http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
문동석 일본어문학회 2023 일본어문학 Vol.100 No.-
Wani is known as a person that plays a core role in the history of cultural interactions between Baekje and the ancient Japan. This figure, however, was not widely known in Korea until the late Chosun period. In particular, it has not been revealed that Wani comes from Yeongam-gun in Korea. Wani represents a proper case of the ‘Naisen Ittai’ policy in the period of Imperial Japan. The claim that a natural-stone rock, called the ‘Devil Grave’, in Hirakata City in Osaka is the grave of Wani was first proposed in Wani Funbyo Raichoki. This book serves as a starting point of stories relating to Wani in Japan. Still, a repercussion was brought about when the claim was proposed in 2020 that the book was one of the massive documents forged by Tsubai Masataka in the 18th-19th centuries. The reality that historical evidence about Wani was denied in Japan must be carefully considered in Korea. It is also important to approach and analyse precise historical facts, rather than admiring Wani from an ethnocentric perspective.
문동석 한국역사연구회 2006 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.62
The aspect of nobles and the tribes consisting powerful group which have 8 family names in the era of Sabi of Baekjae
문동석 한국사회과교육연구학회 2004 사회과교육 Vol.43 No.4
일제는 1920년까지는 초등학교에서 역사교육을 시행하지 않는 정책을 폈다. 그러나 3.1운동 이후 한국사 내용을 일제의 식민통치를 정당화시킬 수 있는 도구로서 적극적으로 활용하고자 하는 식민통치 당국자들의 계산에 따라 바뀌게 되었다. 식민지 조선의 초등학교에서 실시하게 되는 역사교육은 일본의 심상소학교 국사 교과서를 재편찬한[보통 학교국사]를 통해 일본사와 한국사를 동시에 가르치는 이원적 체제였다. 그러나 황민화 교육정책이 강화되면서 [보통학교국사]를 [초등국사]로 개정하면서 한국사를 배제하고 일본사만을 가르치는 일원적 체제로 바뀌어 나갔다. 일제는 식민지 조선에서 역사교육을 실시하면서 두 가지 방침에 주목하였다. 먼저, '일선동조론'이라는 논리에 따른 동화주의의 완결을 위한 내용을 보급하는 것이었다. 두 번째로는 역사교육을 통해 국민의 복종과 희생의 정조(情操)을 양성하는 것이었다. 그 대표적인 교과서가 1920·30년대 중반까지 사용된[보통학교국사]와 1930년대 후반에 편찬된[초등국사]이다. Japan imperial intended to make Korean people of the colonization under Japanese acquiesced its organization with Japanese propagation and education for ruling effectively Korea(Cho-Seon) being put under its control. They confirmed that Teaching its language and history was a shortcut as Japanization and being emperor's people. According to these policies, the various educational organization was made. Especially, proconsul attached great importance to make elementary school. Japan imperial thought formal school education was enough to elementary school. Therefore, Japan regarded elementary school not to preparatory school in order to apply for admission to a school of higher grade. In these system, Korean people couldn't receive further Education. Japan imperial made an emphasis on the education in order to accommodate Korea to its system. Especially After 1920's, Japan intended to get rid of racial spirit and the spirit of independence of Korea and forced Korea to receive its spirit. We can give an examples of texts, "Pothong-hakkyo Kuksa(history for primary school) used to the middle of 1930, Chodung-Kuksa published in the latter half of 1930's.
문동석,이두연,김해균 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1998 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.31 No.7
연세대학교 의과대학 영동세브란스병원에서는 1989년 3월부터 1997년 9월까지 외래와 전화추적이 가능하였던 654명(남자 354명과 여자 300명)의 다한증 환자를 대상으로 흉부교감신경절제술을 시행하였다. 다한증에 대한 흉강 내시경을 이용한 수술기법은 기존의 개흉술보다 선명한 수술시야를 확보할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 단순기관 삽관을 이용한 마취 유도기법으로 마취시간의 단축과 수술시간의 단축, 그리고 입원기간의 단축이 가능하게 되었다. 시간절약뿐만 아니라 수술기법이 쉽고 미용효과를 최대로 살릴수 있는 2 mm주사침 흉강경을 이용한 흉부 교감신경 절제술은 최근 다한증에 가장 확실한 치료법이 되었다. 수술기법의 변화는 수술의 결과를 향상시켰으며, 수술 후 만족도를 95%이상으로 향상시켰다. We treated 654 patients with simultaneous bilateral sympathectomy for essential hyperhidrosis from March 1989 to September 1997(354 males and 300 females). The exposure afforded by thoracoscopy is actually superior to that seen at the time of either thoracotomy or axillary thoracotomy. The use of single-lumen intubation with alternating partially collapsed lung by CO2 inflation resulted in shorter anesthesia, shorter operative time, and shorter hospitalization. 2-mm extended thoracoscopic T2-sympathectomy is not only a time-saving method but also a very simple and effective one in the treatment of hyperhidrosis by experienced surgeons. The modification on our technique of thoracoscopic sympathectomy as described allowed us to significantly improve our previous results. A majority of the patients were relieved, and over 95% were satisfied initially.
