정상 혈압쥐와 고혈압쥐의 혈압변동에 따른 회복 양상에 대한 비교

박윤엽,김형진,박재식,이원정,주영은 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1990 慶北醫大誌 Vol.31 No.2

생후 12주의 정상 혈압인 Wistar 쥐와 고혈압인 SHR에서 혈압변동에 따른 회복 양상을 비교하고자 실험하였다. 실험 동물을 ether 마취하에 양쪽 대퇴동맥과 한쪽 대퇴정맥에 관을 삽입하여, 한쪽 대퇴동맥으로는 평균동맥압과 맥박수를 기록하고 다른 한쪽으로는 사혈을 시켰으며 대퇴정맥으로는 norepinephrine을 주사하였다. 수술 후 마취가 깨고 혈압이 안정된 후, norepinephrine(1㎍/㎏ BW)을 주사하고 평균동맥압과 맥박수의 변화를 기록하였다. 다시 혈압이 안정되기를 기다린 다음 대퇴동맥에 연결된 관을 통해 빠른 속도로 사혈(9㎖/㎏ BW)을 시킨 후 평균동맥압과 맥박수를 기록하였다. 안정시 평균동맥압은 SHR이 Wistar 쥐보다 유의하게 높았으며, 맥박수는 Wistar 쥐보다 유의하게 낮았다. Norepinephrine 주사 후 최고혈압 및 맥박수가 변화한 정도는 두 군간에 차이가 없었으나, 이후 30초에 Wistar 쥐의 평균동맥압은 안정시 값으로 회복된데 비해 Wistar의 평균동맥압은 Wistar보다 유의하게 높았다. Norepinephrine 주사 후 최고 평균동맥압이 나타나는데 걸린 시간은 두 군간에 차이가 없었으나, 맥박수가 최고로 변화하기까지 걸린 시간과 최고 평균동맥압이 된 후 맥박수가 최고로 변화하기까지 걸린 시간은 SHR이 Wistar 쥐에 비해 유의하게 길었다. 사혈 후에 SHR의 최고로혈압이 감소된 정도는 -103.8±6.7mmHg이었으나 Wistar는 -37.9±16.0mmHg로 SHR이 유의하게 컸으며, 맥박수의 증가도 SHR이 Wistar보다 유의하게 큰 값을 보였다. Wistar 쥐는 최고 혈압 감소 후 10분에 거의 안정시 평균동맥압으로 회복되었으나, SHR은 63.6±7.8mmHg의 큰 감소가 유지되었다. 최고 맥박수 도달 후 2분에는 양 군 모두 안정시 맥박수로 회복되었으나, 이후 SHR의 맥박수는 10분까지 계속 감소하였다. 사혈 후 최저 평균동맥압과 최고 심박수에 도달하는데 걸린 시간은 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 SHR은 혈압 변동 후의 회복이 정상 혈압쥐보다 느리며, 압수감기의 반사가 정상 혈압쥐보다 잘 적응되고, 반응도 둔화되어 있다고 할 수 있으며, 같은 정도의 출혈에도 정상혈압쥐 보다 shock에 빠질 가능성이 크다는 것을 시사하고 있다. Cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine and hemorrhage were compared in 12-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar rats. Under ether femoral arteries for recording of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and for inducing quick hemorrhage. After the rats got conscious and the arterial pressure became stabilized, cardiovascular responses to NE (1 ㎍/㎏ BW) were tested. After 30 minutes, cardiovascular responses to hemorrhage (9 ㎖/㎏ BW) through the arterial catheter were tested. SHR showed significantly higher resting MAP and lower resting HR than Wistar rats. SHR and Wistar rats showed similar maximal responses of MAP and HR to norepinephrine, but after 30 seconds SHR showed significantly higher MAP than Wistar rats. Time interval for reaching minimal HR and time delay for reaching the minimal HR after the maximal MAP was significantly longer in SHR than in Wistar rats. Hypotensive response to hemorrhage was significantly greater in SHR (-103.8±6.7mmHg) than in Wistar rats (-37.9±16.0mmHg). Maximal increase in HR after hemorrhage was significantly greater in SHR than in Wistar rats. After 10 minutes, MAP returned to nearly resting level in Wistar rats, but it remained at lower level in SHR (-63.6±7.8mmHg). In both groups, HR returned to the resting level after 2 minutes. But, in SHR, HR further declined thereafter. In SHR recovery of HR after NE injection and hemorrhage was faster than recovery of MAP. These results suggest that baroreceptor responses may be diminished or more readily resetted in SHR and they seem to be readily shocked to hemorrhage of a given percentage compared with Wistar rats.

