision. Motor power was checked as grade II in the upper extremities and grade 0 in the lower extremities with absence of deep tendon reflexes and anal sphincter dysfunction. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed increased T2 high signal intensity lesions from C4 to L2 level of spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and the left optic nerve. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed pleocytosis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected as 5,954 copies/mL in CSF whereas all other microbiologic tests were negative. Anti-aquaporin 4 antibody and oligoclonal band were not detected. Intravenous immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone pulse therapy and 3-week course of acyclovir were administered. Although motor power in the upper extremities recovered to grade V, motor power in the lower extremities did not show any improvement. The EBV viral load was not detected in the follow-up CSF examination. EBV infection in an immune-compromised patient could cause extensive demyelinating diseases in central nervous system and result in severe disability. 무증상인 엡스타인바 바이러스의 잠복감염도 면역저하환자에서는심각한 증상을 초래할 수 있다. 당원축적병(Glycogen storage disease) 으로 간이식을 받고 면역억제제를 복용중이던 19세 여자가 하지 위약감과 좌측 시야 장애를 주소로 병원을 내원하였다. 상지 근력은 grade II, 하지근력은 grade 0로 확인되었고 배뇨와 배변 감각 및심부건 반사는 소실되어 있었다. 자기공명영상에서 경추 4번에서 요추 2번에 이르는 척수신경과 대뇌피질, 좌측 시신경로에 T2 조영 증강 병변이 확인되었다. 뇌척수액검사에 엡스타인바 바이러스 DNA 바이러스 부하(viral load)가 현저하게 상승되어 있었다. 다른 세균이나바이러스 검사는 음성이었고 항아쿠아포린 4 항체 검사와 올리고클로날띠 검사도 음성이었다. 정맥 면역글로불린과 메틸프레드니솔론펄스요법, 3주간의 항바이러스제를 투여하였다. 자기공명영상 추적검사에서 척수와 뇌 부위 병변의 범위가 줄어들었고 뇌척수액에서도 엡스타인바 바이러스의 DNA 바이러스 부하가 검출한계 이하로 감소하였다. 그러나 하지마비는 적극적인 치료에도 불구하고 호전되지 않았다. 면역저하환자에서 엡스타인바 바이러스에 의한 중추신경계 감염이 발생할 수 있고, 영구적인 신경학적 장애를 초래할 수 있음을 본증례로부터 확인할 수 있었다.

健康·環境保護關聯 通商規制措置의 非差別的 適用 : 'GATT 1994' 第20條 Chapeau를 中心으로

沈英揆 법무부 2004 통상법률 Vol.- No.56

In these days, due to the increase of general interests in health and environmental concerns, trade disputes involving health and environment-related trade regulation measures have occurred more frequently. Most of these measures can be classified as violations of the 'GATT 1994' Articles I, II or XI, because they are generally discriminatory or quantitatively restrictive against imports of certain goods or distribution of imported goods in the internal market to achieve a specific policy objective such as health protection or environment conservation. In general, health and environment-related trade regulation measures which allegedly violate the general obligations can be justified based on the general exceptions of 'GATT 1994' Article XX, particularly subparagraphs (b) and (g). These justifiable exceptions are the measures which are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health, and which are related to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources. However, although those measures meet the requirements of the subparagraphs (b) and (g), they should finally satisfy the other nondiscrimination conditions provided in the chapeau of Article XX. Accordingly, the relation and scope of the general principles and Article XX (b) and (g) exceptions have been the core issues concerning the health and environment-related trade regulation measures in the 'GATT 1994' legal system. In the history of the past GATT, justifications of the health and environment-related trade regulation measures which violate the general principles had generally been rejected, because the GATT panels had strictly and narrowly interpreted general exceptions clauses of Article XX. However, after launch of the WTO, according to the increase of every member state's interests in the sovereign autonomy and preponderant value on both health protection and environment conservation policy objectives, the 'necessity' and 'relevance' requirements have been broadly acknowledged. Concurrently, this trend has increased the dangers of abuse or misuse of the exceptions clauses. Therefore, the legal status and meaning of the Article XX chapeau which was considered to be inserted for preventing abuse or misuse of the Article XX general exceptions have provoked some keen controversies. In this paper. I, through a review of the practical meanings of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination and disguised restriction on international trade in 'GATT 1994 Article 20 chapeaus, try to suggest what should be considered as a reasonable response to the expected health and environment-related trade disputes. For that purpose. I, in particular, analyze the interpretation and application practices established by the GATT panels and WTO panels and appellate body regarding Article XX chapeau as well as individual health protection and environment conversations clauses. We should continually keep a close watch on the trends of the WTO's interpretation and application practices of the health and environment-related exceptions in order to develop appropriately responsive directions to the related trade disputes. Currently, the so called 'antidiscrimination' principle in Article XX chapeau does not generally allow unilateral or extra-jurisdictional health and environment-related trade regulation measures. However, on the other hand the WTO appellate body has gradually opened the door to the possibility of justification for those measures. The 'antidiscrimination' principle of Article XX chapeau should be reasonably and appropriately interpreted to prevent abuse or misuse of the health and environmental exceptions. In conclusion, we should restrain excessive expansions of the unilateral or extra-jurisdictional health and environment-related trade regulation measures which may impair the efficient functions of global free trading system.