문동석 백산학회 2021 白山學報 Vol.- No.121
It can be seen from the records of Chinese History and History of the Three Kingdoms, Samguk sagi, that Jongmyo Shrine was erected in Goguryeo and Silla except Baekje during the Three Kingdoms of Korea. However, among the Three Kingdoms, Baekje, which most actively accepted the political system, ideology and culture of China, has no specific records on the Jongmyo festival. Nonetheless, the establishment of Jongmyo Shrine and Sajik in Baekje can be estimated as the terms ‘Jongmyo and Sajik’ are fragmentarily mentioned in Samguk sagi, etc. In the early 5th century, King Jeonji overcame the dispute over the succession of the throne after the death of King Asin and to strengthen the royal authority, he established Sangjwapyeong (上佐平) in the 4th year of reign(408), and announced the era name “Bongwon(奉元)”. Baekje, which was based on the Dongmyeong myth(東明神話) similar to Buyeo and Goguryeo, appeared in a form that separated the existence of the founder of Baekje, from Dongmyeong the founder of Buyeo, in the situation of the fall of Dongbuyeo and the subjugation of Goguryeo. Accordingly, the existing Dongmyong Shrine was removed and Jongmyo Shrine was built and dedicated to the new founder of the country, King Onjo. Archaeological data related to Jongmyo Shrine of Baekje include no.44 building site, no.9 remains, and no.206 well excavated from the Gyeongdang district of Pungnaptoseong Fortress, Seoul. What these remains have in common is that they are all facilities related to ancestral rites. Therefore, the Gyeongdang district can be seen as a Jongmyo Shrine area. In particular, Yugonggwanggujanggun(有孔廣口橫甁) or Yugonggwanggusoho(有孔廣口小壺), excavated from no.206 well, which is believed to have been one of the most important facilities of Jongmyo Shrine, are earthenwares that emerged from the beginning of the 5th century. From this perspective, Jongmyo Shrine would have been built in the early 5th century. Inside no. 206 well, several made in Chungcheong and Jeolla-do regions are included among the 215 earthenwares found in full form. The majority of the 215 pieces of earthenwares have traces of damage commonly found in those used in ancestral rites, which indicate the possibility that the local powers participated when Jongmyo Shrine was erected and a ceremony was held. Moreover, the local powers who were invited to this ceremony would have attended with earthenwares filled with sacred water or specialties from each region. After the ritual was over, the brim of the earthenware used was crushed and interred in the well. By interring all the earthenwares in one well, this seems to have induced fidelity to Baekje and the King, emphasizing that royal family, central aristocrats and local powers of Baekje are all from one family. In addition, central and local powers who united as a new family wished for eternal prosperity. This can also be seen from the evidence that peach pits are contained among the earthenwares excavated from no.206 well. Several peaches found in the well symbolize fecundity and abundance, and the hope that the spring water will not dry out and come out abundantly. Therefore, it can be inferred that peaches were put to pray for the prosperity of the country and royal famlily. 