國民學校 體育修業에 있어서 賞罰補償이 學習成就度에 미치는 影響

朴德一 慶北大學校出版部 1995 體育學會誌 Vol.23 No.-

Cyanate를 섭취한 흰쥐에서 운동으로 인한 혈액성분의 변화

김태형,박덕일,박재식,주영은 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1989 慶北醫大誌 Vol.30 No.3

Cyanate는 헤모글로빈과 결합하여 carbamylation을 형성하여 산소결합력을 증가시킨다고 한다. 그러나 혈액의 carbamylation 상태에서 운동을 하였을 경우 혈중 성분의 변화에 대한 보고는 드문 것 같다. 따라서 조직 저산소증 상태에서 운동을 부하하였을 경우의 혈중 유산농도, 2,3-DPG, 헤마토크릿, 헤모글로빈, pH, 그리고 탄산가스 및 산소 분압의 변화를 측정하였다. Sprague-Dawley 숫컷 쥐를 실험대상으로 하여 2주간 cyanate를 섭취케한 cyanate 섭취군과 생리적식염수를 섭취케한 대조군으로 나누고 이를 다시 운동을 한 군과 하지 않은 군으로 나누었다. 운동은 17℃ 수온에서 5분간 유영시켰으며 실험결과는 다음과 같다. Cyanate 섭취군에서는 대조군에 비하여 헤모글로빈의 함량이 증가하였다. 2,3-DPG는 유의한 감소를 하였고 HCO_3^-는 증가하여 대사성염기증을 나타내었다. 따라서 carbamylation의 형성과 더불어 이들 인자 때문에 산소결합력은 증가할 것으로 생각된다. 이런 상태에서 운동을 시켰을 때 유산은 양군 모두 증가하였으며 특히 cyanate 섭취군은 대조군보다 더 많이 증가하여 양군에 유의성을 나타내었다. 따라서 pH도 운동 후 양군에서 안정시보다 산성화하였다. 그리고 2,3-DPG도 양군 모두 증가의 경향을 보였으며 cyanate 섭취군이 대조군보다 더 많이 증가하는 것 같았다. 따라서 산성화와 2,3-DPG 증가는 조직에 산소를 공급하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 생각한다. 헤마토크릿과 헤모글로빈은 cyanate 섭취군에서는 변화가 없었지만 대조군에서는 유의하게 증가하였다. 탄산가스와 산소의 분압은 운동으로 인한 과호흡으로 탄산가스의 분압은 감소하였고 산소의 분압은 증가하였다. Cyanate is known to bind with hemoglobin and, through carbamylation, to increase its oxygen binding capacity. However, the effect of carbamylated blood to exercise in the rat has not been studied satisfactorily. Thus, the following experiment was performed to examine the changes of blood lactate, 2, 3-diphosphogylcerate(2, 3-DPG), hematocrit, hemoglobin, pH and partial pressures of CO_2 and O_2 after exercise in cyanate-induced tissue hypoxia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats employed for this experiment were divided into two groups. Cyanate was given for 2 weeks to one group and, as a control, normal saline was given to the other group. Each group was further divided into exercise and non-exercise group. The exercise groups were forced to swim in 17℃ water for 5 minutes. The results obtained are summarized as follows. In cyanate group at rest, the hemoglobin content was increased, 2, 3-DPG was reduced, and bicarbonate ion was increased to reveal a metabolic alkalosis. These factors, 2, 3-DPG and pH, seem to magnify the increase of hemoglobin-oxygen binding capacity primarily caused by carbamylation. After exercise, blood lactate was increased and consequently pH was acidified in both groups and especially showed a significantly higher lactate level in the cyanate group than the control. And 2, 3-DPG also showed an increasing tendency in both groups, cyanate group showing more increase than the control. The hematocrit and hemoglobin were not changed in cyanate group, but they were significantly increased in control group. Hyperventilation due to exercise caused a decrease of blood PCO_2 and an increase of blood PO_2.