기후변화 대응 및 환경보호를 위한 국제투자법의 개혁에 관한 소고(小考)

심영규 동아대학교 법학연구소 2022 國際去來와 法 Vol.- No.36

International investment agreements (IIAs) have been considered to be double-sided in that while they contribute to the economic development of the host country by facilitating and attracting foreign investment, they can also excessively restrict legitimate government regulatory powers and policy discretion for the public policy purpose of the host country. For instance, IIAs can be an obstacle to responding to climate change, protecting the environment and achieving global climate goals. Accordingly, the function and role of the IIAs, which can induce international investment flows into the low-emission industry and economic sectors instead of high-emission industry and economic sectors, is gaining more attention. Therefore, a new interpretation and approach should be considered as regards the relationship between environmental protection issues and the IIAs. In light of the circumstances, this paper seeks to explore the ideal direction of reforming international investment law (IIL) for climate change response and environmental protection. To this end, this paper, starting with a general review on the relationship between the IIL and climate change and environmental protection issues (Ⅱ), examines various climate and environmentally unfriendly factors and contents contained in the existing IIL system (Ⅲ), and currently ongoing reform work of IIL around the world to tackle and solve existing limitations and problems of IIL (Ⅳ). In conclusion, this paper briefly organizes and proposes the desirable direction of future climate and environment oriented reform of the IIL (Ⅴ). The most basic direction and core task for climate/ environment-friendly reform of the IIL is to fundamentally change the international investment flows from carbon-intensive and high-emission industry and economy to the new climate-friendly and low-emission industry and economy through the IIAs. In order to achieve the respective goals, the IIL should no longer take a neutral stance on climate change and environmental protection issues without the distinction between climate/environment-friendly and climate/ environment-unfriendly investments. Through the discrimination between them, protection and support should be expanded for investments in low-emission industry and economy, while the protection and benefits of investments are reduced in high-emission industry and economy sectors. Through this future reformation of IIL, including the justification of discrimination between them, the next generation IIL should be able to become a normative tool that can effectively contribute to the achievement of global climate goals. 국제투자협정(IIAs)은 해외투자 유치를 촉진ㆍ확대함으로써 투자유치국의 경제발전에 기여할 수 있는 반면에, 그 이면에는 투자유치국의 공공정책 목적을 위한 정당한 정부 규제 권한과 정책적 재량범위를 과도하게 제약함으로써 기후변화 대응, 환경보호 등 글로벌 기후 목표 달성에 장애가 될 수 있다는 점에서 양면성을 가지고 있다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 상황에서, 국제투자의 흐름을 기존의 기후 비친화적 탄소 고배출 산업ㆍ경제체제에서 기후 친화적 탄소 저배출 산업ㆍ경제체제로 유도할 수 있는 효과적인 규범적 경로로서 국제투자협정(IIAs)의 기능과 역할이 더욱 주목받고 있다. 따라서 기후변화 대응 등 환경보호 문제와 국제투자협정(IIAs) 간의 관계에 관한 새로운 해석과 접근방식이 필요한 시점이라고 생각된다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로, 본 논문은 기후변화 대응 및 환경보호를 위한 국제투자법의 바람직한 개혁 방향을 모색해보고자 한다. 이를 위해 우선 국제투자법과 기후변화ㆍ환경보호 문제 간의 관계에 관한 일반적 고찰을 시작으로(Ⅱ), 현행 국제투자법체제가 내포하고 있는 다양한 기후ㆍ환경 비친화적 요소ㆍ내용(Ⅲ)과 기존 국제투자법의 한계와 문제점을 극복ㆍ해결하기 위해 현재 전 세계적으로 논의ㆍ진행되고 있는 개혁 작업 현황(Ⅳ)에 대해서 차례로 알아보고, 마지막 결론에서 향후 국제투자법의 기후ㆍ환경친화적 개혁 방향에 대해서 간략히 정리ㆍ제시하였다(Ⅴ). 국제투자법의 기후ㆍ환경친화적 개혁에 있어서 가장 기본적인 방향과 핵심적인 과제는 국제투자협정(IIAs)을 통해 국제투자의 흐름을 근본적으로 기존의 탄소 집중적 고배출 산업ㆍ경제 부문에서 새로운 기후 친화적 저배출 산업ㆍ경제 부문으로 유도할 수 있어야 한다는 것이다. 그러기 위해서는 이제 더 이상 국제투자법이 기존처럼 기후ㆍ환경에 친화적인 투자와 그렇지 않은 투자의 구분 없이 기후변화ㆍ환경보호 문제에 중립적이어서는 안 되며, 양자를 효과적이고 적절하게 구별하고 차별화할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 이러한 적절한 구별과 차별화를 통해 탄소ㆍ자원 집중적 환경오염 고배출 산업ㆍ경제 부문의 투자에 대한 보호와 혜택을 획기적으로 과감하게 감축하는 방향으로 국제투자법의 개혁이 추진되어야 할 것이다. 향후 국제투자법의 기후ㆍ환경친화적 개혁에 있어서 기존 국제투자협정(IIAs) 내의 다양한 기후ㆍ환경 비친화적 요소들은 과감히 배제ㆍ정비되어야 한다. 또한 기후ㆍ환경 비친화적인 투자에는 규제와 책임을 가중하는 한편, 기후ㆍ환경에 친화적인 투자에는 보호와 지원을 확대하는 등 양자의 차별에 정당성을 확보하는 방향으로 진행되어야 한다. 이를 통해 차세대 국제투자법이 기후변화 대응 및 환경보호를 위한 정책 목적과 글로벌 기후 목표 달성에 효과적으로 기여할 수 있는 규범적 도구가 될 수 있어야 할 것이다.

