훈맹정음 전용약자 연구

백남중 한국시각장애교육&재활학회 2023 시각장애연구 Vol.39 No.4

연구 목적: 본 연구는 훈맹정음에 사용된 전용약자의 사용법을 고찰해봄으로써 한국 점자의 변천 과정을 이해하고자 한다. 연구 방법: ㅏ 생략 이전에 제작된 점자도서 중에서 전용약자를 사용한 5종 7권의 도서를 분석하였다. 연구 결과: 박두성은 13개의 자음, 10개의 모음을 제자한 후, 가, 을, 와, 워, 의, 애, 에, 은, 예 외에도 소거듭, 대거듭, 재서표, 상동표와 같은 약자를 만들었다. 전용약자는 1928년부터 ㅏ 생략이 사용되기 시작한 1950년까지 5종 7권의 점자도서에 사용되었다. 5종 중 4종은 소설이었으며, 1종은 성경(마태복음)이었다. 전용약자를 사용하면 도서 첫 장에 전용약자 표를 위치하도록 하였다. 전용약자는 1-3-4-6을 기본 점형으로 하고, 그 앞이나 뒤에 점형을 추가하는 방식이다. 즉 1-3-4-6의 앞에 첫 글자의 초성을 전치하거나 두 번째 글자의 종성형을 1-3-4-6의 뒤에 표기하였다. 모음인 경우에는 해당 모음을 그대로 표기하였다. 전용약자는 기본적으로 1단어를 약자화하였으나 4단어까지 사용하기도 하였다. 결론: 전용약자는 현재 한국 점자에서는 사용되지 않지만 적당한 기본 점형을 정하고, 첫 글자의 초성이나 종성을 기본 점형 앞이나 뒤에 배치하여 사용하면 훨씬 더 효율적이라고 생각된다. Purpose: This study aims to understand the evolutionary process of Korean braille by examining the use of Proprietary abbreviations in Hoonmaengjeongeum. Method: A total of 7 books of 5 categories that used Proprietary abbreviations among the Braille books produced before the omission of the ah began were analyzed. Results: After creating 13 consonants and 10 vowels, Park Dooseong created abbreviations such as ga, eul, wah, weo, eui, ae, ee, eun, and ye as well as small chunk repetition, large chunk repetition, rewrite marks, and homologous marks. Proprietary abbreviations were used in seven braille books in five categories, beginning in 1928 and continuing until 1950, when the omission of the ah began. Four of the five were novels and one was the Bible (the Gospel of Matthew). When we use Proprietary abbreviations, we place a table of them in the first page of the book. The method of Proprietary abbreviation is to use 1-3-4-6 as the base dot and add a braille dot before or after it. In other words, the initial consonant of the first syllable is written before 1-3-4-6 or the final consonant of the second syllable is written after 1-3-4-6. If the first letter of a word began with a vowel, the vowel was written as it is (e.g., Aegyeongyi is 1-2-3-5, 1-3-4-6). The Proprietary abbreviation usually abbreviated one word, but sometimes up to four words were used. Conclusion: Proprietary abbreviations are not currently used in Korean braille, but it is recommended that they can be used much more efficiently by choosing an appropriate base braille dot and placing the initial or final consonant of the first syllable before or after the base braille dot.