흰쥐에서 트레드밀 운동이 인슐린 분비에 미치는 영향

장응찬,박덕일,이수천 한국운동영양학회 1997 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.1 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise upon insulin secretion through male Sprague-Dawlay rats. That is to say, it was to determine whether exercise reduces insulin secretion or not. The rats were randomly divided into seven exercise-trained rats(SG) and seven sedentary rats(SG), and EG was subjected to a six weeks physical training by means of treadmill running four days per week. The experiment on EG was carried out in the state of overnight fast forty-eight hours after the exercise in order to eliminate the effect of the last bout of the exercise. This study was successively performed by three stages to find out insulin secretion response to stimuli for 130 minutes. At first, arginine bolus was injected in basal level, and insulin secretion response to arginine stimulus was evaluated 40 minutes after the injection. Next, hyperglycemic clamp procedure was introduced for 20 minutes, and insulin secretion response to glucose stimulus was evaluated Finally, arginine was additionally infused in the state of a hyperglycemic clamp(stage 2), and insulin secretion response to synergism of both glucose and arginine stimuli was evaluated. The results were as follows. When arginine bolus was injected in basal level, plasma insulin concentration in EG was lower than that in SG. Secretory response of insulin in EG during hyperglycemic clamp was lower than that in SG. When arginine was additionally injected in the state of a hyperglycemic clamp, plasma insulin concentration in EG was lower than that in SG. From the above results, the reduced plasma insulin concentrations in response to these stimuli in EG could be explained either by a blunted sensitivity of the β-cell or by a reduced capacity of the β-cell tp secrete insulin in vivo.

20Km 短縮 마라톤後 心電圖의 變化

李京鎬,黃樹寬,朴德一,金相洪,朱永恩 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1987 慶北醫大誌 Vol.28 No.4

20㎞ 短縮마라톤 後 心電圖의 變化를 究明하고자, 19∼21세의 男子로서 4∼6년간 長距離 選手經歷을 가진 選手 7명을 選定하여, 20㎞ 完走後 心電圖 時間間隔 및 波高의 變化樣相을 測定하여 分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. 心電圖 時間間隔은 運動後 短縮되었으며, 이 中에 R-R 간격은 運動後 5分에 0.620초(心博數 92.3회)로서 安靜時 1.127초(心博數 54.9회)에 비해 有意하게 短縮되었고, Q-T간격은 安靜時 0.435초에서 運動後 5分에 0.365초로 有意하게 短縮되었으며, T-P 간격도 安靜時 0.513초에서 運動後 5分에 0.128초로 有意하게 短縮되었다. 心電圖 波高는 運動後 減少했으며, 이 中에 R_v5波高는 安靜時 21.673㎜에서 運動後 5分에 18.070㎜로 減少했고, S_v1 波高는 安靜時 15.709㎜에서 運動後 5分에 20.140㎜로 減少하였으나 모두 有意한 차이는 아니었다. ST 分節의 波高는 運動後 낮았으며, 이 中에 J point의 波高는 安靜時 0.300㎜에서 運動後 5分에 -0.125㎜로 有意하게 減少하였고, J point에서 0.08초의 波高는 安靜時 0.927㎜에서 運動後 5分에 0.310㎜로 有意하게 減少하였다. QRS vector의 度角는 安靜時 66.8˚로서 運動後에도 별 變化가 없었고, vector의 길이는 安靜時 17.6㎜에서 運動後 5分에 13.9㎜로 다소 減少하였다. 以上을 綜合해 보면 20㎞ 短縮마라톤 後 心電圖 時間間隔은 短縮되었으며, 이 中 R-R Q-T 및 T-P는 有意하게 減少하였고, 波高도 運動後 減少했으며, 이 中 R_v5 및 S_v1 및 T_v5 모두 減少했으나 有意한 차이는 아니었다. 또한 ST 分節이 運動을 통해 減少하였다. Changes in electrocardiographic time interval and amplitude following 20㎞ shortened marathon were studied in seven long-distance runners of four to six years of athletic careers. All the subjects were male college students of 19-21 years old. The resting control ECG were taken after the subjects took a full rest in bed. Then, the subjects were made to run a 20㎞ shortened marathon course with full capacity, and ECG were recorded at 5, 20, 60 and 120 min after the running. The lead Ⅱ of standard limb leads was used for the measurement of time interval and the V_1 and V_5 of unipolar precordial leads for the measurement of amplitude. The results show that R-R interval, Q-T interval and T-P interval were all significantly shortened at 5 min after the running comparing with the resting state. Pv_5 and Sv_1 amplitude also were decreased at 5 min after the running as were ST segment amplitude, J point and J-0.08 amplitude comparng with the resting condition. Degree of QRS vector after the running was similar to that of the resting state but the length of vector was shortened at 5 min after the running.

