12소 International Conference on Integrated Diffuse Pollution Management(IWA DIPCON 2008)

말라 한국습지학회 2008 습지와 생명 Vol.2 No.3

인도 여성의 보살핌 : 공·사영역의 교차점

말라 쿨라(Mala Khullar) 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1998 여성학논집 Vol.14-15 No.-

This paper seeks to examine women in India in the so-called private and public spheres of social life, to assess whether the dichotomy of public and private spheres is relevant for understanding women's caring roles. Another question, posed in this paper, is whether private and public domains inter-penetrate each other or are they quite distinct as far as Indian women's roles are concerned? Women's work of caring brings to focus both their private and public roles, viewed in different contexts. Caring involves human service work, done in different ways by women within private familial contexts, as well as in the public arenas of work and community life, as social workers, teachers, doctors, nurses, volunteers and so on. Roles of caring are understood as dictated by the sexual division of labour that regards it as natural for women to care. The caring and nurturing role of women, historically, has been reinforced in ideologies. According to the ancient Hindu Manusmriti or The Laws of Manu, a woman, in childhood, was to be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, and when her husband dies, to her sons. In other words, she was never to enjoy autonomy. More recently, biological and intellectual differences have provided a rationale for circumscribing women's roles. It is seen that the ideology relating to women's caring is not only influences private or familial spheres but those relating to women's public roles as well. These are examined in the history of the Indian social reform movements and in contemporary contexts of women's learning and work. Subsequently, a means of looking beyond the caring model and the dichotomy of public and private, is sought: by assessing the significance of institutions and organizations that mediate between the arenas of public and private and thus, constitute some channels of empowering women. The engendering of women's caring roles takes place through socialization processes visible in everyday interaction, in media, folklore and practice. Several studies in India have focused, directly or otherwise, on girls learning to be feminine carers. Girls learn to care in concrete ways in day to day living, supported by accompanying norms that justify certain styles of interaction and an ideological framework. Processes of socialization, which produce and sustain feminine roles of caring in India, have been subjects of anthropological inquiry. Girls are rewarded when they perform household chores or look after younger siblings, while boys are rewarded when they fare better at school. In the Indian context, ideals about feminine roles come into conflict with those of education, evident in low literacy and school participation rates of Indian women and girls, respectively. While at the bottom of the class ladder in India, girl children tend to lose out on schooling, among middle class groups girls tend to enter feminized educational streams. More recently, education has been viewed as an arena in which the feminine roles of caring continue to be elaborated but has the potential to combat the image of woman as the familial carer. Women have transferred their caring roles from the family to the work place, evident in the clear correlation between household poverty and women's work, the former being a major motivation for women's participation in the labour force. Women tend to work with a supportive attitude, evident in the widespread notion of women working as "supplementary" or secondary income earners, implying that they do so only if and when it is necessary for their families' well-being or survival. This has been associated with the withdrawal of women from the labour force, a common phenomenon in upwardly mobile groups, whereby the status of the family or community is buttressed. Accordingly, work related to familial standing in the community, is women's "family status production" work. Thus, women's work of caring is performed not only in the private familial spheres, but also i

인도의 여성운동, 여성학 그리고 여성정책

말라 쿨라(Mala KHULLAR) 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2002 여성학논집 Vol.19 No.-

인도의 여성운동, 여성학 그리고 여성정책

쿨라, 말라 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2002 여성학논집 Vol.19 No.-

인도 여성의 보살핌 : 공·사영역의 교차점 The Intersecting Public and Private Spheres

쿨라, 말라 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1998 여성학논집 Vol.14-15 No.-