생명공학기술의 국제법적 보호와 지속가능한 농업발전

심영규 한국농촌경제연구원 2003 농촌경제 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this study is to analyse the interrelationship between the international legal protection of modern biotechology and sustainable agricultural development. Recently advanced biotechnological innovations and its resulting GMOs urge us to rethink the meaning and scope of sustainable agricultural development in the novel contexts of this biotechnological millennium. In particular, when considering both probable promises and perils resulting from biotechnological applications, intellectual property protection of agro-biotechnology should take into more careful account the social impacts as well as the economic values of it. The existing international legal regimes for intellectual property protection, however, seem to be somewhat inappropriate to secure sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, I hope that future negotiations for rebuilding international legal systems for intellectual property protection of agro-biotechnology will be more favourable to the environment, biodiversity, equity, and sustainable development of agriculture.

한-미 FTA 농업부문 협상 결과에 대한 국제경제법적 고찰

심영규 한국국제경제법학회 2007 국제경제법연구 Vol.5 No.-

According to currently concluded "Korea-US Free Trade Agreement"(hereinafter referred to as "Korea-US FTA"), Korean agricultural industry, arguably the most affected industrial field in Korea, is now being faced with new difficulties and challenges. Therefore, although there have been very much collision and conflict of interests among Korean industrial sectors during the Korea-US FTA negotiations, it is time to consider comprehensive and appropriate countermeasures for the field of Korean agricultural industry on the basis of assessment concerning the results of the concluded negotiations. Based on the above recognition, this paper tries to consider the results and details of agricultural negotiations of the Korea-US FTA, particularly in the perspective of international economic law. In particular, this paper analyzes and assesses future prospects and necessary countermeasures for the agricultural negotiations as well as merits and demerits exposed in the process and results of them. In order to cope with various difficulties and challenges in agricultural industry stemming from FTA with other countries demanding open-door policies for domestic agricultural market, such as Korea-US FTA, we should not only bring its legal regime into compliance with international norms but also establish and enforce agricultural reforming policy. Additionally, Korean government, appreciating the adverse effects on domestic agricultural industry, has to commence fundamental restructuring scheme including appropriate supporting plan for domestic industry of agriculture.

