SWAT 모형을 이용한 시.공간적 토지 이용변화에 따른 유량 및 유사량 특성분석

신용철,임경재,김기성,최중대,Shin, Yong-Chul,Lim, Kyoung-Jae,Kim, Ki-Sung,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국관개배수위원회 2007 한국관개배수논문집 Vol.14 No.1

In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to assess spatiotemporal effects on watershed runoff and sediment characteristics due to land uses changes from 1999 to 2002 at the small watershed, located in Chuncheon-si, Gangwon province. The annual average flow rate of Scenario I (long-term simulation using land use of 1990), II (long-term simulation using land use of 1996), III(long-term simulation using land use of 200) and IV(simulation using land use of 1990, 1995, and 2000) in long-term simulation) using the SWAT model were 29,997,043 m3, 29,992,628 m3, 29,811,191 m3 and 29,931,238 m3, respectively. It was shown that there was no significant changes in estimated flow rate because no significant changes in land uses between 1990 and 2000 were observed. The annual average sediment loads of Scenarios I, II, III and IV for 15 year period were 36,643 kg/ha, 45,340 kg/ha , 27,195 kg/ha and 35,545 kg/ha, respectively. The estimated annual sediment loads from Scenarios I, II, and III, were different from that from the scenario IV, considering spatio-temporal changes in land use and meterological changes over the years, by 10%, 127%, and temporal changes in land use and meterological changes over the years, by 10%, 127%, and 77%. This can be explained in land use changes in high soil erosion potential areas, such as upland areas, within the study watershed. The comparison indicates that changes in land uses upland areas, within the study watershed. The comparison indicates that changes in land uses can affect on sediment yields by more than 10%, which could exceed the safety factor of 10% in Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). It is, therefore, recommended that not only the temporal analysis with the weather input data but also spatial one with different land uses need to be considered in long-term hydrology and sediment simulating using the SWAT model

현장 도금 공정에서 PVC 여과지에 채취된 6가 크롬의 환원

신용철,백남원,이광용,이병규,이지태,Shin Yong Chul,Paik Nam Won,Yi Gwang Yong,Lee Byung Kyu,Lee Ji Tae 한국환경보건학회 2002 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Recently, pilot studies showed an evidence of reduction of airborne hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), on PVC filter during air sampling and storage. However, the information on this in the field was limited. Thus, we studied the reduction behaviors of airborne Cr(VI) on PVC filters during sampling and storage at three field electroplating operations. Regression between sampling time and the reduction (ratio of Cr(VI) to total Cr concentrations) was not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, the reductions in samples collected for 240 ~ 340 minutes were significantly higher than those for 30 - 60 minutes. On the other hand, another experiment showed a good correlation (r=0.96) between sampling time and the reduction without an exceptional value. Storage temperature was not a factor affecting the reduction of Cr(VI) collected on PVC filter. The loss of Cr(VI) samples stored in alkali solution (2% NaOH/3% Na$_2$CO$_3$) was significantly lower than that stored in vial according to NIOSH method (p<0.05). Thus, dipping Cr(VI) samples into alkali solution was a storage method to minimize tile reduction.

가지야마공식과 SWAT 모형을 이용한 유출량 산정

신용철,신민환,김웅기,임경재,최중대,Shin, Yong-Chul,Shin, Min-Hwan,Kim, Woong-Ki,Lim, Kyoung-Jae,Choi, Joong-Dae 한국관개배수위원회 2007 한국관개배수논문집 Vol.14 No.1