Ischemia/reperfusion Lung Injury Increases Serum Ferritin and Heme Oxygenase-1 in Rats

박윤엽 대한약리학회 2009 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.13 No.3

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is one of common causes of acute lung injury (ALI). Early and accurate diagnosis of patients who are like to develop serious acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) would give a therapeutic advantage. Ferritin and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are increased by oxidative stress and are potential candidates as a predictive biomarker of ARDS. However, the mechanisms responsible for the increases of ferritin and HO-1, and their relationship to ALI, are unclear. In order to elucidate the interactions between ferritin and HO-1, we studied the changes in ferritin and HO-1 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after intestinal I/R injury in rats. Leukocyte number and protein contents in BAL fluid were elevated following I/R, and the increases were attenuated by mepacrine pretreatment. Both serum ferritin and HO-1 concentrations were progressively elevated throughout the 3 h observation period. Mepacrine pretreatment attenuated the increase of serum and BAL fluid ferritin concentrations, but did not suppress the increase of serum HO-1. Moreover, BAL fluid HO-1 levels did not change after I/R or after mepacrine pretreated I/R compared with sham rats. Unlike ferritin, HO-1 levels are not exactly matched with the ALI. Therefore, there might be a different mechanism between the changes of ferritin and HO-1 in intestinal I/R-induced ALI model.

수중근무자 특수신검의 발전방향

박윤엽 ( Yoon-yub Park ) 국군의무사령부 1995 대한군진의학학술지 Vol.26 No.1

장의 허혈-재관류로 유도된 급성 폐손상에서 아스피린의 작용

박윤엽(Yoon-Yub Park) 한국생명과학회 2009 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.6

급성 폐손상시 아스피린이 나타내는 염증 억제작용의 기전을 이해하기 위하여 쥐에서 장 허혈-재관류에 의한 급성 폐손상을 유발하여 phospholipase A₂ 억제제인 mepacrine과 아스피린의 효과를 비교하였다. 내독소 처치시 A549 세포와 RAW264.7 세포에서 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)의 발현이 증가했는데, RAW264.7 세포의 반응이 더 크게 나타났다. 장의 허혈-재관류에 의해 장관 및 폐장조직에서 myeloperoxidase 활성도가 증가하여 염증성 호중구의 침윤이 증가했음을 보여주었다. 조직 소견상에서도 조직 손상과 염증세포의 침윤이 관찰되었으며, 이는 아스피린 또는 mepacrine 전처치 시 억제되었다. NADPH oxidase 억제작용이 있는 apocynin과 p38 MAPK 억제제인 SB203580은 A549 세포와 RAW264.7 세포의 LPS에 의한 COX-2 발현을 억제시켰으며 RAW264.7 세포에서 더 크게 억제되었다. 이상의 결과를 통해서 아스피린이 급성 폐손상의 예방목적으로 사용될 수 있다고 보여지며, RAW264.7 세포와 A549 세포에서 COX-2 발현은 다른 특성을 보여서 다른 조절기전이 있을 것으로 생각된다. The mechanisms responsible for ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have direct or indirect relevance to clinical lung injury after severe shock, cardiopulmonary bypass, and transplantation. This study investigated the effects of aspirin on intestinal I/R-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in A549 and RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 macrophages had shown greater expression of COX-2 than A549 cells. In addition, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 attenuated LPS-stimulated COX-2 expression. To induce ALI, intestinal ischemia was performed for 60 min prior to the 4 hr reperfusion by clamping the superior mesenteric artery in Sprague-Dawley rats. In order to test and compare the effect of non-specific COX inhibitor aspirin with the effect of mepacrine, a well known phospholipase A2 inhibitor, rats were divided into 4 groups: Sham, I/R, Mepa+I/R (mepacrine, 60 ㎎/㎏, i.p.), ASA+I/R (aspirin, 10 ㎎/㎏, i.p.). In the present investigation, myeloperoxidase activities in the lung and intestinal tissues were increased by I/R. These changes were reduced by single pretreatment of mepacrine (60 ㎎/㎏, i.p.) or aspirin (10 ㎎/㎏, i.p.) 30 min before I/R. Structural studies demonstrated that the tissue injuries in the lung and intestine after I/R were also attenuated by the pretreatment of mepacrine or aspirin. These results suggest that I/R-induced ALI is mediated, in part, by the activation of COX. In addition, pretreatment of aspirin might be helpful for the prevention of ALI in ARDS-prone patients. In addition, the p38 MAPK inhibitor and apocynin also might be helpful to ALI through the inhibition of COX-2 expression.

