Successional Changes in Seed Banks in Abandoned Rice Fields in Gwangneung, Central Korea

이선미,조용찬,신현철,오우석,설은실,박성애,이창석 한국생태학회 2008 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.31 No.4

In order to understand the role of seed banks for restoration, seed banks in abandoned rice fields in the Gwangneung National Arboretum, central Korea were investigated using the seedling emergence method. The study sites represented three stages: an initial stage dominated by forbs such as Persicaria thunbergii and Juncus effuses var. decipiens, a middle stage dominated by Salix, and a late stage dominated by Quercus aliena and Prunus padus (in nearby riparian forest chosen as a reference stand). DCA ordination arranged the stands according to the number of years since abandonment. CCA ordination identified the dominant environmental variables correlated most closely with Axes 1 and 2 as Mg²+ (intraset correlation was 0.827) and K+ (intraset correlation was -0.677), respectively. Species richness and diversity decreased from the initial stage (H'=2.61) to the middle (H'=1.79) and late (H'=0.75) stages. A total of 49 species (/m²) and 18,620 seedlings (/m²) emerged out of the seed bank samples. The DCA ordination and similarity analysis detected a large discrepancy between the composition of the actual vegetation and the seed bank. We conclude that the contribution of seed bank to restoration is low. However, seed bank may help the recovery of forbs after disturbance. Some of our results are consistent with the tolerance model of succession whereas others follow the trajectory of the facilitation model. More research on succession will be required to understand the underlying mechanisms. In order to understand the role of seed banks for restoration, seed banks in abandoned rice fields in the Gwangneung National Arboretum, central Korea were investigated using the seedling emergence method. The study sites represented three stages: an initial stage dominated by forbs such as Persicaria thunbergii and Juncus effuses var. decipiens, a middle stage dominated by Salix, and a late stage dominated by Quercus aliena and Prunus padus (in nearby riparian forest chosen as a reference stand). DCA ordination arranged the stands according to the number of years since abandonment. CCA ordination identified the dominant environmental variables correlated most closely with Axes 1 and 2 as Mg²+ (intraset correlation was 0.827) and K+ (intraset correlation was -0.677), respectively. Species richness and diversity decreased from the initial stage (H'=2.61) to the middle (H'=1.79) and late (H'=0.75) stages. A total of 49 species (/m²) and 18,620 seedlings (/m²) emerged out of the seed bank samples. The DCA ordination and similarity analysis detected a large discrepancy between the composition of the actual vegetation and the seed bank. We conclude that the contribution of seed bank to restoration is low. However, seed bank may help the recovery of forbs after disturbance. Some of our results are consistent with the tolerance model of succession whereas others follow the trajectory of the facilitation model. More research on succession will be required to understand the underlying mechanisms.

Which Environmental Factors Caused Lammas Shoot Growth of Korean Red Pine?

이창석,송혜경,김혜수,이빛나라,피정훈,초용찬,설은실,오우석,박송애,이선미 한국생태학회 2007 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.30 No.1

Lammas growth, a rare phenomenon for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), occurred in 2006.Lamas shoots showed higher frequency and longer length in Seoul's hotter urban center than in urban boundary or suburban forest sites. Frequency and length showed a close correlation with urbanization density and vegetation cover expressed in NDVI. Air temperature in the late summer of 2006 was more than 1℃ higher than an average year. Of the predominant environmental signals thatmodulate bud flush, only temperature changed significantly during the year. Differences in temperature between the urban centers, urban boundaries and suburban forests correlated with varying land-use density. The rise in temperature likely spurred lamas consequences wil be clearer in the future. Considerate interest in the responses of ecological systems to the variable changes is required to prepare for unforeseeable crises. Monitoring of diverse ecological phenomena at Long Term Ecological Research sites could offer harbingers of change.

국가 장기 생태 연구 장소로서 구축된 남산 소나무림의 생태적 특성

이창석,조용찬,신현철,이충화,이선미,설은실,오우석,박성애 한국생태학회 2006 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.29 No.6

Species composition, spatial distribution of major species, diameter and height classes dis-tribution, and species diversity were analyzed in the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora, hereafter referred as pine) forest in the permanent quadrats, which were designed for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). neung) and boundary areas (Mts. Acha, Bukhan, Bulam, Cheonggye, Daemo, and Surak), and natural areas (Mts. Seolak, Songni, and Wolak) to clarify the ecological characteristics of pine forest on Mt. Nam. Species composition of pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a similarity with those of urban center but did a little and big differences with those on urban boundary and natural areas, respectively. Such differences that pine forest on Mt. Nam showed, were usually due to Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Ailanthus altisima, Ageratina altisima and so on, which showed higher coverage there. Predicted from diameter and on Mt. Nam showed a possibility to be replaced by a S. japonica. Considered that this replacer species is not only a sub-tree but also shade intolerant, such successional trend could be interpreted as a sort of retrogressive succession. Those on urban boundary and natural areas showed a difference by displaying probabilities to be maintained as themselves as an edaphic climax or succeeded to oak forests. Species diversity of pine forest on Mt. Nam was lower than those in urban boundary and natural areas due to excessive dominance of several species, which led to different species composition from the other areas. Plants, which produced the differences, were species that flourishes in the polluted industrial area (S. japonica and ), favors the disturbed site (O. undulatifolius), and exotic species (A. altissima and Eupatorium rugosum). Those results reflects that pine forest of Mt. Nam was exposed on severe environmental pollution and excessive human interferences.