자연과학편 : 륙상선수(陸上選手)의 연령(年齡) 증가(增加)에 따른 운동부하후(運動負荷後) 심박수(心搏數) 및 혈압(血壓)의 변화(變化)

金亨烈(HyongLyuelKim),朴德一(DeokIlPark),權泰東(TaeDongKwon),黃樹寬(SooKwanHwang) 한국체육학회 1985 한국체육학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes of heart rate and blood pressure a 1'ter exercise with age in athletes. The subjects were seventy-nine male primary school, middle school, high school and college students divided into athletic and non-athletic groups. The exercise performed was 800m running at full speed on the traek.The results obtained axe summarized as follows:The hear: rate at rest was significantly lower in athletes than in non-athietes. And the difference larger with increasing age. During exercise (400m≫ the heart rate was higher in athletes than in non-athletes.The heart rate at 1 min after exercise (800m) was higher in non-athletes and lower in athletes than the respective values during exercise. And the difference was smaller with increasing age.The rate of recovery was significantly high immediately after exercise in athletes and in older age groupsThe systolic pressure at rest did not show any significant difference between non-athletes and athletes. Bu t during exercise and at 1 min after exercise the systolic pressure was higher in athletes than in non-athletes.In both groups the pressure was highest in college students and lowest in primary schoo1 students.Both in non-athletes and athletes, the rate of recovery was significantly high immediately after exercise in athletes and in the older age groups.The diastolic pressure was decreased compared with resting values from 5 min after exercise in athletes, but no significant difference was observed in non-athletes. Also it was increased with increasing age in athletes but there was no significant difference in non-athletes.