출혈성 쇼크로 인한 급성 폐손상의 발병기전과 아스피린의 효과

박윤엽 ( Yoon Yub Park ),이영만 ( Young Man Lee ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2006 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.60 No.1

PG13 Cell로부터 생산된 GALV (Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus)-pseudotyped Retrovirus Vector의 증폭

김태완,박윤엽,권모선,염행철,김경화,박영식,박세필 한국동물번식학회 1997 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.21 No.4

For the ultimate goal of efficient retrovirus vector-mediated transgenic animal production, we tried to increase virus titer by employing three methods: boosting virus production by treating virus-producing cells with sodium butyrate, concentration of virus stock by either filtration or ultracentrifugation. Compared to the control, applications of sodium butyrate (5 mM) treatment and filtration resulted in only 3 and 3. 6 folds of titer increases on bovine EBTr target cells, respectively. However, concentration of virus-containing medium by ultracentrifugation showed 12.5 folds of titer increase compared to the control (10${\times}$10$^5$ LacZ$^+$ TU Im), indicating the best method which can enhance retrovirus vector-mediated transgenic animal production.

Changes of Serum Ferritin in Acute Lung Injury Induced by Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion

박성동,박윤엽 대한약리학회 2006 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.10 No.4

Serum ferritin levels are increased in subjects at-risk for or with acute lung injury (ALI), and there are observations to suggest that increases in serum ferritin levels may help predict the development of ALI in at-risk individuals. To deepen our understanding of increases of serum ferritin and their relationship to the development of ALI, we measured serum ferritin levels before and after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, and found that serum ferritin levels increased significantly following I/R. Increases in serum and lavage ferritin levels paralleled increases in lung inflammation (lavage leukocyte numbers and tissue myeloperoxidase activities) and lung leak (lavage protein levels). In contrast, pre-treatment of rats with mepacrine (60 mg/kg, i.p.), a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, attenuated not only I/R-induced serum and lavage ferritin increases, but also the development of ALI. These findings indicate that, besides of human subjects with ALI, serum ferritin levels increase early on also in an animal model of ALI. Therefore, serum and lavage ferritin can be a candidate for early biomarker of ALI.

장기간 고염 섭취한 SHR 고혈압쥐에서 Nifedipine이 Nerepinephrine과 Angiotensin Ⅱ의 승압반응에 미치는 영향

장태원,박윤엽,박재식,이원정,주영은 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1989 慶北醫大誌 Vol.30 No.3