In this study, Kajiyama equation and SWAT model were used to estimate the available water resources from 1967 to 2003 at the small scale watershed, located in Dongnae-Myeon, Chunchen, Gangwon. The annual average streamflow for dry years estimated using the Kajiyama equation and the SWAT model were $2,593,779m^3$ and $2,579,162m^3$. The annual average streamflow for wet years were $7,223,804m^3$ and $7,035,253m^3$, respectively. The annual arrange streamflow for the entire 36 year period were $14,868,601m^3$ and $14,214,292m^3$, respectively. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient for comparison between Kajiyama and SWAT were 0.90 and 0.79, respectively. The comparison indicates that the Kajiyama equation and the SWAT model can be used to estimate the streamflow at th study watershed with reasonable accuracy, although the estimated values were not compared with measured streamflow data, which is not available at the small scale study watershed. However, the Kajiyama equation is recommended for estimating available water resources at Dongnae-Myeon watershed because of its ease-of-use and reasonable accuracy compared with the SWAT model, requiring numerous model input and expensive GIS software in operating the model

Effects of pH on the Elaboration of Pullulan and the Morphology of Aureobasidium pullulans

신용철,변시명,Shin, Yong-Chul,Byun, Si-Myung 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 1991 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.19 No.2

The effects of pH on the cell growth, the elaboration of pullulan, and the morphology of Aureobasidium pullulans IFO 4464 were examined. A. pulluans grew in yeast-like form at constant pH7.5 and in mycelial form at constant pH2.5. At the both pH conditions, the elaboration of pullulan was very low, about 6.0~6.5g/l. The mixture of yeast-like form and mycelial form of cells was found at the constant pH4.5, at which condition, the elaboration of pullulan was high, about 24.5g/l. The pH shift experimemts showed that the specific production rates of pullulan were 0.048($hr^{-1}$)for the mycelial form and 0.058($hr^{-1}$)for the yeast like form, which indicated that the yeast-like form has the similar, only slightly higher, biosynthetic activity of pullulan to the mycelial form at pH4.5 and the pH of culture broth is more important factor for the elaboration of pullulan than the morphology of A. pullulans.

신라석탑(新羅石塔)의 발생과 성립과정(成立過程)에 대한 고찰

신용철,Shin, Yong-Chul 한국건축역사학회 2010 건축역사연구 Vol.19 No.4

This study aims to examine the development process of the early stone pagodas of Unified Silla. The history of stone pagodas traces back to both Baekje and Silla in the Three Kingdoms period, but the styles and structures of pagodas began differently. In other words, Baekje attempted to recreate the wooden pagoda style, while Silla attempted to recreate China' brick pagoda style. These different stone pagoda cultures, around the unification of Three Kingdoms, underwent new style changes, and after the mid-7th century, some changes in the five-storied stone pagodas in Tapri appeared, and the milestone perfection of Silla's stone pagodas was achieved through those of Gameusa Temple and Goseonsa Temple. After the mid-7th century, Silla's stone pagodas accommodated some of Baekje's wooden pagodas' elements, shifted from the wooden pagoda style and developed into its own stone pagoda style. This is shown in numerous stone pagodas. However, in Silla's stone pagodas, including the three-storied stone pagoda in Hwagboksa Temple in 692, the size of the pagoda became small and underwent sudden changes. In other words, a new direction of Silla stone pagodas was presented in terms of how massive stones could be reduced, but they differed only in the reduced stone amount; the basic developed style of the Gameunsa Temple stone pagoda and the Goseonsa Temple stone pagoda inherited the traditional style. Thus, the construction of these two pagodas is considered to be significant in the Silla's history of stone pagodas.

북한강 중류 산간농업 소하천에서의 오염부하특성분석

신용철,최중대,임경재,심혁호,류창원,양재의,유경열,Shin, Yong-Chul,Choi, Joong-Dae,Lim, Kyoung-Jae,Shim, Hyeok-Ho,Lyou, Chang-Won,Yang, Jae E.,Yoo, Kyung-Yoal 한국농공학회 2005 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.47 No.6