국가장기생태연구 장소로서 구축된 남산 소나무림의 생태적 특성

이창석,조용찬,신현철,이충화,이선미,설은실,오우석,박성애,Lee, Chang-Seok,Cho, Yong-Chan,Shin, Hyun-Cheol,Lee, Choong-Hwa,Lee, Seon-Mi,Seol, Eun-Sil,Oh, Woo-Seok,Park, Sung-Ae 한국생태학회 2006 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.29 No.3

국가 장기 생태 연구를 위해 구축된 서울 남산의 영구 방형구에서 소나무림의 종 조성, 주요 종의 공간분포, 직경 및 수고 계급 빈도 분포,그리고 종 다양성이 분석되었다. 수집된 자료는 도심의 다른 지역(인왕산 및 홍릉),도시 외곽 지역(아차산, 북한산, 불암산, 청계산, 대모산 및 수락산) 및 자연 지역(설악산, 속리산 및 월악산)의 자료와 비교하여 남산 소나무림의 특징을 밝혔다. 남산 소나무림은 도심의 다른 지역의 소나무림과 유사한 종 조성을 나타내었다. 그러나 도시 외곽의 것과는 약간의 차이를 보였고, 자연 지역의 것과는 큰 차이를 보였다. 남산 소나무림이 보여준 그러한 차이는 대체로 그곳에서 높은 식피율을 나타낸 때죽나무, 팥배나무, 주름조개풀, 가중나무, 서양등골나물 등에 기인하였다. 주요 수종의 직경 및 수고 계급 분포를 분석하여 예측한 결과, 남산의 소나무림은 때죽나무 숲으로 천이될 가능성을 보였다. 이러한 대체 수종은 아교목일 뿐만 아니라 비내음성 종으로서 그러한 천이 경향은 퇴행 천이로 해석될 수 있었다. 도시 외곽 및 자연 지역의 소나무림들은 각각 토지 극상으로서 그 자체가 유지되거나 참나무 숲으로 천이될 가능성을 보여 남산 지역과 차이를 나타내었다. 남산 소나무림의 종 다양성은 도시 외곽 및 자연 지역의 것보다 낮았다. 이처럼 낮은 종 다양성의 원인은 이 지역의 종 조성을 다른 지역의 것과 다르게 하는데 기여한 몇몇 종의 과도한 번성에 기인한 것으로 판단되었다. 그러한 차이를 가져온 식물들은 오염된 공업단지에 번성하는 종(때죽나무와 팥배나무), 교란된 지소를 선호하는 종(주름조개풀) 및 외래종(가중나무와 서양등골나물)이었다. 그러한 결과는 남산이 심한 환경 오염과 과도한 인간 간섭에 노출되어 있음을 반영한다. Species composition, spatial distribution of major species, diameter and height classes distribution, and species diversity were .analyzed in the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora, hereafter referred as pine) forest in the permanent quadrats, which were designed for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). Collected data were compared with those from the other areas including urban center (Mt. Inwang and Hongneung) and boundary areas (Mts. Acha, Bukhan, Bulam, Cheonggye, Daemo, and Surak), and natural areas (Mts. Seolak, Songni, and Wolak) to clarify the ecological characteristics of pine forest on Mt. Nam. Species composition of pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a similarity with those of urban center but did a little and big differences with those on urban boundary and natural areas, respectively. Such differences that pine forest on Mt. Nam showed, were usually due to Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Ailanthus altissima, Ageratina altissima and so on, which showed higher coverage there. Predicted from diameter and height classes distribution of tree species, pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a possibility to be replaced by a S. japonica. Considered that this replacer species is not only a sub-tree but also shade intolerant, such successional trend could be interpreted as a sort of retrogressive succession. Those on urban boundary and natural areas showed a difference by displaying probabilities to be maintained as themselves as an edaphic climax or succeeded to oak forests. Species diversity of pine forest on Mt. Nam was lower than those in urban boundary and natural areas due to excessive dominance of several species, which led to different species composition from the other areas. Plants, which produced the differences, were species that flourishes in the polluted industrial area (S. japonica and S. alnifolia), favors the disturbed site (O. undulatifolius), and exotic species (A. altissima and Eupatorium rugosum). Those results reflects that pine forest of Mt. Nam was exposed on severe environmental pollution and excessive human interferences.