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Salinomycin Inhibits Akt/NF-kB and Induces Apoptosis in Cisplatin Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells
신소진,권상훈,차순도,비두르파라줄리,조치흠 대한산부인과학회 2012 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.98 No.-
The present study examined the effect of salinomycin to overcome cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. The cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cells were cultured and treated with salinomycin. MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability. Flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation assay analyzed the effect on cell cycle and apoptosis. The expression of cell cycle regulatory-related proteins were evaluated by western blot analysis. The cell viability was significantly reduced by salinomycin treatment in a dose dependent manner. DNA fragmentation assay revealed apoptosis induction. Flow cytometry result showed that salinomycin increased the sub-G1 phase. Down regulation of Cdk2, Cdk4, up regulation of p27kip1 and concomitant increase in dephosphorylation of Rb were observed. Expression of survival protein Bcl-2 declined. Moreover, activation of caspase-3 and increased PARP cleavage triggered apoptosis. In order to evaluate the role of salinomycin in Akt/NF-kB pathway, the Akt, pAkt, I-kB and NF-κB levels were measured. Downregulated expression of Akt, pAkt, NF-κB and upregulation of I-κBα confirmed the Akt/NF-κB activation in this experiment. this study highlights the role of salinomycin in cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer, in particular Akt/NF-κB involved pathway that may provide a new approach to the clinical management of ovarian cancer.
Democratic Transitions in South Asia: Prospects and Problems in Afghanistan and Bhutan
신소진 인제대학교 민주주의와 자치 연구소 2019 비교민주주의연구 Vol.15 No.2
What is democracy in South Asia? How do the states in the region transform into democracy, and how does the democratic regime operate in the socio-political and economic spheres? This article explains the recent democratic transitions of eight countries in South Asia, namely, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, in the past decade. It also analyzes the opportunities and challenges of the region’s democratic movement through two select nations, Afghanistan and Bhutan, which have not yet reached to full-fledged democracy but in the gradual process of democratic transition. I argue that the political and financial insecurity has demoralized Afghanistan’s dream for democracy, while a unique development regime based on an anti-ethnic minority stance has acted as a barrier for Bhutan to be an inclusive and integrated democratic nation. Such challenges, however, which Afghanistan and Bhutan have encountered, are also frequently observed in other democratic regimes in South Asia, which are ‘not fully-functioning’ democracies