생후 5개월 이상 성숙한 SHR에서 장기간의 고염 섭취가 칼슘 통로 차단제인 nifedipine의 혈압강하 작용과 norepinephrine(NE)이나 angiotensinⅡ(Ang Ⅱ)의 승압반응에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실험하였다. 저염이나 고염식이(1.5 또는 30mmolNa/100g diet)를 6주간 먹였다. 그후, 실험 당일날 아침에는 약한 ether 마취하에서 좌측 대퇴 동맥에 관을 삽입하여 동맥 혈압과 심박수를 기록하고, 대퇴 정맥에 삽입한 관으로는 NE(0.25와 1.0㎍/㎏ BW), Ang Ⅱ(62.5dhk 250ng/㎏) 또는 nifedipine을 주입하였다. 수술후 마취가 깨고 혈압이 안정된 후, 우선 NE와 Ang Ⅱ 용량에 따른 혈압과 심박수의 반응을 기록하였다. 그 다음 nifedipine을 2㎍/㎏/min의 속도로 30분간 주입하여 반응을 기록한 후, nifedipine을 계속 주입하는 상태에서 NE와 Ang Ⅱ의 반응을 시험하였다. SHR 저염군과 고염군 사이에서 안정시 평균 동맥압과 맥박수에 차이가 없었으며, NE이나 Ang Ⅱ에 대한 승압 반응에도 차이가 없었다. Nifedipine 주입 용량이 클수록 혈압 강하 반응도 컸으며, 고염군이 저염군보다 혈압 강하 효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 또한 nifedipine은 NE나 Ang Ⅱ의 승압 반응을 감소시켰는데, 고염군이나 저염군 간의 반응도에는 차이가 없었다. 그러나, 압감수성 반사 작용은 고염군에서 더 예민하게 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 성숙된 고혈압 단계에서의 장기적 고염 섭취가 고혈압을 악화시키지는 않지만, 혈관 평활근 칼슘 투과도나 압감수성 반사에는 영향을 미치는 것을 시사해 주고 있다. Effects of calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, on pressor responses to norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) was compared in SHR (5 month old) fed low or high sodium diet (1.5 or 30 mmol/100 diet) for over 6 weeks. On the morning of the experiment, catheters were inserted under ether anesthesia in femoral artery for recordings of pressure and heart rate, femoral vein for drug administration. After the rats got conscious and the arterial pressure became stabilized, pressor responses to NE(0.25 & 1.0 ㎍/㎏ BW) and Ang Ⅱ (62.5 & 250 ng/㎏) were tested. Then, other pressor responses to NE and Ang Ⅱ were tested while nifedipine was infused at doses of 2 or 16 ㎍/㎏/min. SHR fed low or high sodium diet showed similar responses of mean arterial pressure, and heart rate to NE and Ang Ⅱ. The higher dose of nifedipine produced a greater decrease in arterial pressure. Hypotensive response to nifedipine was greater in high sodium-than in low sodium-SHR. Nifedipine also decreased the pressor responses to NE and Ang Ⅱ, but there was no difference between the two sodium groups. However, the heart rate responses to NE and Ang Ⅱ was significantly greater in high sodium-than in low sodium-SHR. The above results suggest that chronic high sodium loading may affect the calcium permeability of the vascular smooth muscle membrane and the baroreflex sensitivity in SHR.

자연과학편 : 고등학교운동선수(高等學校運動選手)에서 운동강도(運動强度)의 차이(差異)에 따른 심맥계(心脈系) 및 혈액성분(血液成分)의 변화(變化)

박해원(HaeWonPark),박윤엽(YoonYubPark),이원정(WonJungLee),박덕일(DeokIlPark),황수관(SooKwanHwang),주영은(YoungEunChoo) 한국체육학회 1991 한국체육학회지 Vol.30 No.1

