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백완기(白完基) 일조각 2005 韓國史市民講座 Vol.37 No.-

김성수, 자유민주주의 정치체제로 건국을 추구하다

백완기(白完基) 일조각 2008 韓國史市民講座 Vol.43 No.-

유아기에서 활로 4징증의 전교정

백완기 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1991 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.24 No.2

From April 1986 to December 1989, 25 infants under the age of 12 months with tetralogy of Fallot were operated on. Age ranged from 3 to 12 months[mean 8.9$\pm$4.9 months] and mean body weight was 7.8$\pm$ 2.6kg. All the patients were deeply cyanotic, 12 of them experienced anoxic spell. Transannular patch was laid down in 19 patients, in 7 of them monocuspid patch was utilized. Postrepair P RV/LV was measured at operation room in 17 patients[mean 0.48$\pm$0. 14]. Hospital mortality was 20Yo. Causes of deaths include right ventricular failure and low cardiac output. The mortality was closely related with patient`s age and body surface area at operation. Also higher mortality was noticed in patients having major associated anomaly or previous palliative operation, preoperative management with propranolol and transannular repair. 18 patients were followed up for 12 to 50 months with a mean follow-up time of 24 months after operation. There were no late deaths and late ventricular arrhythmia or congestive heart failure was not detected as yet. Redo operation was performed in one case because of residual pulmonic stenosis. Considering several advantages of early primary repair, primary repair of symptomatic infants with tetralogy of Fallot should be encouraged despite somewhat high mortality rate as yet and better results could be anticipated along with improvement of myocardial protection method and postoperative care.

우심방 및 폐동맥 절개를 통한 활로 4증 교정술

백완기,노준량,Baek, Wan-Gi,No, Jun-Ryang 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1991 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.24 No.2

Tetralogy of Fallot was repaired by a transatrial-transpulmonary approach in 91 of 250 patients treated surgically [including redo operations] between April 1986 and December 1989. Their age ranged from 6 months to 14 years [mean 39.7 months]. Associated cardiovascular anomalies were right aortic arch [n=22], ASD [n=12], PDA [n=5], persistent left SVC [n=5], and others [n=6]. PA index was measured pre-operatively since 1987 to estimate pulmonary artery size and safe total correction[mean 289$\pm$110mm2/BSA]. Eight patients received previous shunt take down procedure concomitantly. Pulmonary arteriotomy was extended through small pulmonary annulus to a minimal distance upon the right ventricular infundibulum and transannular patch was applied in 38 patients [41.3%], in 31 of them monocuspid patch was utilized. pRV/LV was measured at operation room in 77 patients [mean 0.58$\pm$0.36]. Operative mortality was 6.6% [6/91]. The causes of death were low cardiac output [n=5], arrhythmia[n=1] and respiratory failure [n=1]. At follow-up between 12 months and 57 months [mean 30.8 months] most patients were in New York Heart Association class I without cardiac medication. There was no late death, but reoperations were required in 3 patients to relieve residual right ventricular outflow obstruction. Thus successful repair of tetralogy of Fallot can be accomplished in most patients including infants by transatrial-transpulmonary approach and the better result can be anticipated with respect to postoperative right ventricular function and arrhythmia than the conventional transventricular approach.

우세우심실 또는 우단심실증에서의 변형 Fontan 수술

백완기 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1991 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.24 No.3

Between April 1986 and September 1990, 34 patients with a single or dominant right ventricle underwent modified Fontan procedure for definite palliation in Seoul National University Children`s Hospital. Their age at operation ranged from 8 months to 14 years [Mean 5.5 years]. The ventricular chamber was solitary and of indeterminate trabecular pattern in 6 patients. 28 patients had posteriorly located rudimentary chamber, all of which were trabecular pouches having no communication with outlet septum. The patterns of atrioventricular connection were common inlet[9], double inlet [11], left atrioventricular valve atresia [12] and right atrioventricular valve atresia with L-loop [2]. Pulmonary outflow tracts were atretic in 7 patients and stenotic in 26 patients. Major associated anomalies included anomalous systemic venous drainage [15], dextrocardia [12] and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection[3]. Shunt operations were previously performed in 13 patients and pulmonary artery banding and atrial septectomy in 1 patients. Surgery included intraatrial baffling in 26 patients, bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt in 13 patients, atrioventricular valve obliteration in 3 patients and atrioventricular valve replacement in 3 patients. Central venous pressure measured postoperatively at intensive care unit ranged from 18cm H2O to 28cm H2O [mean 23.2cm H2O]. Hospital mortality was 35.3% [12/34], all died out of low output syndrome. Suspected causes of low output syndrome include ventricular dysfunction [8], hypoplastic or tortuous pulmonary artery [2] and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance [2]. 19 patients had 31 major complications including low output syndrome [18], arrhythmia [4], acute renal failure [3] and respiratory failure [3]. Mortality rate was significantly higher in the groups receiving intraatrial baffling and AV valve replacement respectively [p<0.05]. 20 patients were followed up postoperatively with the mean follow-up period 15.0$\pm$11.6 months. There were no late death and follow-up catheterization was performed in 10 patients. Mean right atrial pressure was 15.4$\pm$6.8mmHg and ventricular contraction was reasonable in all but one case. Thus, Fontan principle can be applied successfully to all the patients with complex cardiac anomaly of single ventricle variety and better results can be anticipated with judicious selection of patient and improvement of postoperative care.