스포츠 생리학 : 종목별 운동선수 폐기능에 관한 연구 - 검도 , 펜싱 , 씨름 , 조정 대학 선수를 중심으로 -

권태동(TaeDongKwon),박덕일(DeokIlPark) 한국체육학회 1998 한국체육학회지 Vol.37 No.3

본연구는 체력단련이 폐기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 나아가 종목별 선수들의 폐기능을 비교 분석하여 선수군과 비선수군, 그리고 종목별 선수들간에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구대상으로 운동경력이 5년 이상에 달하는 남자 대학생 검도선수 15명, 펜싱선수 10명, 씨름선수 10명 및 카누선수 9명과, 선수경력이 없고 평소 규칙적으로 운동을 하지 않는 일반학생 10명을 임의 선정하였다. 이들을 대상으로 폐기능 검사를 실시한 후 각 집단간 차이를 비교 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 정적폐용적에서 폐활량은 집단간에 유의차가 있었으며(p<0.01), 씨름선수군이 검도선수군과 비운동선수군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높았다. 흡기예비량과 호기예비량에서는 집단간 유의차가 발견되지 않았다. 1회호흡량은 씨름선수군이 카누선수군 및 비운동선수군보다, 펜싱선수군이 카누선수군 보다, 그리고 검도선수군이 카누선수군보다 각각 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 동적폐용적에서 노력성 폐활량은 카누선수군이 검도선수군 및 비운동선수군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 노력성 호기량 0.5초값, 1초값 및 1초율은 집단간에 유의차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 노력성 호기유속 0.2-1.2L값, 25-75%값, 25%값, 50%값, 75%값 및 최대호기유속에서는 집단간에 유의차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 노력성 흡기유속 0.5초값은 씨름선수군이 다른 집단보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 50%값 및 최대흡기유속은 씨름선수군이 펜싱선수군, 카누선수군 및 비운동선수군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 것으로 나타났다. 초시흡기량 0.5초값에 대한 초시호기량 0.5초값의 비는 펜싱선수군이 검도선수군 및 씨름선수군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 최대환기능은 각 집단간에 유의차가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 최대환기능 측정시의 호흡수는 검도선수군이 다른 집단보다, 그리고 펜싱선수군, 카누선수군 및 비운동선수군이 씨름선수군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 것으로 나타났다. 최대환기능 측정시의 평균1회호흡량은 씨름선수군이 다른집단보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높은 것으로 나타났다. This study was aimed to elucidate the effect of physical fitness training on pulmonary function. 44 healthy male subjects(15 Kumdo players, 10 Fencing players, 10 Ssirum players and 9 Rowing players) who have undergone regular physical training for more than five years were randomly chosen as athletic subjects, and 10 regular students who have not been engaged in any form of regular physical exercise or training were chosen as nonathletic subjects. The measurement results of pulmonary function test were compared among athletic groups by events and nonathletic group. The results were summarized as follows. 1. In static lung volume, VC was significantly(p<0.01) different among each group. Especially Ssirum group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than Kumdo group and Nonathletic group. IRV and ERV showed no significant difference among each group. TV was significantly(p<0.05) different among each group, and Ssirum group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than Rowing group and Nonathletic group. 2. In dynamic lung volume, FVC was significantly(p<0.05) different among each group. Especially Rowing group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than Kumdo group and Nonathletic group. FEV_(0.5), FEV₁ and FEV₁/FVC were not significantly different among each group. 3. FEF_(0.2∼1.2L), FEF_(25∼75%), FEF_(25%), FEF_(50%), FEF_(75%) and PEF were not significantly different among each group. 4. FIV_(0.5) were significantly(p<0.05) different among each group. Especially Ssirum group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than other groups. FIF_(50%) and PIF were significantly(p<0.01, p<0.05 respectively) different among each group. These values of Ssirum group were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of Fencing group, Rowing group and Nonathletic group. FEV_(0.5)/FIV_(0.5) was also significantly(p<0.05) different among each group. The value of Fencing group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than that of Kumdo group and Ssirum group. 5. MVV was not significantly different among each group. But RR and MTV measured during MVV measurement were significantly(p<0.001) different among each group. Kumdo group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than other groups in RR, and Ssirum group was significantly(p<0.05) higher than other groups in MTV.

운동부하 흰쥐에서 포도당 증합체가 심근 당원에 미치는 영향

이석강,조성현,김용운,박덕일,김종연,장용찬 대한스포츠의학회 1994 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.12 No.1