<Abstract> This paper seeks to examine women in India in the so-called private and public spheres of social life, to assess whether the dichotomy of public and private spheres is relevant for understanding women's caring roles. Another question, posed in this paper, is whether private and public domains inter-penetrate each other or are they quite distinct as far as Indian women's roles are concerned? Women's work of caring bring to focus both their private and public roles, viewed in difference contexts. Caring involves human service work, done in different ways by women within private familial contexts, as well as in the public arenas of work and community life, as social workers, teachers, doctors, nurses, volunteers and so on. Role of caring are understood as dictated by the sexual division of labour that regards it as natural for women to care. The caring and nurturing role of women, historically, has been reinforced in ideologies. According to the ancient Hindu Manusmriti or The Laws of Manu, a woman, in childhood, was th be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, and when her husband dies, to her sons. In other words, she was never to enjoy autonomy. More recently, biological and intellectual differences have provided a rationale for circumscribing women's roles. It is seen that the ideology relating to women's caring is not only influences private or familial spheres but those relating to women's public roles as well. These are examined in the history of the Indian social reform movements and in contemporary context of women's learning and work. Subsequently, a means of looking beyond the caring model and the dichotomy of public and private, is sought: by assessing the significance of institutions and organizations that mediate between the arenas of public and private and thus, constitute some channels of empowering women. The engendering of women's caring roles takes place through socialization processes visible in everyday interaction, in media, folklore and practice. Several studies in India have focused, directly or otherwise, on girls learning to be feminine cares. Girls lean to care in concrete ways in day to day living, supported by accompanying norms that justify certain styles of interaction and an ideological framework. Process of socialization, which produce and sustain feminine roles of caring in India, have been subjects of anthropological inquiry, Girls are rewarded when they perform household chores or look after younger siblings, while boys are rewarded when they fare better at school, In the Indian context, ideals about feminine roles come into conflict with those of education, evident in low literacy and school participation rates of Indian women and girls, respectively. While at the bottom of the class ladder in India, girl children rend to lose out on schooling, among middle class groups girls tend to enter feminized educational steams. More recently, education has been viewed as an arena in which the feminine roles of caring continue to be elaborated but has the potential to combat the image of woman as the familial carer. Women have transferred their caring roles from the family to the work place, evident in the cleat correlation between household poverty and women's work, the former being a major motivation for women's participation in the labour force. Women tend to work with a supportive attitude, evident in the widespread notion of women working as "supplementary" or secondary income earners, implying that they do so only if and when it is necessary for their families' well-being or survival. This has been associated with the withdrawal of women from the labour force, a common phenomenon in upwardly mobile groups, whereby the status of the family or community is buttressed. Accordingly, work related to familial standing in the community, is women's "family status production" work. Thus, women's work of caring is performed not only in the private familial spheres, but also in less visible niches in public arenas, for e.g, the unpaid labour of women in the unorganized sector. Women's work in the public sphere, thus, is and extension of their duty to ensure the survival and wellbeing of their own families or to extend their own families or to extend their skills of caring. For women who work for sheer survival, this is an outcome of transferring their primary function of care and implies a multiple burden carried in private and public spheres. Women are also looked upon as worthy beneficiaries of care or welfare. Welfare and legislative provisions have been double-edged. This is so especially within the household where women are generally viewed not as gainful workers or providers, but as consumers, dependent on their husband, father, or other male relatives. Thus, services meant for some employed women include maternity benefits and child care service, and these are not understood to benefit their children or other family members. It is also seen that the very policies that are meant to assist women in their caring function have often served to do the opposite. Thus, women are often hired as casual workers, dismissed, deprived of permanent employment, and even fired by employers who week to evade laws, supposedly designed to protect women workers. The question about what should be provides to, or sought by women, to gain greater power in public and private spheres is not easily answered. The important feminist concern that emerges here is on how women should acquire control over resources and be empowered. This implies not only the participation of women in education and the economy, but also in gaining autonomy and power at different levels, including the familial. This may take place at a macro level through state-supported programmes and legislation for particpation by women in economic and political forums. However, the private sphere of family is important for women, one in which economic and power relationships are enacted and a gender division of labour, evolved and sustained. The inter-penetration of the public and private domains in Indian society is extensive, give the range of institutions that mediate between the individual, family and/or household at one end and state and society at the other. Identity for an individual may be located within the familial unit, deemed to be the private sphere par excellence. At the same time, caste, kin group, and community are wider institutions that are considered part of the public sphere, yet are also significant influences on the private domain, insofar as they impact on and direct individuals's personal lives. Development initiatives include non-governmental organizations, women's groups and government programs and, potentially, influence both public and private spheres. Some of these act as intermediaries between state and society at one end and family at the other and bridge the distance between women's private and public roles.

Seasonal and Inter-annual Variability of Water Use Efficiency of an Abies holophylla Plantation in Korea National Arboretum

빈두 말라 타쿠리,강민석,장용휘,천정화,김준 한국농림기상학회 2016 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux’s long-term (2007–2015) eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum (1.8 - 3.3 g C⋅(kg H2O)-1) in August and a maximum (5.1 - 11.4 g C⋅(kg H2O)-1) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average 3.5±0.3 g C (kg H2O)-1. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of 7.4±1.0 g C⋅(kg H2O)-1. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.

느타리버섯(Pleurotus ostreatus)의 배양시 Cd, Pb 및 Pt 금속의 생물학적 흡수특성

조남석ㆍ제이 코흐만스키 르데스키ㆍ이 말라?nㆍ에이 야로스-빌코와즈카ㆍ에이 레오노비치 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2004 農業科學硏究 Vol.21 No.-

-본문참고-

침투 및 저류 기능을 가진 물 순환 시설의 효과 평가

홍정선,말라,김이호,이선하,김이형,Hong, Jung Sun,Maniquiz-Redillas, Marla C.,Kim, Ree Ho,Lee, Seon Ha,Kim, Lee-Hyung 응용생태공학회 2015 Ecology and resilient infrastructure Vol.2 No.4