삼국시대에 백제를 제외한 고구려와 신라에 종묘가 설치되어 있었음은 중국 사서와 삼국사기 기록을 통해서 알 수 있다. 그런데 삼국 중에서도 중국의 정치제도와 사상 및 문화를 가장적극적으로 받아들였던 백제에서는 종묘제에 대한 구체적인 기록이 없다. 그러나 백제에 종묘와사직이 설치되었음은 삼국사기 , 남제서 , 일본서기 등에 단편적이지만 ‘종묘와 사직’이라는 용어가 나오는 것을 통해서 알 수가 있다. 5세기 초 아신왕 사후 일어난 왕위계승의 분쟁을 극복하고 즉위한 전지왕은 왕권을 안정시키기위해 왕 4년(408)에 상좌평을 설치하였으며, ‘봉원(奉元)’이라는 연호를 반포하였다. 부여, 고구려와 유사한 동명 신화를 갖고 있던 백제는 410년(전지왕 6) 동부여의 멸망과 고구려의 복속이라는 상황에서, 동명에서 온조로 그 건국시조의 위상을 변화시켰다. 부여 시조로서의 동명과 백제의시조인 건국자의 존재를 분리한 형태로 나타났다. 기존의 동명묘를 폐지하고 새로운 국가 시조로온조를 모시는 공간으로 종묘를 만들었던 것이다. 백제의 종묘와 관련된 고고학적인 자료로는 서울 풍납토성 경당지구에서 조사된 44호 건물지, 9호 유구, 206호 우물 등을 들 수 있다. 이 유구들의 공통점은 모두 제사와 관련된 시설물들이라는점이다. 따라서 경당지구는 종묘구역으로 볼 수 있다. 특히 종묘의 중요한 시설 중 하나였을 것으로 추정되는 206호 우물에서 출토된 유공광구장군(有孔廣口橫甁)이나 유공광구소호(有孔廣口小 壺)는 5세기 초부터 출현하는 토기이다. 이로 보아 종묘는 5세기 초에 만들어졌을 것이다. 206호 우물 내부에서는 완형으로 발견된 215점의 토기 가운데는 충청과 전라 지역에서 제작한 것이 여러 점 포함되어 있다. 215점 대부분의 토기에는 제사에 사용된 토기에서 흔히 볼 수있는 파손 흔적이 남아 있다. 이는 종묘를 설치하고 이를 기념하는 의식을 행하였을 때 지방의지배층들이 참여하였을 가능성을 의미한다고 하겠다. 이 의식에 초대된 지방의 지배층은 토기에각 지역의 특산물이나 성스러운 물을 토기에 담아 참석하였을 것이다. 그리고 의식이 종료된 이후에 사용된 토기들은 구연부를 깨뜨려 우물에 매납하였다. 이는 백제의 왕실과 중앙 귀족세력, 그리고 지방세력들은 토기를 한 우물에 묻음으로써 자신들이 모두 한 우물에서 나온 한 핏줄이라는 것을 강조하며, 백제와 왕에 대한 충성을 유도하였던것으로 보인다. 그리고 새롭게 한 집안이 된 중앙과 지방세력은 영원히 번영할 것을 기원하였다. 이것은 206호 우물에서 출토된 토기 중에는 복숭아씨가 담겨져 있는 것에서도 알 수 있다. 우물에서 발견되는 여러 개의 복숭아는 다산과 풍요를 상징하며, 샘물이 마르지 않고 풍부하게 나오기를바라는 뜻을 가지고 있다. 결국 토기 안에 복숭아를 넣은 것은 종묘 설치 이후 중앙과 지방 세력이모두 참여한 의식 이후 백제라는 국가 및 왕실의 번영을 축원하기 위해서였을 것이다.
문동석 관동대학교 의과학연구소 2001 關東醫大學術誌 Vol.5 No.1
Thoracic endoscopic sympathectomy (TES) has become the surgical technique of choice for treating intractable palmar hyperhidrosis and is usually considered as a simple and safe procedure. This study was designed to evaluate the peri- and postoperative complication rate of TES. From 1992 to 1999, a total of 562 cases were operated on for upper limb hyperhidrosis. There were 292 men and 210 women, ranging in age from 10 to 89 years (mean 27 years). The procedure was performed in one stage. There was no mortality. There were two major complications: one tear of the superior vena cava and one chylothorax. Many other minor problems have been observed in our patients : shortness of breath, chest pain, severe dorsal pain, and neuralgia along the ulnar aspect of the upper limbs. There were 14 pneumothoraces (2.49%) after removal of chest tubes. All of these were unilateral. Three required chest drainage for a period of less than 24 hours. Ten patients had a unilateral partial Horner syndrome (1.77%). Although morbidity was low, significant complications of TES occurred. Patients should be clearly warned that TES is not as minor a procedure as usually asserted. Complications as well as adverse effects should be considered when discussing this surgical indication. Even though thoracoscopy has an possibilities of emergency conversion to thoracotomy and technical difficulties still exist especially in patients with the hyperhidrosis, our experiences indicate that video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) is usually a simple and safe procedure with a short postoperative hospital stay. It has even been proposed as an outpatient procedure. At the end of postoperative follow-up. (median 10 months), over 95% of the patients were satisfied. Development of device and an improvement of surgical skills fur VATS could expand their era.