葬事制度의 法制度的 變遷과 現況問題

나달숙(Na Dal-Sook) 한국법학회 2008 법학연구 Vol.29 No.-

우리 조상들은 시신을 흙(地), 물(水), 불(火), 바람(風)에 흩어지는 것으로 처리해왔고, 흙과 물을 이용하는 葬法이 濕葬, 불과 바람을 이용하는 장법이 乾燥葬이다. 불교가 전래된 이후인 삼국시대와 고려시대에는 火葬이 행해졌으나 儒敎를 국가의 통치이념으로 삼아왔던 조선시대에 와서는 매장을 강조하게 되었다. 현대적 葬事制度가 일제에 의해 도입된 이래 이를 근간으로 葬事法이 제정되어 제도적인 정착을 하게 되었고 그동안 당연시되었던 매장이 화장으로 바뀌는 성과를 보이고 있다. 埋葬에서 火葬으로의 의식변화 속에서 21세기 지식정보화시대와 핵가족중심 사회에 맞는 장사제도를 위한 법제도적 정비와 국가의 정책적 노력이 필요한 시점이다. 모든 국민은 共同責任意識을 가지고 平等社會의 지향을 목표로 장사제도를 실천하여야 하고 국가와 지방자치단체는 적극적인 法制度 정비와 철저한 관리 그리고 변화추이에 맞는 화장시설의 현대화와 인식변화를 유도해나가는 可視的인 정책을 실천해야만 할 것이다. This paper reviews the changes of the Korean funeral system and the current situations. A funeral ceremony is a certain ritual not only to give the surviving family comfort and compensation but also to set at ease the remains of the dead. There have been lots of funeral methods. For example burial, cremation, soojang(disposal by water), pungjang(disposal by wind), jojang(a disposal by bird), baumbestattung. In ancient times a funeral system was a stone grave. In Silla and Goryo dynasty since introduction of Buddhism a cremation system was very much prevalent from high level society such as king, queen, monk etc. In Chosun dynasty a funeral system was changed into a burial through the influence of Confucianism in which a cremation is serious violence. This tendency has still existed. But from many years the national recognition about funeral systems is replaced by the new understanding which should be changed from a burial culture to a cremation culture. People feel ill at ease in taking care of the tombs of their ancestors because of the distance and the inconvenience. So people prefer cremation in case of their death though they show preference of burial on account of the influence of Korean tradition. Our government has promoted a policy that positively recommends cremation as new funeral means all the while. Therefore, this cremation-promoting policy is rated to be successfully executed and settled down nationwide, and now the cremation rate surpasses the burial one. But ever-increasing number of cremation induces another new question due to charnel house adopted as a means to deal with ashes. In common with grave, charnel facilities including ossuary and charnel grave possess certain plot and comprise stone or the like as semi-permanent material, resulting in more serious environmental questions than existing graveyard. Recently Funeral and etc Act which has revised and will enforced in the year 2008 establishes baumbestattung(ash tree). It is standing out as an alternative plan in order to eliminate demerits of the existing funeral. Now we should reform some measures to establish a reasonable funeral system in Korea. A funeral system requires strong promotion and it can accomplish through conversion of people's recognition, preparation of the legal and institutional system, and active educational movement and continuous management of administrative.

국내이주민의 현황과 법제도적 보장에 관한 연구

나달숙 ( Dal Sook Na ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2013 법학논총 Vol.37 No.4

Now, 1.4 million foreign residents in times fold listened actively cope with the increase of immigrants should be. As you can see, according to the principle of reciprocity foreigners in Korea are not protected completely and the issue of immigrant foreigners in Korea has disclosed, such as downfall of illegal immigrants, in the course of the marriage unfair treatment and sex trafficking for marriage problems, less effective system for multicultural families, maladjust problems of migrant workers, discrimination and human rights abuses in the workplace issues. To address these problems, first, from the perspective of migrants to ensure their status should be looking for ways to specifically. Second, immigrants and members of our community to have a sense of belonging as a legal guarantees will be made. Third, the principal target of immigrants needs to be accorded the status of assimilate immigrants are not subject to the need to look into the subject`s target. Fourth, we also all over the world, such as the attitude of the local settlers insufficient points for the revision of related laws through the complements immigrants will be made for the policy implementation. Finally, the domestic legislation related to immigrants in general and in-depth review of the system to compensate for these problems, and also hold a current legal protection that is limited and fragmentary to overcome the limitations of the will come up with concrete measures.