조선훈맹점자의 점형에 관한 연구

백남중 한국시각장애교육&재활학회 2018 시각장애연구 Vol.34 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 1898년 R.S.Hall에 의해 제자된 조선훈맹점자의 정확한 점형을 연구하는데 있다. 조선훈맹점자가 소개된 9개의 문헌에서 Hall이 제자한 36자의 글자 중 총 14자(ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅏ, ㅗ, 아래아, 4, 5, 9, 0)의 점형이 상이하여 이를 완전 파악하였다. 점 번호는 위, 아래 2개의 점이 총 4열로 되어 있으며, 첫째 열 왼쪽 위가 1점, 아래가 2점, 두 번째 열 위 3점, 아래 4점, 세 번째 열 위 5점, 아래 6점, 네 번째 열 위 7점, 아래가 8점이다. 조선훈맹점자는 약자를 사용하지 않았으며, 초성 ㅇ은 기록하지 않았고, 겹받침은 해당 자음을 어울러 적었으며, 모음은 ㅏ부터 ㅣ까지 그리고 아래아를 제자하였다. 11자 이외의 모음은 제자하지 않고 각각의 모음을 어울러 적었다. 초성과 종성을 구분하지 않고 제자하였다. The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the braille pattern, dot's number, notation of Korean Point for the blind and embossing process, which was invented by Mrs. R.S. Hall in 1898. The nine documents introduced Korean Point for the blind, but 14 characters among 36 do not coincide in the original Korean Point for the blind. Different characters are: ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅊ, ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅏ, ㅗ, lower ㅏ, 4, 5, 9, 0. Korean Point for the blind consists of eight dots, in the format of 4 columns and 2 rows. Column 1 and row 1 is dot 1, row 2 is dot 2, column 2 row 1 is dot 3, row 2 is dot 4, column 3 row 1 is dot 5, row 2 is dot 6, column 4 row 1 is dot 7, and row 2 is dot 8. Korean Point for the blind do not use abbriviatiion, do not use initial consonant ㅇ, and denoted the double final consonant by combining each other. 11 vowel characters (ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅓ, ㅕ, ㅗ, ㅛ, ㅜ, ㅠ, ㅡ, ㅣ, lower ㅏ) are invented, other vowels are combination of each vowel. There are no difference between initial and final consonant.

송암 박두성 선생의 재활사업

백남중 새얼문화재단 2008 황해문화 Vol.61 No.-

훈맹정음 초기 점형에 관한 연구

백남중 한국시각장애교육&재활학회 2020 시각장애연구 Vol.36 No.3

Purpose: This study investigated the form and notation of consonants, vowels, abbreviations, foreign languages, punctuation marks, numbers, and other dot patterns in the early days of Hoon-maeng-jeong-eum, that is, the period before the advent of the vowel 'ㅏ' omission. Method: After analyzing Park Doo-sung's contributions and deriving examples from ten braille books. Results: First, the Korean Braille system of Hoon-maeng-jeong-eum basically included four dot patterns of the Hangul consonants and vowels and nine of the abbreviations (와, 워, 의, 애, 가, 을, 은, 에, 은, 예.) Second, there was a trace of adding the necessary dot patterns in the middle, not all of them from the beginning. Third, for signs that have opposite or similar functions, one dot pattern was selected and then symmetrically shifted to make the remaining counterpart signs, so easy to be learned and used. When the selected pattern is the same even if symmetrically moved, the sign with similar function was made to use two overlapping of the selected one. In the future, in-depth follow-up research is needed on the change of dot patterns and notation method of Hoon-maeng-jeong-eum in order to understand the change of Korean Braille. 연구목적: 본 연구는 훈맹정음의 초기 즉 ㅏ 생략 이전의 자모음, 약자, 외국어, 문장부호, 숫자 및 기타 점형의 형태와 표기에 대해 알아 보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구방법: 박두성의 유고를 분석하고, 10가지 점자책에서 예제를 채증하는 방법을 활용했다. 연구결과: 훈맹정음은 자모음 및 4가지(된숏, 군숏, 응 받침(종성 ㅇ), 외(딴 ㅣ)), 9가지 약자(와, 워, 의, 애, 가, 을, 에, 은, 예) 그리고 16가지 부호(장음표, 쇼거듭, 대거듭, 련속표, 의문표, 감탄표, 괄호, 재서표, 상동표, 일문표, 영문표, 구뎜, 막뎜, 수표와 숫자, 말소표, 전용 약자)로 구성되어 있다. 훈맹정음은 처음부터 모두 제자된 것이 아니라 필요한 점형을 추가로 제자하였다. 기능이 유사한 점형은 한 가지를 제자한 후 대칭으로 이동하여 나머지를 제자하였다. 대칭해도 같은 것은 하나의 기능만 있는 것에 배당한 것으로 나타났다.

Noninvasive Diagnostic Criteria of the Revised 2014 the Korean Liver Cancer Study Group and the National Cancer Center Guideline for Subcentimetersized Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Is It Too Strict?