운동부하전 섭취한 탄수화물이 운동흰쥐의 심근 및 골격근이 당원량에 미치는 영향을 측정하여 심근과 골격근의 대사적 차이점의 일단을 연구한 본 논문의 결과는 다음과 같다. 심근과 골격근 당원량(mg/ g wet tissue, 이하 단위 동일)은 정상군에서 심근 2.62±0.51로서 골격근의 3.37±0.58보다 낮았다(p<0.01). 심근 당원량은 정상군이 2.62±0.51이었다. 운동 30분에서 대조군은 정상군의 63%수준으로 감소하였으며(p<0.01), 탄수화물섭취군은 정상군의 86 및 90%수준으로 감소하였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 탄수화물 섭취군의 당원량은 대조군의 142 및 137%정도로 양군 모두 대조군보다 유의하게(p<0.01) 높았다. 운동 60분에는 대조군은 운동30분의 78%(정상군의 49%)수준으로 감소하였으며(p<0.05) 탄수화물섭취군은 포도당중합체 및 포도당섭취군에서 각각 운동 30분에 비하여 72(p<0.01, 정상군의 62%), 81%정도(p<0.05, 정상군의 73%)로 감소하였다. 포도당 섭취군의 당원량은 대조군의 147% 정도로 대조군보다 유의하게(p<0.01) 높았다. 운동 120분에서 대조군은 운동 60분에 비하여 63%(정상군의 33%) 수준으로 감소하였으며 (p<0.01) 포도당섭취군은 운동 60분의 69%(정상군의 50%)수준으로 유의하게 감소하였으나, 포도당 중합체 섭취군은 차이가 없었다. 탄수화물 섭취군의 당원량은 포도당 중합체 및 포도당섭취군에서 각각 대조군의 202 및 162% 정도로 양군 모두 대조군보다 유의하게(p<0.01)높았다. 골격근 당원량은 정상군이 3.37±0.58 이었다. 운동 30분에서 대조군은 정상군의 69% 수준으로 감소하였으며(p<0.01) 탄수화물섭취군은 포도당 중합체 및 포도당섭취군에서 각각 정상군의 85 및 88% 수준으로 감소하였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 탄수화물 섭취군의 당원량은 포도당 중합체 및 포도당섭취군에서 각각 대조군의 125 및 129% 정도로 양군 모두 대조군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 높았다. 운동 60분에는 대조군은 운동 30분의 77%(정상군의 53%) 수준으로 감소하였으며(p<0.05)탄수화물섭취군은 포도당중합체 및 포도당섭취군에서 각각 30분에 비하여 93(정상군의 80%), 89(정상군의 78%) %정도로 감소하였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 포도당중합체 및 포도당 섭취군의 당원량은 각각 대조군의 152 및 149% 정도로 대조군보다 유의하게 (p<0.001) 많았다. 운동 120분에서 대조군은 운동 60분에 비하여 50%(정상군의 26%) 수준으로 감소하였으며(p<0.001) 포도당 섭취군은 운동 60분의 75%(정상군의 58%)수준으로 유의하게(p<0.05) 감소하였으나 포도당 중합체 섭취군은 대조군의 84%(정상군의 67%)정도로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 탄수화물 섭취군의 당원량은 포도당 중합체 및 포도당섭취군에서 각각 대조군우ㅢ 255 및 221% 정도로 양군 모두 대조군보다 유의하게(p<0.001) 높았다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 심근과 골격근 간의 생리, 생화학적 특성의 차이에도 불구하고 탄수화물의 섭취후 중등도 정도의 달리기 운동시 근 당원의 함량에 미치는 영향은 정도의 차이는 있으나 같은 경향을 나타내었으며, 골격근에서 심근보다 더 많은 근 당원 절감효과를 나타내었다. 또한 운동전 탄수화물의 섭취시 이러한 근 당원 절감 효과로 장시간의 운동시 심근 및 골격근 당원의 고갈 지연으로 운동수행능력의 증가가 기대되며, 특히 포도당 보다는 포도당 중합체의 섭취시 효과가 더 크리라고 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glucose and glucose plymer ingestion on the concentration of the cardiac muscle glycogen at 30, 60 and 12 minutes of the treadmill running in rats. Rats were randomly assinged to normal, control, and carbohydrate groups. Carbohydrate group was divided into glucose, and glucose polymer ingested rats. The experiment was carried out after overnight fasting. Rats were administrated either water (control) of carbohydrates of formulated glucose(6%), and glucose polymer(6%) via polyethylene tube to the stomaach before treadmill run. Exercise was loaded by a treadmill run at the speed of I ㎞/hr for 30, 60, and 120 minutes. The results of experiment were as follows: Glycogen content of the cardiac muscle was lower than that of the skeletal muscle (plantaris) in normal rats. Glycogen content of the cardiac muscle was decreased in proportion to the exercise time compared to normal in control and carbobydrates ingested rats. It decreased in control, glucose, and glucose polymer compared to normal rats in decreasing order at 120 minutes treadmill running (% change of glycogen content of control, glucose, and glucose polymer compared to normal rats were 33, 50, and 63% in the cardiac muscle at 120 minutes of treadmill running respectively). Glycogen content of the skeletal muscle was decreased in proportion to the exercise time compared to normal in control and corbohydrates ingested rats. It decreased in control, glucose, and glucose polymer compared to normal rats in ecreasing order 120 minutes treadmill running(% change of glycogen content of control, glucose, and glucose polymer compared to normal were 26, 58, and 67% in the cardiac muscle at 120 minutes of treadmill running respectively). Change of the glycogen content of the cardiac and the skeletal muscle during treadmill running after glucose and glucose polymer ingestion showed that both muscles had tendency to decrease in proportion to exercise time similarly in control and carbohydrates ingested rats. Decreasing rate of glycogen content of cardiac and skeletal muscles during treadmill running compared to normal in carbohydrates ingested rats was lower than that of control. From these results, it is suggested glycogen content of cardiac and skeletal muscles had tendency to decrease in proportion to exercise time similarly in control and carbohydrate ingested rats. Glycogen content of cardiac and skeletal muscles in carbohydrate singested rats less decreased than that of control during treadmill running compared to normal. Glucose polymer of the carbohydrates ingested rats in considered as the most effective for glycogen sparing according to exercise time in both muscles. Therefore, intake of carbohydrate, especially glucose polymer, before exercise may be increase performance of the prolonged moderate exercise.