전기 유압식 심실보조장치의 동물실험 연구

백완기,심상석 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1996 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.29 No.7

신개발한 전기 유압식 심실 보조장치의 생 체 내 성능 테스트와 상기 심실보조장치를 이용한 좌심실 보 조가 자연심장 좌심실의 기능에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위한 동물실험을 고안하였다. 총 성숙 면양 8마리가 실험에 사용되었으며 이중 7마리로부터 자료 수집이 가능하였다. 심실 보조시 간은69분부터 7일 사이로 심실보조장치는 자연심장의 박동수범위 내에서 동기식 및 비동기식 방식 모 두 만족스럽게 작동하였으며, 좌심방 내의 음압의 발생 없이 주어진 정상 좌심방압 내에서 분당 4리터 이상의 보조 혈류량을 얻을 수 있었다. 심실보조 개시 3일 이후부터 혈중 유리혈색소의 급격한 증가를 보여 상당량의 용혈이 진행되고 있음 을 시사하였다. 또한 심실보조 후 혈액 남의 부동형 고분자판막(floating type polymer valve)에 소량의 혈 전이 발견되어 혈액적 합성 및 혈전저항성 면에 있어 보다 많은 연구 및 개선의 여지가 있음을시사하였 다. 심실보조시작후의 혈역학의 변화는혈류보조량분당2.0∼2.5리터 사이에서 자연심장의 박동수및 박출량과 좌심실 분당작업량(left ventricular minute work), 심내막 생육력비 (endocardial viability ratio), 흔합 정맥혈 및 관상동맥 정맥혈 산소량은 증가하는 소견을 보였으며,반대로 좌심실압 및 좌심방압과 좌심실압 변화율(left ventricular dp/dt)은 감소하는 소견을 보였다. 이중 심박출량의 변화 외에는 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보여 효과적 인 좌심실의 탈부하가 이루어지고 있음을 입증하였다. 또한 동기식 심실보조시 심내막 생육력비 및 관상정맥혈의 산소량은 비동기식 심실보조시와 비교할 때 역시 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보여 동기식 심실보조에 의한 반박동(counterpulsation)이 심근의 관 류량을 증가시키며 따라서 손상된 심근의 회복에 유리 함을 시사하였다. An animal experiment was designed for the evaluation of in vivo performance of the newly developed electrohydraulic type ventricular assist device and its influence on the left ventricular function during pal- satile left ventricular assist. Eight adult sheep were incorporated into the study and data were collected from seven sheep. Total as- sist time ranged from 69 minutes to 7 days. The performance of the device was satisfactory both in asyn- chr nous and synchronous mode within the range of given native heart rate. More than 4 liters of device output could be reached within the range of normal left atral pressure without development of negative pressure in the left atrium. Moderate to severe degree of hemolysis was noted as evidenced by significant increase of plasma free hemoglobin level after 3 days of left ventricular support along with the presence of the small amount of thrombi around the floating disc type polymer valve apparatus reflecting that further study and refinement of the device need to be done in regard of biocompatibility and thromboresistance. The hemodynamics showed increase in heart rate (p < 0.05), cardiac output and left ventricular minute work (p < 0.05) after placement of the device at the flow rate of 2.0∼2.5 Llmin. The left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure and LV dpldt were decreased after the device placement(p < 0.05). The endocardial viability ratio and oxygen contents of the mixed ven us blood and coronary venous blood were all increased (p < 0.05) after the device placement suggesting effective unloading of the left ventricle was accomplished. The myocardial perfusion was thought improved in synchronous counterpulsation as suggested by sig- nificant increase in endocardial viability ratio and coronary venous blood oxygen content in synchronous assist mode comparing with asynchronous mode.