논문(論文) : 인권교육의 국내외적 현황과 지향 과제

나달숙 ( Dal Sook Na ) 대한교육법학회 2011 敎育 法學 硏究 Vol.23 No.1

본 논문에서는 국제적으로 인권교육은 교육권의 일부로서가 아닌 하나의 권리로 정립되어 가고 있으나 여전히 우리의 교육현황에서 인권교육은 교육의 일부로서 실시되고 있는 실정에 있어, 인권의 이해 및 인권교육의 국제적 동향과 국내에서의 인권교육의 현황을 확인하여 향후 인권교육의 방향을 전망하고자 하였다. 또한 현실에서 인권침해문제가 심각한 상황임에도 불구하고 체계적인 인권교육이 활성화되지 않고 있어 인권교육을 통해 인권침해와 침해된 인권 회복의 필요성의 제시와 인권교육에 있어서도 정부가 제시한 국가인권정책기본계획에 부응하고 국가인권위원회를 중심으로 국제적 인권교육 수준에의 이행을 추진하기 위해 많은 활동이 진행되어 오고 있기는 하나 여전히 인권교육은 국제적 기준에 비추어 볼 때 미진한 수준에 머물러 있는 점을 고려하여 국내의 인권교육수준을 국제적 수준으로 끌어올리기 위한 인권교육의 지향 과제를 제시하고자 하였다. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights suggests the common standard about human rights. Human rights education was understood as a part of the right to education according to it, but nowadays human rights education is setting up a right separated from the right to education. Meanwhile human rights education of korea has made progress lively with the National Human Rights Commission of Korea as the center, but human rights education in korea is almost the initial stage and dose not come up to international human rights standard. The first phase (2005-2009) of the World Programme for Human Rights Education was dedicated to the integration of human rights education in the primary and secondary school systems by UN. The United Nations was laid out the plan of action for the second phase (2010-2014) of the World Programme for Human Rights Education, focusing on human rights education for higher education and on human rights training for teachers and educators, civil servants, law enforcement officials and military personnel at all levels. Member States should also continue the implementation of human rights education in primary and secondary school systems. Recently, UN declares through the Declaration on human rights education and training to define a common framework for the mobilization of efforts of States and all stakeholders, to support by further elaboration of specific themes covering either particular sectors and target groups, health workers, the police and the armed forces etc. or vulnerable groups. I propose the practice at various angle on Human Rights Education as follows: reflection of international human right program, specialization, diversification, centralization of human right education, establishment of a close net work with the National Human Rights Commission of Korea as the center, support and cooperation of the government. In order to fulfill this task, enactment of the human rights education law and establishment of the human rights education institute should be a prerequisite.

연구논문 : 연명치료중단의 자기결정권을 둘러싼 논의점 연구

나달숙 ( Dal Sook Na ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2014 법학논총 Vol.38 No.4

By any irreversible disease of the treatment of patients whether to allow them to require to discontinue the treatment is how much degree we should accept the access to the right of self-determination. In Chapter 2 of this paper, I looked at the understanding of the concept about euthanasia types and distinct concepts, in connection with the meaningless life sustaining treatment, and in Chapter 3, in terms of the conflicts surrounding discontinuing the right of the patient’s self-determination and national guarantee obligation of the right of life, patient’s impossibility of the treatment and duty of the physician’s care and treatment, and the acceptability of discontinuing life sustaining treatment due to the right of self-determination, and Chapter 4, criteria of the right to the patient’s self-determination of discontinuing life sustaining treatment about patient’s consent and her or his presumptive substitute. In Korea, from the ‘Boramae Hospital Case’, euthanasia debate began to be raised, and in the ‘Severance Kim Grandma Case’ firstly, the court recognized death with dignity and it stroke a socially big sensation surrounding treatment. In the meantime, there has been many academic discussions and submitted the private member’s bill. However, as there is no legislation related to it until now, the key of decision to discontinuing life sustaining treatment is up to patient’s own intention and agent’s presumptive substitute. We should take a warning on demanding the patient’s sacrifice and developing the threatening situation. It is also needed to discuss the problem sincerely that the doctor is liable to discharge a patient from the hospital. Now it is time to take notice to the meaning of life in the right of life constitution guarantees and to institutionalization through an earnest discussion.