자연과학편 : Track 경기(競技) 종목별(種目別) 운동부하후(運動負荷後) 심박수(心搏數) 및 혈압(血壓)의 변화(變化)

黃秉式(ByungSikHwang),權泰東(TaeDongKwon),朴德一(DeokIlPark),黃樹寬(SooKwanHwang) 한국체육학회 1984 한국체육학회지 Vol.23 No.2

In order to study the changes of heart rate and blood pressure after exercise in different track events, one hundred and one subjects aged between 14~18 years were divided into athletic and non-athletic groups. The exercise performed was 100m, 200m, 400m, 800m, 1,500m and 5,000m running at full speed on the track respectively.The results obtained are summarized as follows:The heart rate at rest was significantly lower in athletes than in non-athletes, especially in 200m, 400m, 800m, 1, 500m and 5, 000m running. After the exercise, athletes showed lower values and made a more rapid recovery than non-athletes in 400m, 800m, 1, 500m and 5, 000m running. In comparison among different track events, non-athletes showed higher values in 1, 500m and 5, 000m but athletes showed higher values in 200m and 400m than in the other events.The systolic blood pressure at rest showed no significant difference between two groups. But after the exercise, athletes showed significantly higher values and made a more rapid recovery than non-athletes. In comparison among different track events, both groups showed higher values in 800m than in the other events.The diastolic blood pressure after the exercise was higher in 100m, 200m,400ra and 800m but lower in 1,500m and 5, 000m in athletes than in non-athletes. In comparison among different track events, both groups showed higher values in 200m and 400m than in the other events.The pulse pressure at rest showed no significant difference between two groups except in 800m. In 800m, athletes showed significantly lower values than non-athletes at rest. After the exercise, athletes showed higher values in all events and also made a more rapid recovery than non-athletes. In comparison among different track events, both groups showed higher values in 800m, 1, 500m and 5,000m and especially in 800m.The mean arterial pressure at rest was higher in athletes than in non-athletes. Also after the exercise, athletes generally showed higher values in all events and especially significantly higher values in 200m 400m and 800m than non-athletes. In comparison among different track events, both groups showed higher values in 200 m, 400m and 800m than in the other events.

