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방수영,하은희,박혜숙,하미나,홍윤철,김붕년,이수정,이경연,김자형,정윤성,정경숙,이보은,김양호 대한의학회 2016 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.31 No.6
Our objective is to evaluate the relationships between prenatal maternal stress and depressive symptoms, respectively, and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months, adjusted for heavy metals and oxidative stress. This research is a part of a multi-center birth cohort study in South Korea. Information on stress and depressive symptoms was collected during the first trimester using Psychosocial Well-Being Index Short Form (PWI-SF) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II assessment (BSID-II), which includes the standardized mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor developmental index (PDI), and Korean Ages & Stages Questionnaires (K-ASQ) were applied to infants at six months of age. A higher index score indicates better development. Among 641 babies, 320 were female (50%). Maternal PWI ≥ 29 (vs. PWI ≤ 18) during early pregnancy was associated with a decrease in MDI scores of 5.37 points (P = 0.02) after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. Maternal CES-D ≥ 26 (vs. CES-D ≤ 10) during early pregnancy was associated with a decrease in MDI scores of 8.18 points (P = 0.01). The associations remained significant even after adjustment for lead, cadmium, and MDA levels (P < 0.05). However, no association was found between maternal PWI/CES-D and PDI score. No interaction was observed between stress and lead exposure. We found an inverse association between prenatal maternal stress and depressive symptoms, and MDI scores in 6-month-old infants after adjustment for prenatal lead exposure, which is known to affect cognitive function negatively.
방수영,류시천 조선대학교 조형미술연구소 2005 조형미술논문집 Vol.5 No.-
인포메이션 아키텍처는 웹사이트를 디자인하고 개발할 때 필수적인 요소이며 웹사이트에서 좀 더 다양하고 세분화된 정보를 제공하여 사용자가 가장 빠르고 쉽게 원하는 정보를 찾도록 한다. 본 연구는 재방문에 의의를 두고 효율적인 웹사이트 설계시 인포메이션 아키텍쳐의 '깊이'와 '폭' 의 영향정도를 파악하는 것에 대한 실험을 중심으로 진행되었다. 우선 인지심리학에서 깊이 (depth or length)'와 '폭(width or breadth)'의 의미를 파악하고, 인포메이션 아키텍처에서의 '깊이'와 '폭'을 고찰한 다음 영향정도에 관련된 실험을 실시하였다. 실험은 기본적으로 태스크 분석 실험의 형태로 진행되었다. 그 결과 분석을 통하여 재방문시 '깊이'우선의 디자인보다는 '폭'이 우선시된 디자인이 더 선호 된다는 결과를 얻었다.
방수영,곽영숙,정유숙,이소영,김봉석,손석한,정운선,양재원,홍민하,반건호,최형윤,오인환,이연정,황준원 대한신경정신의학회 2017 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.14 No.2
Objective: Several factors, such as male gender, older age, type of insurance, comorbid conditions, and medication type, have been associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication adherence rates, but the results have been inconsistent. We analyzed data to answer several questions: 1) How old were patients who first refilled their treatment medications used primarily for ADHD, regardless of the medication type? 2) What socio-demographic factors are associated with medication adherence? 3) What medical conditions, such as medication type and comorbid diagnosis, influence adherence? Methods: We analyzed National Health Insurance data, which comprised continuously enrolled Korean National Medical Insurance children (6–18 years) with at least 2 ADHD prescription claims (January 2008–December 2011). The persistence of use regarding the days of continuous therapy without a 30-day gap were measured continuously and dichotomously. Adherence, using a medication possession ratio (MPR), was measured dichotomously (80% cut-off). Results: The cumulative incidence of index cases that initiated medication refills for ADHD treatment during the 4 year period was 0.85%. The patients who exhibited a MPR greater than 80 comprised approximately 66%. The medication type, high school age groups, physician speciality, treatment at a private clinic, and comorbid conditions were associated with medication adherence during continuous treatment using a multivariate analysis. Conclusion: A better understanding of ADHD treatment patterns may lead to initiatives targeted at the improvement of treatment adherence and persistence. Other factors, including the severity, family history, costs, type of comorbidities, and switching patterns, will be analyzed in future studies.
방수영,이상준,김영희,박가영,박선영,김지희,이윤경 대한면역학회 2010 Immune Network Vol.10 No.6
Backgroud: The stem bark of Kalopanax pictus (KP) has been used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatoidal arthritis, neurotic pain and diabetes mellitus in China and Korea. In this study, the mechanism responsible for anti-inflammatory effects of KP was investigated. Methods: We examined the effects of KP on NO production, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and HO-1 expression, NF-κB, Nrf2 and MAPK activation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Results: The aqueous extract of KP inhibited LPS-induced NO secretion as well as inducible iNOS expression, without affecting cell viability. KP suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, KP induced HO-1 expression and Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Conclusion: These results suggest that KP has the inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in macrophages through NF-κB suppression and HO-1 induction.
War and Masculinity in A Farewell to Arms
방수영 미국소설학회 2016 미국소설 Vol.23 No.2
A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway portrays the struggles of Frederic Henry, an American soldier working as an ambulance driver in the Italian army during World War I. Frederic joins the war in an attempt to prove his masculinity, but in a war where traditional ideals have become no longer attainable, largely due to the war’s lack of validation, men not only lost their reason to fight, but along with it their masculinity that had been promised to them as they signed up for the war. The first section looks into the masculine dilemma. Frederic represents the men struggling to conform to traditional standards of masculinity in a war they have already been disillusioned with. Frederic struggles to keep himself in war, and strains to suppress his emotions that are considered a sign of weakness in men. As a way to alleviate himself from his discordant desires and also maintain a masculine exterior, Frederic resorts to drinking excessively. Alcohol, however, is a momentary diversion. Once the anesthetics wear off Frederic takes the next measure of forcing himself not to think. To remain committed to his duty, he tries to re-illusion himself to the legitimacy of war, ignores the validity of his own actions, and makes himself act like an instrument of the authorities. His efforts fall to no use when he is forced to leave war by the battle police. The second section looks into how Frederic attempts but fails to find his masculinity in war. Frederic is forced to live a life in hiding and ultimately flees to Switzerland to escape arrest. Even as a war fugitive, he is unable to relinquish a sense of guilt and obligation towards war as he searches for ways to employ himself. With no clear occupation he instead becomes increasingly passive and more dependent on his relationship with Catherine. Men joined the war with ambitions of becoming a man. Frederic’s tenacious struggle portrays how strongly the masculine ideal was engraved in the minds of men. Once in war, however, men found themselves emasculated and like Frederic, they were weakened by the war.