양심적 병역거부 해결방향

나달숙(Na Dal-Sook) 한국법학회 2006 법학연구 Vol.24 No.-

그리스도교의 평화주의적 전통에서 유래한 양심적 병역거부는 전쟁을 반대하고 평화를 추구함으로써 인간의 존엄을 유지하려는 데에서 시작되었다. 징병제를 채택하는 많은 국가들이 여러 형태로 각국에 맞는 양심적 병역거부를 인정하고 있으나 아직도 이를 인정하지 않는 나라가 많으며 우리나라도 그 중 하나이다. 헌법 제19조에서는 양심의 자유를 규정하고 있으며, 이는 양심형성(결정)의 자유, 앙심유지의 자유, 양심실현의 자유를 그 내용으로 하고, 양심적 병역거부는 소극적 양심실현의 자유에 속한다. 양심적 병역거부가 비록 종교적 신념에 근거한 경우라 하더라도 반드시 심각한 양심적 갈등을 동반한다는 점에서 종교의 자유가 아닌 양심의 자유에서 다뤄져야 한다. 유엔은 양심적 병역거부를 인간의 권리로 선포하여 국제적으로 인정되는 권리임을 선언하고 인권위원회를 중심으로 이를 실천하기 위한 노력을 기울여왔으며, 양심적 병역거부자들의 병역면제와 대체복무 수행에 대한 결의를 통하여 이 권리를 인정하지 않은 나라에 대한 권고를 통한 실천을 촉구해왔다. 우리의 경우 수십 년 동안 양심적 병역거부자가 발생하였으나 사회적 주목을 받기 시작한 것은 최근이고 근래 몇 년 동안 양심적 병역거부자 문제는 급물살을 타고 해결의 실마리를 찾고자 여러 방향의 노력과 시도들이 행해져왔다. 그러나 사법부는 양심적 병역거부자의 권리를 인정하지 않는 판결을 함으로써 아직도 양심적 병역거부자 문제는 답보상태에 있다. 인식의 전환으로 양심적 병역거부를 주장하는 소수자의 양심을 보호하고 진정한 인권국가로 발돋움하기 위해서는 형벌이 아닌 대체복무를 통한 국방의 의무를 이행하도록 하여야 할 것이다. Nowadays in many countries the right of conscientious objection is stipulated in the constitution or the law. In our country though it is not prescribed in constitution, it can be deduced from the freedom of the conscience. But in order to actualize it, it must be regulated in positive law on the ground of the constitution. In the country under the conscription system the problem of conscientious objector, a person who opposes to engaging in legally required behavior on the ground of conscience, can be occurred, and in the country under the volunteer system it can be occurred in service as well. The Supreme Court has convicted the conscientious objector who had been prosecuted for his refusal to serve in the army on the ground of the religious faith. The Constitution Court decided that the article of the military service law which punishes the conscientious objector is constitutional also. With this Constitution Court's decision the problem of conscientious objector goes back the starting point and the theme of the settlement is still remained. The conscientious objection has been the social issue for several decades in our country. But things are not what they used to be and treatment of them is improved rather than the past. It's about time that we solve a pending problem for the protection of the minority with an open mind. The basic settlement for the conscientious objector is to make the alternative service. For this the present article suggests that the legislature revise the article of the military service law which punishes the conscientious objector and introduce the system of alternative service at a time.