씨름선수에서 체중 감량과 회복기의 Leptin과 PAI-1 변화

김용운,도경오,권태동,박덕일,장응찬,박소영,김종연,이석강 대한스포츠의학회 2000 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Obesity which is defined as accumulation of excess body fat, is central factor of insulin resistance syndrome. Recently, it is revealed tat adipose tissue is not simply an energy storage organ but it also secretes a variety of molecules which affect the metabolism of the whole body, those are leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1). Therefore, leptin and PAI-1 are increased in the obese state. Leptin regulates energy homeostasis and satiety and PAI-1 regulates fibrinolytic system. For these reasons, elevated levels of leptin and PAI-1 are considered as link factors between obesity and insulin resistance syndrome. However, the exact regulating mechanism for serum levels of leptin and PAI-1 is not fully understood yet. In this study, to evaluate the regulating mechanisms of serum levels of leptin and PAI-1 according to the weight changes, we measured leptin, PAI-1, physical, metabolic, and endocrine parameters during 10 days of weight reduction and 10 days of regain period in 7 young athletes. The mean body weight change was -4.7 kg(5.0%) in the weight reduction period and -2.4 kg(2.5%) in the weight regain period compared to baseline value. Baseline level of leptin in athletes was 1.7±0.66 ng/ml, which was significantly correlated with body weight, BMI, percent body fat, body fat mass, triglyceride, insulin, and PAI-1. Baseline level of PAI-1 in athletes was 16.6±5.26 ng/ml, which was significantly correlated with body weight, BMI, triglyceride, insulin, and leptin. Leptin was decreased to 0.7±0.39(44% of the basaline value) in the weight reduction period, and increased to 1.9±0.64(119% of the baseline value) in the regain period. PAI-1 was decreased to 7.4±2.72(44% of the basaline value) in the weight reduction period, and increased to 22.8±7.33(138% of the baseline value) in the regain period. The changes of leptin during weight reduction period were significantly correlated with the changes of insulin(r=0.890, P<0.01) and triglycerides(r=0.874, P<0.01). The changes of PAI-1 during weight reduction period were significantly correlated with the changes of FFA(r=0.889, P<0.01) and triglycerides(r=0.869, P<0.05). The changes of both leptin and AAI-1 during weight regain period were significantly correlated with the changes of insulin(r=0.755 and 0.849, P<0.05, respectively). In summary, these results suggest that serum levels of leptin and PAI-1 were affected by weight cycling, the percentages of change were more greater than that of weight change, and rebound phenomena were occurred during weight regain period.

자연과학편 : 고등학교운동선수(高等學校運動選手)에서 운동강도(運動强度)의 차이(差異)에 따른 심맥계(心脈系) 및 혈액성분(血液成分)의 변화(變化)

박해원(HaeWonPark),박윤엽(YoonYubPark),이원정(WonJungLee),박덕일(DeokIlPark),황수관(SooKwanHwang),주영은(YoungEunChoo) 한국체육학회 1991 한국체육학회지 Vol.30 No.1