냉혈 및 온혈 심정지액의 연속관류시 심근대사에 대한 임상연구

백완기 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1994 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.27 No.6

A clinical study was designed to evaluate myocardial metabolism during continuous cold blood cardioplegia [Group A, n=10] in comparison with continuous warm blood cardioplegia [Group B, n=10], in a prospective randomized manner. Myocardial metabolism was assessed in two ways: either by collecting blood from coronary sinus before and after cardiopulmonary bypass or by collecting blood from cardioplegic affluent and effluent simultaneously at the beginning and at the end of cardioplegia. The former samples were assayed for gas analysis, lactic acid and cardiac enzyme [CK, LDH, SGOT] and the latter for gas analysis and lactic acid as a maker of anaerobic metabolism. The results were as follows. 1] Myocardial metabolism was shown to be continued in the state of cardioplegia at lower temperature as evidenced by high oxygen extraction of cardioplegic solution in Group A. 2] Anaerobic metabolism occurring at lower temperature in spite of continuous cold blood cardioplegia can be significantly reduced by continuous perfusion of normothermic blood cardioplegics as evidenced by significant reduction of lactate production in Group B [p〈0.05]. 3] Better myocardial protection can be achieved by employing continuous warm blood cardioplegia as evidenced by less cardiac enzyme release in Group B after cardiopulmonary bypass.

전신마취 중 우연히 발견된 성인에서의 고립성 기관식도루 - 1례 보고 -

백완기,김현태,심상석,조상록 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1998 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.31 No.4

개복술 중 우연히 발견된 성인에서의 기관식도루 1레에 대해 보고하고자 한다. 41세 남자가 교통사고로 응급실로 내원하였다. 혈복강이 의심되어 시험개복 결과, 양압환기시 마다 위장이 팽창되는 것이 관찰되었다. 수술장에서 식도조영술을 시행하여 기관식도루를 진단하였으나 환자의 병력과 단순흉부촬영상 보이는 우상폐야의 오래된 파괴성 병변으로 외상성 기관식도루의 가능성을 배제할 수 있었다. 환자는 24일 후 우측 개흉술을 통하여 기관식도루 절단술을 받고 별다른 문제없이 회복하였다. We describe a case of adult tracheoesophageal fisula incidentally found during laparotomy. A 41 year old male came to the emergency room due to multiple injuries from a car accident. An emergent laparotomy was given to the patient to rule out hemoperitoneum, and progressive distension of the stomach was noted with each positive pressure ventilation. The diagnosis of tracheoesophageal fistula was made via an intraoperative esophagogram. Detailed inquiry of the patient's history from his mother together with extensive destructive changes over the right upper lung field on the patient's chest X ray suggested that the fistula was longstanding and not of traumatic origin, obviating the need of urgent operation. The fistula was divided via the right thoracotomy 24 days later. Postoperative course was uneventful.

승모판 수술 후 동율동 회복에 관한 임상분석

백완기,심상석,김현태,조상록,진성훈 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1999 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.32 No.4