Natural environment of the Wolgokri stream watershed, located in Chuncheon, Gangwon province, Korea, has been well preserved as a traditional agricultural watershed. To analyze characteristics of NPS pollution generated from an mountainous agricultural watershed, the flow and water qualities of the study watershed were monitored and were analyzed to estimate pollution loads. Annual runoff volume ratio was $70.4\%$. Concentrations of T-N, T-p, COD, and TOC were higher when monthly rainfall was between $0\~30mm$ than those when monthly rainfall was between $30\~70mm$. However, the concentrations varied considerably when monthly rainfall was higher than 100mm. The flow weighted mean concentrations(mg/L) of BOD, COD, TOC, $NO_3-N$, T-N, T-P and SS were 1.96, 2.72, 3.32, 1.41, 4.70, 0.187 and 13.36, respectively. The BOD, SS, T-N and T-P loads of July, 2004 were $48\%,\;17\%,\;51\%\;and\;32\%$ of annual load, respectively. The BOD, COD, TOC, $NO_3-N$, T-N, T-p, and SS loads (kg/ha) from Mar. 2004 to Apr. 2005 were 19.09, 26.55, 32.39, 13.85, 45.92, 1.887 and 130.18, respectively. The highest concentrations of BOD, NO3-N, T-N, T-p, SS, COD and TOC were found before the flow reached the peak runoff, possibly due to the first flushing effect. Generally, pollution loads of the Wolgokri watershed were not that significant. Phosphorus load, however, was higher enough to cause eutrophication in the receiving water body It was recommended that best management practices need to be implemented to reduce phosphorus sources.

신라 불탑에 있어 『無垢淨光大陀羅尼經』의 영향

신용철(Shin, Yong-chul) 불교학연구회 2009 불교학연구 Vol.23 No.-

8세기 초엽 신라사회에 전래된『 無垢淨光大陀羅尼經』은 신라탑파사에 새로운 전환점을 마련하였다. 무구정경에 따른 건탑과 사리장엄은 곧 신라사회에 유포되어 널리 유행하였으며 그 결과 “無垢淨塔”이라는 탑명을 만들어 만들어내기도 하였다. 본 논문은 무구정경에 나타난 내용, 작법이 建塔的 측면에서 어떠한 영향을 끼쳤는가라는 점에서 살펴본 것이다. 기본적으로 무구정경에서 강조하는 내용은 불탑의 건립과 수리에 따른 공덕이다. 그런데 무구정경에서의 공덕 내용은 현실세계에서 실현 가능한 내용이 주를 이루고 있다. 따라서 무구정경 유입이전 건탑을 통해 공덕이 쌓이는 개념에서 공덕을 쌓기 위해 건탑을 이루려는 적극적이고 현실적인 불탑관의 정립으로 이어졌다. 한편 무구정경이 신라사회에 널리 유포되면서 건탑에 참여할 수 없었던 일반 백성들은 무구정경에 따른 탑돌이에 참여하여 신라의 풍속으로 자리 잡게 되었다. 신 라후기 무구정경의 유행으로 탑 앞에 네모난 제단이 설치되었으며, 탑 기단부 아래로 1단의 받침을 첨가시켜 “무구정탑”이라는 용어를 만들어 내기도 하였다. 무구정경은 기존의 국가 중심적 불탑관에서 개인의 공덕을 위해서는 누구든지 탑 건립에 참여할 수 있는 길을 열어주었다. 신라사회에서 무구정경의 유행에 따른 결정체는 872년에 시행된 황룡사 구층탑의 수리사실이다. 이 수리가 호국의 구심체였던 구층탑을 서라벌의 백성 모두에게 무구정탑의 공덕을 환원하려는 一切衆生成佛道라는 대승불교의 세계를 지향하려 했다는 점에서 신라인들이 추구했던 무구정경의 궁국적 목표를 유추해 볼 수 있다. Silla pagodas were constructed more often for the purpose of safeguarding the nation by the power of Buddha, rather than for the faith of tombs or targets of worships. However, as Buddhist scriptures such as Raśmivimalaviśuddhaprabhānāma-dhāranì-sutra (無垢淨經) flowed into Silla, this brought a remarkable turnaround to the construction of pagodas. It was because of these scriptures that many pagodas were constructed during the Unified Silla period. How it became popular to construct pagodas during the Unified Silla period can be found in Raśmivimalaviśuddhaprabhānāma-dhāranì-sutra . The scripture says that people can build up their virtues by constructing pagodas and repairing collapsed pagodas. With the teachings of Raśmivimalaviśuddhaprabhānāmadhāranì-sutra widely spread in the Silla society, commoners, who had not been qualified to join the construction of pagodas, were allowed to attend the ceremony of turning around the pagoda, which was later part of the kingdom’s customs. Under the influence of the scripture, in the second half of the Silla period, a square altar was installed in front of the pagoda, and a one-level support base was added to the stylobate of the pagoda; this type of pagoda thus was called Mugujeongtap(無垢淨塔). Mugujeongtap changed the state-centered view of pagodas, that pagodas safeguarded the state, thus paving the way for individual commoners to join the construction of pagodas to build up their virtues. Jotapgyeong(造塔經) played an important role in reinstating the original purpose of Buddhists’ faith in pagoda construction. Notably, the representative pagoda of Silla, the Nine-Storied Wooden Pagoda of Hwangryong Temple(皇龍寺九層木塔), was repaired according to the method provided in Raśmivimalaviśuddhaprabhānāma-dhāraṇì-sutra , and this attempt was aimed at creating an ideal world of Buddhism where the entire populace could become Buddha.