運動强度의 差에 따른 生理學的인 變化를 究明하고자, 15∼18세의 男子 고등학생중 運動選手 14명과 非選手 16명을 대상으로 하여 VO₂max의 50%와 80% 운동시에 心拍數, 血壓, 血液pH, 血中乳酸, 血糖 및 insulin濃度를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다.心拍數는 선수군이 비선수군에 비해 유의하게 낮았고, 50%운동시 선수군은 138.1회, 비선수군은 146.1회정도 증가하였고, 80%운동시에는 선수군은 177.3회, 비선수군은 176.5회 증가하였다. 선수군은 운동중에 서서히 증가하였고, 운동후에 빨리 회복되었다.血壓중에 收縮期血壓은 50%운동시 선수군 및 비선수군 각각 146.0mmHg 및 145.4mmHg로 비슷하게 증가하였고, 80%운동시에는 선수군이 180.6mmHg의 증가로 비선수군의 162.3mmHg 증가에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 회복초기에 급속히 회복하여 회복 5분에 운동전의 값으로 회복되었고, 회복 10분에는 운동전의 값보다 다소 낮았다. 擴張期血壓은 운동전후 별 차이가 없었다.RPP는 운동전 선수군 8.97×10³mmHg.bpm, 비선수군 10.63×10³mmHg.bpm이었고, 50%운동시에는 선수군이 16.30×10³mmHg.bpm의 증가로 비선수군의 19.25×10³mmHg.bpm에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며, 80%운동시에는 선수군이 28.25×10³mmHg.bpm으로 비선수군의 27.23×10³mmHg.bpm과 거의 같은 값으로 증가하였다.運動持續時間은 50%운동시는 선수군은 7분 49초로 비선수군의 5분 32초에 비해 유의하게 길었고, 80%운동시는 선수군이 12분 3초로 비선수군의 7분 13초에 비해 유의하게 길었다.最大酸素攝取量은 선수군이 53.3㎖/㎏/min로서 비선수군의 38.9㎖/㎏/min에 비해 유의하게 높았다.血中pH는 양군 모두 50%운동시에는 운동전에 비해 별 감소가 없다가, 80%운동시에는 유의하게 감소하였고, 血中 乳酸濃度는 50%운동시에는 별 증가가 없다가, 80% 운동시에는 운동전에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다.血糖은 선수군에서 운동중 별 변화가 없었으나, 비선수군에서는 운동강도가 증가됨에 따라 다소 감소하였고, 血中 insulin은 50%운동 및 80%운동시에 유의하게 감소하였으며, 이중 선수군이 더 크게 감소하였다. Hematocrit은 50%운동 및 80%운동중에 증가하였다.이상의 結果로 미루어 VO₂max의 50∼80% 運動强度는 心拍數 140∼177회에 해당되는 강도로서, 먼저 50%운동시에는 血壓이 145mmHg 정도 증가되고 心筋酸素消費量은 다소 증가되나, 血液pH, 乳酸濃度 및 血糖은 별 변화가 없으므로, 이 정도의 운동강도는 주로 乳酸素代謝에 의해 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있었고, 이에 반해 80%운동시에는 循環機能은 물론 血液成分이 유의하게 변화하였으므로, 이 운동강도는 無酸素代謝에 의해서도 에너지가 이용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 選手群이 VO₂max가 높고, 心臟의 收縮力 및 效率性이 높으며, 運動中에 血中 乳酸 및 insulin 濃度가 비선수에 비해 낮은 것으로 보아 에너지를 더 效率的으로 利用할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. In order to elucidate the physiologic effects of different loads of exercise, heart rate, blood pressure, blood pH, and blood lactate, glucose and insulin concentrations were measured from 14 athletic and 16 non-athletic high school boys aged between 15-18 years during and after submaximal exercises to 50% and 80% of VO₂max.Heart rate was significantly lower in athletes than in non-athletes. During 50%-exercise, it was increased to 138.1min^-1 in athletes and 146.1min^-1 in non-athletes. During 80%-exercise, it was increased to 177.3min^-1 in athletes and l76.5min^-1 in non-athletes. In athletes, the heart rate showed slower increase during exercise and more rapid recovery after exercise than in nonathletes.Systolic blood pressure showed similar increase in athletes and non-athletes, to 146.0 and 145.4 mmHg, during 50%-exercise respectively. During 80%-exercise, it was increased to 180.6mmHg in athletes which was significantly higher than 162.3mmHg in non-athletes. It showed rapid recovery after exercise, was restored to the resting value at 5min, and was further decreased at 10 min after exercise. Diastolic pressure was not altered significantly with exercise.RPP at rest was 8.92 x 10³mmHg. bpm in athletes and 10.63 x 10³mmHg. bpm in non-athletes. During 50%-exercise, it was increased to 16.30 X 10³mmHg. bpm in athletes which was significantly lower than 19.25x10³mmHg.bpm in non-athlete. During 80%-exercise, it was increased to 28.25x10³mmHg.bpm in athletes which was similar to 27.23×10³mmHg.bpm in non-athletes.Exercise time was 7min 49sec in athletes which was significantly longer than 5min 32sec in non-athletes during 50%-exercise. During 80%-exercise, it was 12min 3sec in athletes which was significantly longer than 9 min 13sec in non-athletes.Maximum oxygen uptake was 53.3㎖/㎏/min in athletes which was significantly higher than 38.9㎖/㎏/min in non-athletes.Blood pH was not altered significantly with 50%-exercise but decreased significantly after 80% exercise in both groups. Blood lactate was increased after exercise in both groups with significant difference shown only in 80%-exercise.Blood glucose was not altered with exercise in athletes but was more or less decreased with increasing load of exercise in non-athletes. Blood insulin level was significantly decreased after 50% and 80%-exercise where athletes showed greater decrease. Hematocrit was increased after 50%-and 80%-exercise.In summary, exercise load of 50∼80% of VO₂max was equivalent to 140∼177bpm of heart rate. Exercise to 50% VO₂max caused increase of blood pressure to about 145mmHg and increased myocardial oxygen consumption but did not alter the blood pH, lactate and glucose, a result attributable mainly to an aerobic metabolism. Exercise to 80% VO₂max caused significant change in the circulatory function as well as blood chemistry to suggest that anaerobic metabolism was also utilized. And the athletes showed higher VO₂max, cardiac contractility and efficiency, and lower blood lactate and insulin during exercise suggesting more efficient utilization of energy than non-athletes.