김남중,신동현,강원석,백용한,최문석,이준혁,고광철,백승운,곽금연 대한간암학회 2018 대한간암학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Background/Aims: Noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) differ between guidelines, especially for subcentimeter-sized nodules. This study aimed to analyze clinical and radiological characteristics of subcentimeter-sized HCC, and assess the validity of noninvasive diagnostic criteria of the revised 2014 the Korean Liver Cancer Study Group and the National Cancer Center (KLCSG-NCC) guideline for subcentimeter-sized HCC. Methods: A total of 33 consecutive patients (median age, 58.6 years; men, 60.6%; hepatitis B virus-infected, 87.9%) who were diagnosed with HCC between January 2009 and December 2013 and had a maximum tumor diameter less than 1 cm were retrospectively included. Results: Among 33 subcentimeter-sized HCC cases, 6 cases were histologically proven and the remaining 27 patients were diagnosed by radiologically and/or serologically. Initial detection modality was dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) (66.7%, 22/33) or dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (33.3% 11/33). No case was identified by surveillance ultrasonography. Typical radiological feature of HCC, which is arterial enhancement with delayed washout, was present in 51.7% (15/29 patients) in dynamic contrast-enhanced CT, and 90.9% (30/33 patients) in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. When these 33 cases were re-assessed by the revised 2014 KLCSG-NCC guideline, no one has fulfilled the noninvasive diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: None of the cases that were diagnosed as subcentimeter-sized HCC including histologically confirmed cases did not fulfill the noninvasive diagnostic criteria of the revised 2014 KLCSG-NCC guideline. Refinement of the current noninvasive diagnostic criteria for subcentimeter-sized HCC may be required.

대맥의 반왜성 (半矮性) 단간 (短稈) 및 GA 반응성의 유전 2 : 단간에 (短稈) 대한 GA 반응성의 유전

백남천,남중현,심재욱 한국육종학회 1988 한국육종학회지 Vol.20 No.2

향 오일을 포함하는 마이크로캡슐의 제조 및 특성분석

박연흠,백남중,김영준 한국섬유공학회 2001 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.38 No.11

Melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules were prepared by conventional interfacial addition polymerization and characterized by Fourier transform(FTIR) spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of polymerization variables such as the nature and concentration of surfactants, agitation speed, and agitation time on the particle size and particle size distribution were investigated. FTIR spectroscopic data shoed that perfume oil was successfully encapsulated in the microcapsule. The nature of surfactants had profound effects on the particle size and particle size distribution. It was also found that the use of poly(vinyl alcohol) was critically important to prevent agglomeration of microcapsule particles.

PPS(Polyphenylene Sulfide)의 특성 및 응용분야

이영준(Young Jun Lee),백남중(Nam Joong Baek),홍창민(Chang Min Hong) 한국고분자학회 2007 고분자 과학과 기술 Vol.18 No.1

大麥의 半矮性 短稈 및 GA 反應性의 遺傳 Ⅱ. 短稈에 對한 GA反應性의 遺傳

Nam Chun Paek(白南天),Jung Hyun Nam(南重鉉),Jai Wook Shim(沈載昱) 한국육종학회 1988 한국육종학회지 Vol.20 No.2

This investigation was carried out to reveal the relationship between dwarfing sources and gibberellic acid responses with semidwarf barley cultivars, Baekdong, Namhae, Paldal, Dusn 8 and dwarf marker cultivars, Himalaya (br), Svanhals(br₂), Baitori 10 (uz). For analyzing growth response of first leaf internode length and its inheritance to GA₃ treatment, all possible combination crosses of above cultivars were performed. The optimum GA₃ concentration for elongating responses of first leaf internode length was 10ppm in barley. Five cultivars, such as Baekdong, Namhae, Hymalaya, Svanhals, Baitori 10 were low growth response of first leaf internode elongation to GA₃ while others were intermediate. Dominant alleles to dwarf genes, such as br⁺, br⁺₂, uz⁺ expressed complementary epistasis in the growth responses of first leaf internode length to GA₃ and it was revealed that Baekdong has the uz gene of Baitori 10 because of its same response. The growth response of first leaf internode length in Namhae showed complementarity of 2 dominant genes as that of the marker cultivars and the genes which control the responses of first leaf internode length in Paldal and Dusan 8 were considered to be same pattern in controlling their responses.