인조광물섬유에 대한 NIOSH 7400 방법의 A 및 B 계수규칙 비교

신용철 ( Yong Chul Shin ) 한국산업위생학회 2006 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.16 No.1

There are many counting rules for analyzing man-made mineral fibers. The representatives are the NIOSH Method 7400 A and B counting rules. The two rules have different rules of length-to-width ratio(aspect ratio) and diameter. The A rule counts only fibers>5 μm in length, and only fibers with aspect ration>3:1. The B rule counts only ends of fibers>5 μm in length and <3 μm in diameter, and only fibers with aspect ratio ≥5:1. The A counting rule had been used before the B counting rule was introduced. The purpose of this study is to compare the A and B counting rules for airborne fibers from various man-made mineral fibers(glass wool fibers, rock wool fibers, refractory ceramic fibers, and continuous filament glass fibers) industries. There were significantly differences between the paired counts of A and B rules in all types of fibers(p<0.05). A rule counts/B rule counts(A/B ratios) were 1.52 for glass fibers, 1.53 for rock wool fibers, 1.19 for RCF, and 1.82 for continuous filament glass fibers. The counting results by A and B counting rules were highly correlated in glass wool fibers, rock wool fibers and refractory ceramic fibers(RCF) samples (r=0.96 for all types of fibers) except continuous filament glass fibers(r=0.82). Regression equations to correct for the differences between counting rules were presented in this paper.

李卓吾(1527~1602)의 社會批評

申龍澈(Shin Yong-chul) 동양사학회 1984 東洋史學硏究 Vol.19 No.-

인조광물섬유 제품 제조 및 취급 근로자의 공기중 섬유 노출 평가 및 노동부 노출기준 고찰

신용철 ( Yong Chul Shin ),이광용 ( Gwang Yong Yi ) 한국산업위생학회 2005 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.15 No.3

In this study, occupational exposures to man-made mineral fibers (MMMFs) including glass wool, rock wool, and continuous glass filament fibers were determined and evaluated on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV). A total of 171 personal samples collected from 4 glass wool fiber, 2 rock wool fibers, 4 continuous filament glass fiber products manufacturing and a glass fiber and rock wool insulations using industries, and determined respirable fibers concentrations using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 7400, “B counting rule. The fiber concentrations of samples from workers installing thermal insulations in a MMMF using industry showed the highest value: geometric mean (GM)=0.73 f/cc and maximum=2.9 f/cc, 70% of them were above the TLV, 1 f/cc, Workers` exposure level (GM=0.032 f/cc) in the rock wool manufacturing industries was significantly higher than those of glass wool (GM=0.012 f/cc) and continuous filament glass fibers (GM=0.010 f/cc) manufacturing industries (p<0.01). No samples were more than the TLV in the MMMF manufacturing industries. There was a significant difference among companies in airborne fiber levels.