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이슬람 사회 속의 이집트 기독교도의 상황과 미래 : 콥트를 중심으로
송경근 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2013 중동문제연구 Vol.12 No.1
The Egyptian Christianity has been begun by St. Mark during the first century. The Egyptian Christians are called the Copts. They have a history of long suffering and vibrant persistence. They espoused the Monophysite doctrine which teaches that Christ had a single nature, wholly divine. It was declared heretical by the Orthodox Christian Council of Chalcedon in 451. Arab conquered Egypt during the 7th century with Islam. Arab Muslim demoted the Copts dhimmis as inferior social beings. The Copts were fated to a history of defiant self-reliance as veritable aliens in their own land. Some Copts joined the Arab governmental apparatus as accountants and translators, others engaged in revolt to secure Christian self-expression. Their revolt was no avail. Islam became the majority religion in Egypt by the end of the 10th century. The Modern Egypt was opened with the invasion of French. Egypt has been begun to change by Muhammad 'Ali. The Egyptian Christians could grasp the new opportunities until the Free Officers' revolution of 1952. The Copts entered the Assembly and filled the civil service. They could join the army. They advanced in filling high offices in the Egyptian administration. Some of them could be the ministers and prime minister. They have long provided something of an educated elite in Egypt, and they became an economically powerful minority. After the Free Officer's revolution Christians suffered from a military leader, Nasser's nationalization & Arab Nationalism. They also faced the president Sadat's pro-Islamic policy. And he oppressed the Coptic Community. Mubarak became the president of Egypt after Sadat's assassination. Mubarak has been more open to Christians than Sadat. Christians have benefited from the government's fight against the extreme Islamists. Egyptian Christians hoped equality among Egyptian people without discrimination during 1.25 revolution. However, they are not sure their future in the political confliction & the appearance of the Muslim Brother's government.
PAN 그라프트 공중함 나트륨 황산 셀룰로오스계 고흡수성 수지의 합성과 성질(I)-고흡수성 수지의 합성-
송경근,고석원 한국섬유공학회 1994 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.31 No.9
To carry out the graft copolymcrization of acrylonitrile(AN) onto a cellulose backbone under homogelleous conditions and to incorporate a strong acitlic group sodium cellulose sulfate(CS) of D.S. 1.14 was synthesized by the reaction or cellulose(MW 166, 000) and 50, -DMF complex. AN was grafted onto CS and the grafting conditions were investigated. Superabsorbent HCSPAH was produced by alkaline hydrolysis of sodium cellulose sulfate-g-PAN (CSPAN). Absorbency, water retention value after centrifuging at 700G. saline absorbency in 0.9% aqueous HaCl solution of HCSPAH and the effect of alkaline hydrolysis conditions on these absorbencies were studied. Optimum alkaline hydrolysis condition was determined from the absorbencies.
송경근,신재원 한국막학회 2016 한국막학회 총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.2016 No.11
혐기성 MBR은 에너지 소비가 높은 기존 호기성 처리를 대체할 수 있는 에너지 중립형 기술로서 최근 하폐수 처리의 차세대 기술로 주목받고 있다. 혐기성 MBR은 다양한 장점을 가지고 있지만, 분리막 파울링은 해결해야하는 과제이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 막 파울링 억제를 위하여 섬유볼 미디어와 회전판을 이 용하여 혐기성 MBR의 막 파울링을 제어하였다. 혐기성 MBR을 이용하여 저농 도의 유기물 부하 조건에서 안정적인 처리수질을 보였으며, 유기물 부하가 높을 수록 높은 메탄가스 생산량을 보였다. 이를 토대로 혐기성 MBR의 적용에 효율적일 것으로 보이는 고농도 폐수의 처리 가능성 확인하기 위하여 음폐수를 대상으로 혐기성 MBR의 처리 특성을 살펴보고 고효율 혐기성 MBR 기술의 에너지 자립의 가능성을 평가하였다.
우라비의 저항운동과 이집트 민족주의 세력의 등장(1879-1882)
송경근 한국중동학회 2002 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.23 No.2
ismail was the grandson of muhammad 'ali. under his rule the modernization begun by muhammad 'ali moved forward with new dynasism. ismail sought to transform egypt into a country that europe would respect in european terms. in 1867 by payments to the sultan and increase in tribute he obtained the persian title of khedive, borne by his heirs down to 1914. and two years later the suez canal was opened. it increased egypt's strategic importance to europe dramatically. however the greatest transformation of egypt led to the international bankruptcy. the national debt became so great that he was forced to abdicate in 1879. the debt and abdication brought greater british control over egyptian affairs. with pressure from the british, ismail's son tawfiq reorganised egypt's finances, and british and french controllers installed themselves in the government. the egyptians felt that they bore an unfari in egypt went practically unscathed. most people could do nothing more than grumble, but the army officers had the power and organization to protest more effectively. the essential grievance of the egyptian officers was that their advancement was being blocked by ismail and under tawfiq's austerity budget, they were being pensioned off of assigned to undesirable posts. an administrative struggle between turco-circassian officers and native egyptians had ended with the latter in control. their chief spokesman, a senior officer named ahmad 'urabi, was appointed minister of war and thus found himself at the forefront of egyptian resistance to further european intrusion. this cause had nothing to do with ismail's forgotten dream of an independent egypt, but it temporarily united nearly all social classes, from 'ulamas, intellectuals and landowners to peasants, and made 'urabi the only permanent figure throughout a series of changing goverments. an egyptian liberal cabinet drew up a constitution and held elctions as egypt's debts rose further. in january 1882 britain and france sent a joint note, threatening to intervene to support tawfiq(they really meant to restore the dual control). the nationalists called their bluff, declaring that egypt's new assembly, not the british and french debt commissioners, would control the state budget. this situation provided the final excuse for intervention. british warships bombarded alexandria on july 11, 1882. british marines landed to restore order. 'urabi declared war on britain, but tawfiq declared him a traitor and threw in his lot with the british in alexandria. other british troops entered the canal and landed at ismailia. defeating 'urabi's army was easy, and the british occupied cairo in september 1882. the egyptian cabinet was dismissed, 'urabi was exiled, the constitution was suspended, the nationalist newspapers were banded. the early nationalists had proved a weak force.
PAN 그라프트 공중합 나트륨 황산 셀룰로오스계 고흡수성 수지의 합성과 성질(II)-고흡수성 수지의 흡수속도-
송경근,윤기종,고석원,Song, Gyeong-Geun,Yun, Gi-Jong,Go, Seok-Won 한국섬유공학회 1994 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.31 No.10
The swelling kinetics of HCSPAN was analyzed by the demand wettability(DW) method. It was influenced by the complex action of crosslinking density, ionic unit content and soluble polynler content related to alkaline hydrolysis conditions such as alkaline hydrolysis temperature. NaOH concentration and alkaline hydrolysis time. And it was also infiueneced by gel blocking which was related with the particle size. The moisture regain of HCSPAN was not high at even high relative humidity.