아동의 인권에 관한 법적 조명 -아동권리협약을 중심으로

나달숙(Na, Dal-Sook) 한국법학회 2020 법학연구 Vol.78 No.-

우리 헌법 제10조는 ‘모든 국민은 인간으로서의 존엄과 가치를 가지며, 국가는 개인이 가지는 불가침의 기본적 인권을 보호할 의무를 진다’고 규정하고 있다. 아동 또한 인간으로서 존엄과 가치를 지닌 인격체이며, 기본적 인권을 누릴 자격을 가진 권리주체로서 국가는 아동의 인권을 보호할 의무를 진다. 국제적으로 이러한 아동의 권리 주체로서 인권을 보장하기 위한 인류 노력의 최종 성과가 바로 1989년 유엔의 아동권리협약이다. 우리나라는 1991년 동협약에 가입하였고, 이후 매 5년마다 협약의 이행 상황을 유엔아동권리위원회(Committee on the rights of the child)에 보고해 왔다. 동위원회는 협약의 이행에 대해 심의하고, 미진한 이행 사항에 대해 권고를 해왔다. 본 논문에서는 아동권리협약상 아동에게 보장되는 인권과 우리 정부가 이행해야 할 협약의 실천에 관한 문제를 고찰하였다. 인권은 모든 인간이 지닌 보편적 권리로서 모든 국가는 이를 보호해야 한다. 국제법상 아동인권의 문제에 대한 지역적 관심사가 다를지라도 아동에 관한 인권문제는 보편적 인권으로서 아시아, 유럽, 아프리카 등 지역에 상황이 달라도 전 지구적 차원의 인류 보편적 문제로 접근해야 할 것이다. 우리나라는 유엔아동권리협약에 가입한 후 이 협약을 실천하기 위한 법제도적 노력들을 지속적으로 이행해 오고 있다. 그러나 여전히 국내의 법적 상황과 지역적 현안에 중점을 두고 유보조항을 유지하고 있다. 이는 국제사회가 지향하려고 하는 보편적 인권에 걸림돌이 되며 아동인권의 보장의 해결과제로 남아 있다. 그동안 우리 정부는 아동인권에 대해 유엔이 권고해 온 사항에 대해 지속적인 개선 노력을 해왔으나, 여전히 미흡하고 우려심이 있는 부분이 존재하고 있어, 미비한 법적 정비와 제도적 변화를 통해 아동의 권리보장을 담은 국제인권법이 국내법에 적극적으로 반영되도록 하여야 할 것이다. Article 10 of our Constitution stipulates that all the people have dignity and value as human beings, and that the state has the duty to protect the inviolable fundamental human rights of individuals. Therefore, as a person of dignity and value, as a human being and a person entitled to enjoy basic human rights, the state has an obligation to protect the human rights of children. The final outcome of human rights efforts to ensure human rights as the subject of childrens rights is the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Korea joined the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991, and has reported its implementation every five years to the Committee on the Rights of the Child. The U.N. Commission on the Rights of the Child has deliberated on the implementation of the Convention and has recommended the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. I considered the issues in this paper concerning the rights to guarantee children and the practice of future agreements that our government should implement. Human rights are universal rights that the state must protect, and all states must protect them. Under international law, human rights issues concerning children should be approached as universal human rights at the global level, even if the situation is different in Asia, Europe and Africa. Since joining the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, Korea has continued to implement legal and institutional efforts to implement the treaty. Yet each country still maintains a concessionary port, with an emphasis on its own legal situation and regional issues. This is a stumbling block to universal human rights that the international community seeks to pursue, which is in line with the guarantee of rights for children. In the meantime, the Korean government should make continuous efforts to improve the U.N. recommendations, and even if progress is made in many areas, the international human rights law for children should be actively reflected in domestic law through legal readjustment and institutional changes in areas that are still insufficient and worrisome.

환경적(環境的) 관점에서 장사제도(葬事制度)에 관한 고찰 : 장사제도의 변천과 법적 대응을 중심으로

나달숙 ( Dal Sook Na ) 韓國環境法學會 2007 環境法 硏究 Vol.29 No.2

양심적 병역거부의 국제적 논의와 현황

나달숙(Na Dal Sook) 한국토지공법학회 2008 土地公法硏究 Vol.41 No.-

  The problem of Conscientious Objector, a person who opposes to engaging in the Military Service on the ground of religious, moral, philosophical and political faith, can be occurred in the country under the Conscription System.<BR>  The problem of Conscientious Objection has been the social issue for several decades in our country. At these days the Supreme Court convicted the Conscientious Objector who has been be punished due to his refusal to serve in the army on the ground of the religious faith and The Constitution Court decided that the article of the military service law which punishes the Conscientious Objector is constitutional. So the problem of Conscientious Objector is still remained unsettled.<BR>  Constitutional complaint can"t be brought against the trial of the Supreme Court and the applier of the law can"t afford the friendly judgment to the Conscientious Objector.<BR>  The question of the Conscientious Objector is not confined to a part of a country.<BR>  The Right to Conscientious Objector stems from article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 18 of the United Nation International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, art. 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, article 12 of the American Convention on Human Rights. Especially the Right to Conscientious Objector is marked by the United Nations Human Rights Committee Resolution 1988/77 is called "the Magna Carta of the Conscientious Objection".<BR>  The korean government has been advised the solution of the Right to Conscientious Objector by a legal system. Finally Human Rights Committee of Civil and Political Rights demand effective relief steps and prevention of recurrence and our government cannot but take due measures.