서울시는 2014년 기존의 서울시 물순환 조례에 저영향개발 (low impact development, LID)을 포함하는 조례개정을 통해 빗물관리의 토대를 마련하였다. 새롭게 개정된 조례에서는 2050년까지 연 강수량의 약 630 mm를 저류 및 침투시킬 것을 계획하고 있으며, 침투, 저류 및 식생을 활용하는 빗물관리시스템을 도입하여 관리하고자 한다. 저영향개발기법은 개발사업에서 생태, 물순환, 환경 등의 목표를 달성하고자 할 때 적용할 수 있는 중요한 기법이다. 본 연구에서는 서울시에 적용한 침투형 빗물받이, 생태저류형 배수로 및 투수성 포장 등의 다양한 물순환 시설 (LID)의 효과를 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 모니터링 결과 다른 시설에 비하여 투수성 포장에서 강우유출 저감효과가 가장 높게 나타났으나, 공극막힘현상을 줄이기 위한 방안이 설계에 반영되어야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 비점오염물질 유출저감의 경우 자동차 운행정도에 의한 오염물질 축적이 큰 영향을 끼친 침투형 빗물받이, 물리 및 생물학적 기작의 영향을 받은 생태저류형 배수로에서 높게 분석되었다. 다양한 목적으로의 저영향개발 기법 적용은 물순환 효과뿐만 아니라 환경오염저감, 생태복원, 심미적 효과 등의 다양한 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. In 2014, the city of Seoul revised the ordinance regarding water-cycle restoration in the Seoul Metropolitan areas by incorporating the 'Low Impact Development (LID)' policy. The new ordinance plan will utilize 630 mm or almost 45 to 50% of annual rainfall until 2050 by means of providing a rainwater management system consisting of infiltration, retention and vegetation. The LID is believed to be the key to achieving the target requirements, specifically in development projects. This research was performed to evaluate the stormwater runoff and pollutant reduction performance of three different LID facilities (water circulation facilities) including an infiltration inlet, bioretention swale, and permeable pavement constructed in Seoul City. Results show that among the water circulation facilities, the permeable pavement achieved the highest runoff reduction as it was able to entirely capture and infiltrate the runoff to the ground. However, in order to attain a long-term performance it is necessary to manage the accumulated sediment and trapped pollutants in the landscape areas through other water circulation techniques such as through soil erosion control. In terms of pollutant reduction capability, the infiltration inlet performed well since it was applied in highly polluted areas. The bioretention facility integrating the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms of soil, microorganisms and plants were able to also achieve a high runoff and pollutant reduction. The water circulation facilities provided not only benefits for water circulation but also various other benefits such as pollutant reduction, ecological restoration, and aesthetic functions.

Analysis of water quality improvement efficiency using constructed wetland in a coastal reservoir

홍정선,말라,함종화,김이형 한국습지학회 2016 한국습지학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Diverse and comprehensive countermeasures were established to prevent water pollution in coastal areas such as constructed wetlands(CW).This study was conducted to assess the water quality improvement through CW constructed along the shoreline of Hwaseong coastal reservoir. The CW is located in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do and consisted of a forebay and a wetland. The CW was monitored twice during rainy days and 10 times during dry days. The monitoring results indicated that in and out flowrates were highly correlated with COD and TN loads. COD, TN and TP concentrations in the forebay was lower during dry days than rainy days. However, concentration and mass removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP were greater during rainy days. In addition, the volume flowing into the CW was less compared to the outflow during rainy days indicating that the CW efficiently reduced the runoff volume. The overall pollutant removal efficiency of the CW were at least 50% for TSS, 20 to 35% for TP, and 26 to 94% for TN. The data gathered may be used to improve the pollutant removal efficiency of the system in the future.

Lifecycle cost assessment of best management practices for diffuse pollution control in Han River Basin

이소영,말라,이정용,문현생,김이형 한국습지학회 2016 한국습지학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Diffuse pollution management in Korea initiated by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) resulted to the construction of pilot facilities termed Best Management Practices (BMPs). Twelve BMPs installed for the diffuse pollution management in the Kyung-An Stream were monitored since 2006. Data on the mass loading, removal efficiency, maintenance activities, etc. were gathered and utilized to conduct the evaluation of long-term performance of BMPs. The financial data such as actual construction, design and maintenance cost were also collected to evaluate the lifecycle cost (LCC) of BMPs. In this study, most of the maintenance activity was focused in the aesthetic maintenance that resulted to the annual maintenance cost of the four BMP types was closely similar ranging from 8,483 $/yr for retention pond to 8,888 $/yr infiltration system. The highest LCC were observed in constructed wetland ($418,324) while vegetated system had the lowest LCC ($210,418). LCC of BMPs was not so high as compared with the conventional treatment facility and sewage treatment plant. On the other hand, the relationship of removal efficiency on unit cost for TSS and TN was significant. This study will be used to design the cost effective BMP for diffuse pollution management and become models for LCC analysis.