運動强度의 差에 따른 生理學的인 變化를 究明하고자, 15∼18세의 男子 고등학생중 運動選手 14명과 非選手 16명을 대상으로 하여 VO₂max의 50%와 80% 운동시에 心拍數, 血壓, 血液pH, 血中乳酸, 血糖 및 insulin濃度를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다.心拍數는 선수군이 비선수군에 비해 유의하게 낮았고, 50%운동시 선수군은 138.1회, 비선수군은 146.1회정도 증가하였고, 80%운동시에는 선수군은 177.3회, 비선수군은 176.5회 증가하였다. 선수군은 운동중에 서서히 증가하였고, 운동후에 빨리 회복되었다.血壓중에 收縮期血壓은 50%운동시 선수군 및 비선수군 각각 146.0mmHg 및 145.4mmHg로 비슷하게 증가하였고, 80%운동시에는 선수군이 180.6mmHg의 증가로 비선수군의 162.3mmHg 증가에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 회복초기에 급속히 회복하여 회복 5분에 운동전의 값으로 회복되었고, 회복 10분에는 운동전의 값보다 다소 낮았다. 擴張期血壓은 운동전후 별 차이가 없었다.RPP는 운동전 선수군 8.97×10³mmHg.bpm, 비선수군 10.63×10³mmHg.bpm이었고, 50%운동시에는 선수군이 16.30×10³mmHg.bpm의 증가로 비선수군의 19.25×10³mmHg.bpm에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며, 80%운동시에는 선수군이 28.25×10³mmHg.bpm으로 비선수군의 27.23×10³mmHg.bpm과 거의 같은 값으로 증가하였다.運動持續時間은 50%운동시는 선수군은 7분 49초로 비선수군의 5분 32초에 비해 유의하게 길었고, 80%운동시는 선수군이 12분 3초로 비선수군의 7분 13초에 비해 유의하게 길었다.最大酸素攝取量은 선수군이 53.3㎖/㎏/min로서 비선수군의 38.9㎖/㎏/min에 비해 유의하게 높았다.血中pH는 양군 모두 50%운동시에는 운동전에 비해 별 감소가 없다가, 80%운동시에는 유의하게 감소하였고, 血中 乳酸濃度는 50%운동시에는 별 증가가 없다가, 80% 운동시에는 운동전에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다.血糖은 선수군에서 운동중 별 변화가 없었으나, 비선수군에서는 운동강도가 증가됨에 따라 다소 감소하였고, 血中 insulin은 50%운동 및 80%운동시에 유의하게 감소하였으며, 이중 선수군이 더 크게 감소하였다. Hematocrit은 50%운동 및 80%운동중에 증가하였다.이상의 結果로 미루어 VO₂max의 50∼80% 運動强度는 心拍數 140∼177회에 해당되는 강도로서, 먼저 50%운동시에는 血壓이 145mmHg 정도 증가되고 心筋酸素消費量은 다소 증가되나, 血液pH, 乳酸濃度 및 血糖은 별 변화가 없으므로, 이 정도의 운동강도는 주로 乳酸素代謝에 의해 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있었고, 이에 반해 80%운동시에는 循環機能은 물론 血液成分이 유의하게 변화하였으므로, 이 운동강도는 無酸素代謝에 의해서도 에너지가 이용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 選手群이 VO₂max가 높고, 心臟의 收縮力 및 效率性이 높으며, 運動中에 血中 乳酸 및 insulin 濃度가 비선수에 비해 낮은 것으로 보아 에너지를 더 效率的으로 利用할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. In order to elucidate the physiologic effects of different loads of exercise, heart rate, blood pressure, blood pH, and blood lactate, glucose and insulin concentrations were measured from 14 athletic and 16 non-athletic high school boys aged between 15-18 years during and after submaximal exercises to 50% and 80% of VO₂max.Heart rate was significantly lower in athletes than in non-athletes. During 50%-exercise, it was increased to 138.1min^-1 in athletes and 146.1min^-1 in non-athletes. During 80%-exercise, it was increased to 177.3min^-1 in athletes and l76.5min^-1 in non-athletes. In athletes, the heart rate showed slower increase during exercise and more rapid recovery after exercise than in nonathletes.Systolic blood pressure showed similar increase in athletes and non-athletes, to 146.0 and 145.4 mmHg, during 50%-exercise respectively. During 80%-exercise, it was increased to 180.6mmHg in athletes which was significantly higher than 162.3mmHg in non-athletes. It showed rapid recovery after exercise, was restored to the resting value at 5min, and was further decreased at 10 min after exercise. Diastolic pressure was not altered significantly with exercise.RPP at rest was 8.92 x 10³mmHg. bpm in athletes and 10.63 x 10³mmHg. bpm in non-athletes. During 50%-exercise, it was increased to 16.30 X 10³mmHg. bpm in athletes which was significantly lower than 19.25x10³mmHg.bpm in non-athlete. During 80%-exercise, it was increased to 28.25x10³mmHg.bpm in athletes which was similar to 27.23×10³mmHg.bpm in non-athletes.Exercise time was 7min 49sec in athletes which was significantly longer than 5min 32sec in non-athletes during 50%-exercise. During 80%-exercise, it was 12min 3sec in athletes which was significantly longer than 9 min 13sec in non-athletes.Maximum oxygen uptake was 53.3㎖/㎏/min in athletes which was significantly higher than 38.9㎖/㎏/min in non-athletes.Blood pH was not altered significantly with 50%-exercise but decreased significantly after 80% exercise in both groups. Blood lactate was increased after exercise in both groups with significant difference shown only in 80%-exercise.Blood glucose was not altered with exercise in athletes but was more or less decreased with increasing load of exercise in non-athletes. Blood insulin level was significantly decreased after 50% and 80%-exercise where athletes showed greater decrease. Hematocrit was increased after 50%-and 80%-exercise.In summary, exercise load of 50∼80% of VO₂max was equivalent to 140∼177bpm of heart rate. Exercise to 50% VO₂max caused increase of blood pressure to about 145mmHg and increased myocardial oxygen consumption but did not alter the blood pH, lactate and glucose, a result attributable mainly to an aerobic metabolism. Exercise to 80% VO₂max caused significant change in the circulatory function as well as blood chemistry to suggest that anaerobic metabolism was also utilized. And the athletes showed higher VO₂max, cardiac contractility and efficiency, and lower blood lactate and insulin during exercise suggesting more efficient utilization of energy than non-athletes.