국제법상 환경보호를 위한 핵무기 규제에 관한 연구

심영규 한양법학회 2019 漢陽法學 Vol.30 No.3

In view of past historical experiences, there have been growing concerns that the development, use and proliferation of nuclear weapons can cause widespread and severe damage to the global environment, in spite of differences in the perceptions of environmental risks of nuclear weapons depending on the time period and situation. Thus, the proliferation and use of nuclear weapons has long been one of the major issues in the international community, including environmental aspects. As a result, international legal regulations have been attempted for the manufacture, production, acquisition, possession, transportation, deployment, stockpiling, tests and use of nuclear weapons through multilateral treaties, including international environmental law, and the issue was subjected to judicial judgment by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In light of the potential danger of environmental destruction and damage caused by nuclear weapons, which is more severe and massive than by any other conventional weapons, regulation of nuclear weapons for environmental protection is recognized as a major task in modern international law. The traditional approach to nuclear weapon regulation has been primarily discussed in connection with national security, the prohibition of use of force, nuclear disarmament, and the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, partially establishing relevant international norms in the respective fields. However, comprehensive regulation is still a long way off through the traditional approach. In addition, as ICJ indicated in its 1996 advisory opinion, this approach is somewhat inappropriate in obtaining a clear answer as to whether there is an international legal obligation to protect the environment from nuclear weapons, whether in peace or at war. Moreover, it is still questioned whether current international norms on nuclear weapon regulation can be an effective international legal basis for environmental protection. The author, based on this perception, reviewed the main relevant provisions of major international treaties in the fields of nuclear disarmament and denuclearization (Chapter Ⅱ), international humanitarian law (Chapter Ⅲ), and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) (Chapter Ⅳ), which have been discussed as the influential legal basis to regulate nuclear weapons for the environmental protection in international law, and respectively analyzed their effectiveness as well. Through these discussions, from the perspective of ‘environmental protection’ in the non-ideological and non-political points of view, the author looks forward to being able to provide helpful motives to establish regional and/or global legal regime to not only protect the global environment, but also realize genuine humanitarianism and human rights protection by permanently removing nuclear weapons and achieving denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula.