승모판막 질환에 흔히 동반되는 심방세동은 판막수술 후 종종 동율동으로 전환되어지는데 수술 후 동율동의 유지는 술후 불안정한 혈역학을 보이는 환자의 회복에 매우 중요할 영향을 미칠 뿐 아니라 술후 혈전색전증의 발생 빈도를 떨구어 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 1986년 6월부터 1996년 12월까지 성남 인하병원 흉부외과에서 시행된 후천성 판막질환 환자에서 승모판막 수술이 포함된 환자 중 184례를 대상으로 술전과 술후 심장율동의 양상 및 변화를 의무기록을 중심으로 후향적으로 관찰 분석하여 술후 동율동으로의 전환과 이의 유지에 관련인자를 규명하고자 하였다. 술전 율동이 심방세동이었던 환자 139례 중 술후 54례가 술후 동율동으로 전환되어 38.8%의 전환율을 보였으나 퇴원시를 기점으로 41례의 환자에서 다시 심방세동이 재발하여 75.9%의 재발율을 보였다. 심방세동이 재발한 환자들의 평균 동율동 유지기간은 8.2$\pm$5.9 일이었다. 또한 만기추적시 15례의 환자만이 동율동을 유지하고 있었으며 평균 추적기간은 84.4$\pm$34.7개월이었다. 환자의 연령 및 증상의 기간과 술전 심방세동의 기간, 좌심방 크기 및 술 전 폐동맥압이 술후 동율동의 유지에 관련인자로 생각된 반면, 술전 심방세동의 기간 및 박출계수만이 심방세동 재발의 위험인자로 생각되었다. 이상의 결과, 술후 동율동으로의 전환 및 유지의 빈도를 높이기 위하여는 조기수술이 강력히 요망되며, 더 나아가 본 연구의 높은 심방세동의 재발율이 \ulcorner사하는 바와 같이, 판막수술에 더불어 심방세동에 대한 적극적인 수술요법이 필요할 것으로 생각되어진다.ner1례등이 있었다. 결과: 수술사망은 2례로 조기사망률은 6.7%였다. 수술생존자 28명중 4명은 장기추적관찰이 불가능하였으며, 총 2091환자.월(평균 74.7$\pm$68.4개월, 최장 187개월)동안 관찰하였다. 이 기간중 판막의 혈전, 혈전색전증 및 항응고치료에 따른 출혈등의 합병증은 없었으나, 조직판막을 이용한 10례중 8례에서 술후 평균 87.1$\pm$23.6개월에 판막기능부전으로 재수술하였으며(이중 2례는 타 병원에서 수술함), 기계판막을 치환한 1례에서 판막주위누출과 감염으로 술후 3개월째 재수술하였다. 재수술시 사망례는 없었다. 만기사망은 1례로 방실중격결손증 교정술후 잔존 승모판폐쇄부전으로 승모판치환술을 받은 7세환아로 판막치환술후 4개월에 확장성심근염으로 사망하였다. 조직판막의 경우 생명표분석에 의한 판막실패가 없는 장기누적률은 6년째 75.0%, 7년째 50.0%, 8년째 12.5%의 기록을 보여 술후 6년에서 8년에 걸쳐 격감하는 양상을 보였다. 수술사망 2례를 제외한 28명의 장기생존률을 Kaplan-Meiyer법에 의해 분석하였을때 4개월째 생존률이 96.0%로 그 이후로는 사망례가 없었다. 결론:이상의 결과로 보아 소아 심장판막치환술은 비교적 안전하고, 술후 적절한 추적관찰이 행해질 경우 항응고요법에 따른 합병증은 거의 없으나, 5세이하 소아나 판막치환술 이전에 심장수술을 한 경우는 위험도가 여전히 높은 것으로 사료된다. 지표들 면에서 통계학적으로 차이가 없고(p>0.05), 육안적으로 광배근을 관찰하였을 때 그룹 A에서는 광배근의 유착 및 염증소견이 모두에서 있었고 그중 2마리에서는 광배근의 Background: The atrial fibrillation in patients with mitral valvular heart disease is frequently converted to sinus rhythm after the mitral valve surgery. This sinus restoration implies an important meaning in that it not only helps postoperative convalescence in patients with unstable hemodynamics but also reduces the rate of postoperative thromboembolism. Material and Method: We retrospectively analyzed 184 patients who received mitral valve surgery from June 1986 to December 1996 to investigate the trend of rhythm change following mitral valve surgery and thus to clarify the predisposing factors of postoperative sinus rhythm conversion and its maintenance. Result: The sinus rhythm was restored after the operation in 54 out of 139 patients with atrial fibrillation preoperatively(38.8%). However, the atrial fibrillation recurred in 41 patients at the time of discharge showing a recurrence rate of 75.9 percent. The mean duration of sinus rhythm in patients with eventual atrial fibrillation recurrence was 8.2${\pm}$5.9 days. Only 15 patients were in sinus rhythm at the time of late follow-up with the mean follow-up period of 84.4${\pm}$34.7 months. While the age, duration of symptoms, duration of atrial fibrillation, left atral size, and pulmonary artery pressure were thought to be the predisposing factors for sinus conversion after the operation, only the duration of atrial fibrillation and ejection fraction were considered risk factors for the recurrence of the atrial fibrillation following sinus conversion. Conclusion: This study suggests that the early operation is mandatory for the satisfactory result regarding postoperative rhythm. Moreover, additional operative measure in adjunct to the intervention of mitral valve should be considered for the maintenance of restored sinus rhythm as reflected by high postoperative recurrence rate of atrial fibrillation.

대망편을 이용한 급성대동맥 박리증 수술 후 발생한 종격동염의 치료

백완기,이영탁 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1998 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.31 No.7

대동맥수술 후 발생하는 종격동염은 혈관이식편의 감염이 필연적으로 동반되므로 그 치료가 용이하지 않은 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 최근 급성 대동맥 박리증으로 상행대동맥 및 대동맥궁 일부를 인공혈관으로 대체 후 발생한 급성 종격동염 환자 1례에서, 감염된 인공혈관을 제거하지 않고 대망편의 이동을 통하여 치료하여 만족스러운 결과를 얻었기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. Acute mediastinitis and subsequent graft infection following aorta surgery poses a difficult problem, as infected synthetic material must be completely removed for resolution of infection. Here we report a case of successful management of acute mediastinitis following hemiarch replacement for acute aortic dissection with omental flap transfer leaving infected graft in situ.