長·短距離選手의 心肺機能 및 에너지 代謝의 比較

鄭基默,吳成珍,朴允曄,安東國,朱永恩 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1988 慶北醫大誌 Vol.29 No.3

長·短距離選手의 心肺機能 및 에너지代謝를 究明하기 위하여, 16∼19세의 男女 長距離選手 18명과 短距離選手 19명, 그리고 非選數 19명을 選定하여, 心電圖와 肺機能 및 運動中의 心博數와 에너지消費量을 比較 分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. 心電圖 時間間隔은 選手群이 非選手群에 비해 延長되었으며, 이중에 R-R, Q-T 및 T-P는 選手群이 有意하게 延長되었다. 心電圖 波高는 選手群이 非選手群에 비해 높았으며, 長距離群이 短距離群에 비해 더 높았다. 특히 R_v5와 S_v1의 合이 長距離群은 39.56㎜로서 非選手群의 31.95㎜에 비해 有意하게 높았다. 努力性呼氣量은 대부분 選手群이 非選手群에 비해 有意하게 높았으며, FVC와 FEV_1은 短距離群이 높았고, FEV_0.5% 및 FEV_1%는 長距離群이 더 높았다. 肺流速은 選手群이 非選手群에 비해 有意하게 높았으며, 長·短距離選手間에는 별 차이가 없었다. MVV는 選手群이 非選手群에 비해 有意하게 높았으며, 短距離群은 162.8L/min로서 長距離群의 142.3L/min에 비해 有意하게 높았다. 運動中 心博數는 長距離群이 短距離群에 비해 계속 낮은 값으로 增加되었고, 恢復도 또한 빨랐다. 運動中 에너지消費量은 長距離群이 短距離群에 비해 더 낮은 값으로 增加되었다. 以上으로 미루어 보아 心電圖時間間隔 및 波高가 選手群이 더 높으며, 이중 長距離群이 더 높은점과 肺機能에서는 選手群이 더 높으며, 이중 FVC, FEV_1 및 MVV은 短距離群이 더 높은점, 그리고 같은 運動負荷에서 長距離群의 心博數가 더 적고, 에너지 消費의 效率이 더 높은점等은 意義있는 結果로 注目되는 바이다. It has been well documented that physical strength in the athletes in general, and in the long or short-distance runners in particular is different from that of the non-athletes. Also it is easy to believe that there exists a certain degree of difference between the long-distance runners and short-distance runners in terms of cardiopulmonary functions and energy metabolism. Eighteen long-distance runners and 19 short-distance runners of high school male students aged between 16∼19 yr were chosen for the study of ECG analysis, pulmonary function tests, and heart rate and energy metabolism during the exercise. Nineteen non-athletes were also randomnly selected as the control, and comparison was made between the control and the long and short-distance runners. The results obtained are summarized as follows: ECG time intervals, particulary R-R, Q-T and T-R in the runners were significantly longr than the non-athletic control. ECG amplitude in the long-distance runners was higher than that of the short-distance runners or the control. Forced expiratory volumes in the runners were generally higher tnan the control, and particulary, FVC and FEV_1 were higher in the short-distance runners while FEV_0.5% and FEV_1% were higher in the long-distance runners. Pulmonary flow in general was higher in the runners comparing with the control, but no significant difference was observed between the long and short-distance runners. MVV in the short-distance runners, both being higher than the control value. Comparing with the short-distance runners, HR in the long-distance runners was slow in increase during the exercise and faster to reach the recovery. Energy consumption in the long-distance runners increased in slower fashion than in the short-distance runners. From the above, it is a matter of outstanding interest to observe that ECG time intervals and amplitudes are higher in the long-distance runners, FVC, FEV, as well as MVV are higher in the short-distance runners, and energy consumption is more efficient in the long-distance runners.