국제법 상 국가면제규칙의 국내 도입에 관한 입법론적 고찰

심영규 동아대학교 법학연구소 2015 東亞法學 Vol.- No.68

In international law, state immunity (or sovereign immunity) has been recognized as a general rule to protect the state’s government and property within a national jurisdiction of any other state, which restricts the execution of national jurisdictions over other states. This rule of immunity which has conventionally been divided into two categories – the rule of absolute immunity and rule of restrictive immunity, was capable of causing unpredictable and substantial risk to individual litigants dealing or making a contract with a foreign sovereign state, even in the cases of wrongful measures by the foreign state such as an unjust or unjustifiable breach of the contract, particularly under the classical rule of absolute immunity. Consequently, most states have recently supported and adopted the rule of restrictive immunity, instead of the traditional rule of absolute immunity, to protect individuals who are capable of remaining in uncertain and unstable positions. Furthermore, regional and international conventions as well as many domestic laws of the US, UK, Canada, Australia, etc. are adopting the rule of restrictive immunity. Introduction and application of the rule of restrictive immunity can be a crucial matter to protect our nationals. Nevertheless, unlike other countries, Korea doesn't have a domestic legal basis for the rule of state immunity yet. Although there has been a possibility of the establishment of the rule of restrictive immunity in judicial practice because Korean national courts have recently decided several rulings according to the rule of restrictive immunity, the necessity of legislation of the rule of restrictive immunity has been emphasized in light of the other states handling the issue with legislative measure. Based on this recognition, this research paper particularly reviews not only the 「US FSIA」 and 「UK SIA」 as representative legislations of states but also 「European Convention on State Immunity」 and the 「United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property」 as major codification cases of the rule of state immunity. Through this consideration, this paper examines and suggests a basic direction, standard, and necessity of legislation of the rule of restrictive immunity in Korea. The author expects the discussion in this paper to somewhat contribute to setting up a basic direction of legislative policy for the introduction and application in accordance with international trends and standards of the rule of restrictive immunity. 국제법 상 국가면제(state immunity; 또는 주권면제: sovereign immunity)란 일국의 국내법원이 타국 또는 타국의 재산에 대해서 재판관할권을 행사하지 못하게 함으로써 국가들을 서로의 재판관할권으로부터 보호하기 위한 국제법규칙이다. 역사적으로 크게 절대면제주의와 제한면제주의로 구분되는 국가면제규칙은 그러나 특히 외국과 거래하는 개인의 입장에서는 본질적으로 차별적이고 불평등한 측면이 있는 것으로 논란의 대상이 되어 왔다. 특히 국가면제규칙 형성 초기부터 상당기간 동안 지배적이었던 고전적ㆍ전통적 절대면제주의에 따르면 타국의 사인(私人)과 거래하는 국가는 그 분쟁의 주제나 내용과는 상관없이 언제나 해당 타국의 국내법원의 재판관할권으로부터 면제되며, 국가는 원하는 경우 개인을 제소할 수 있으나 반대로 개인은 국가를 제소할 수 없으므로 (제소를 하더라도 재판관할권이 면제되므로) 국가와 거래하는 사인은 크게 불리하고 불안정한 지위에 놓일 수밖에 없게 되기 때문이다. 따라서 오늘날 대부분의 국가들은 과거의 고전적ㆍ전통적인 절대면제주의를 폐기하고 제한면제주의를 지지하는 관행을 보여주고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 미국, 영국, 캐나다, 호주 등 주요 국가들의 경우 제한면제주의에 입각한 관련 국내법을 제정ㆍ시행하고 있으며, 관련 국제협약들 역시 제한면제주의를 기초로 하고 있다. 이처럼 국가면제규칙에 있어서 제한면제주의의 도입 및 적용은 외국과 거래하는 자국민의 보호와 관련해서도 매우 중요한 문제라고 할 수 있으나 다른 주요 국가들과는 달리 우리나라는 현재 이에 관한 국내 근거법률이 부재한 실정이다. 물론 우리나라의 경우도 근래 제한면제주의에 입각한 대법원판례를 통해 제한면제주의에 관한 사법적 관행의 수립 가능성을 보여주고는 있으나, 다수의 주요 국가들이 제한면제주의의 국내적 수용 및 적용 문제를 입법적으로 해결하고 있는 것에 비추어 우리나라도 이에 관한 국내입법 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 국제법 상 국가면제규칙에 있어서 제한면제주의의 수용 및 적용에 관한 문제는 외국과 거래하는 자국민 보호는 물론 주권평등원칙에 입각한 국가주권 보호 문제와도 직결되는 이슈이므로 이에 관한 명확한 입법적 조치가 없는 것은 입법의 불비 또는 자국민 보호의 미비라고도 할 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 인식을 바탕으로, 본 논문은 특히 제한면제주의를 국내법적으로 수용하고 있는 대표적인 입법사례인 미국의 「외국주권면제법」(FSIA)과 영국의 「국가면제법」(SIA), 국제법적으로 수용하고 있는 대표적인 입법사례인 「유럽 국가면제협약」과 「UN 국가면제협약」을 중심으로, ① 현대 국제사회에서 확립ㆍ적용되고 있는 국가면제규칙의 이론과 실제에 관한 비교법적 검토ㆍ분석을 통해 입법론적 관점에서 현대적 국가면제규칙의 국내 도입의 필요성과 타당성을 제시하고, ② 제한면제주의의 도입ㆍ적용에 관한 국가의지를 명확히 하는 한편, 자국민 보호에 만전을 기할 수 있도록 제한면제주의의 합리적 수용을 위한 국내입법 방향과 기준을 검토ㆍ제시하고자 하였다. 이러한 논의내용이 현대적 국가면제규칙의 국내적 수용 및 적용을 위한 입법정책의 기본방향을 설정하는데 있어서 유용한 기초자료로 활용되고, 국제적 기준에 부합하는 제한면제주의의 수용 및 시행을 위한 입법지침을 수립하는데 다소나마 기여할 ...

건축담론 - 건축, 기획의 시대

심영규,Shim, Youngkyu 대한건축사협회 2020 建築士 Vol.617 No.-