종립대학에서의 교직원채용의 자유와 제한: 대학의 자율성을 중심으로

나달숙 ( Dal Sook Na ) 대한교육법학회 2009 敎育 法學 硏究 Vol.21 No.2

최근 문제된 기독교 대학에서의 교직원신규채용조건으로 특정종교를 요구하는 것에 대해 국가인권위원회는 이를 종교를 이유로 한 고용차별이라고 하여 시정권고를 내렸다. 이에 종립대학에서는 그 정당성을 주장하였고 국가인권위원회를 비롯하여 몇 번의 토론회가 개최되어 이 문제를 논의한 바 있다. 본 논문에서는 이와 관련하여 국가의 행위가 아닌 사인(단체)이 하는 특정종교에 대한 우대행위가 비종교 흑은 타종교인의 차별행위인가에 대한 의견대립에 대해 살펴보고 종립대학에서의 교직원 채용 문제를 대학의 자율성 측면에서 고찰하고자 하였다. 사립학교가 공교육의 일익을 담당한다는 점에서 국·공립학교와 본질적 차이가 없을 것이기 때문에 국가는 일정한 범위 내에서 사립학교의 운영을 감독·통제할 권한과 책임을 지는 것이 당연하다. 그러나 사립학교는 국공립학교와 달리 특수한 목적을 가지고 설립된 목적의 구현을 위한 사립대학의 자주성 또한 실천되어야 하는 것이다. 민주국가에서 다원주의적 다양성과 창의성을 개발하고 실현하는 것은 다양한 교육을 통해서 가능한 것이며 사인이 재산을 출연하여 설립한 종교단체에서 종교단체가 그 단체가 필요로 하는 사람을 채용할 수 있는 것은 합리적인 것이다. 국·공립대학이 아닌 종교계사립대학에서 해당종교의 선교나 교육에 적합한 자를 채용하여 세계관이나 건학이 념을 실천하게 하는 것은 사회에서 실천하는 사립학교로서익 특수성을 인정하는 것이다. 기독교학교는 기독교 학교로서 정관에 규정된 기독교 세계관과 기독교적 건학이념을 구현하기위해 이에 부응하는 자를 교직원으로 채용하여 일반학문은 물론 건학이념익 실현에 기여할 수 있고, 이는 사립대학의 자율성에 의한 허용한계 내의 것이며, 사립대학의 독자성 보장은 사립학교의 본질적 요체이다. Recently a habitual practice that religious foundation universities has requested submitting the certificate of a certain religions as a new hiring condition was an issue. The National Human Rights Commission concluded it was the discrimination on the ground of religion, and some relevant universities assert that it was justification. Applicant asserted that because he can not apply without a certain religion it is a religious discrimination and violates the freedom of career choices. On the other hand, religious foundation universities claim that hiring the believer of a certain religions is missionary work and forms a part of the freedom of religious realization. Guidance of student has come in various forms as not only lecture but also extracurricular work, and so on. The school personnel also is not irrelevant to counsel of student. Therefore requesting the certificate of a certain religions has a reasonable reason. Although autonomy of university is in the section 31, subsection 4 in our constitutional law, it is a close relation to the academic freedom which is regulated in section 22, subsection 1. On the ground of that the Private School Act was made. It is enacted that it aims at the security of autonomy and the upsurging of public services according to the extraordinary nature of Private school. Private school has been raised such a pressing issue that the schools account for 80% of college education and 30% of secondary education. All the while Private school has achieved the autonomous and creative education which Taxpaid School could not accomplish. To help the practice of the extraordinary nature of Private school its autonomy must be acknowledged. The National Human Rights Commission`s advice as to quitting the habitual practice having been requested the certificate of a certain religions as hiring requirements of school personnel, has no a certain legal basis.

연구논문(硏究論文) : 미국에서의 낙태에 관한 법적 논쟁

나달숙 ( Dal Sook Na ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2008 법학논총 Vol.32 No.2

The U.S. Supreme Court has dealt with the abortion problem through a several its decisions, for example, Roe v. Wade(1973), Webster v. Reproductive Health Services(1989), Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey(1992), Stenberg v. Carhart(2000), Gonzales v. Carhart (2007) ect. Constitutional interpretation has been divided interpretivism which searches the intention of legislator and non-interpretivism which creates the law by d judge. The right of abortion as the privacy right is given to every humane being but it can be limited by the right of life to fetus. Fetus is not a person but if it gains the viability it must not be violated like the life of the humane being. The Court judges that the principle of the legal fiction does not govern regardless of present pregnancy because the pregnance is going on amidst the trial. The U.S. Supreme Court has applied to the “strict scrutiny” standard to abortion regulation until 1992. After 1992, however the Court discarded it and replaced it with the new “undue burden” standard which is unconstitutionality that a state regulation has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus. In Bellotti v. Baird Ⅱ(1979), the Court established the criteria as allowable restriction when minor woman`s access to abortion seek a waiver of parental consent-”mature minor” standard and the “best interests” standard, According to the inclination, judge of the U.S. Supreme Court is conservativist or progressivist. Therefore, he has a different viewpoint in the abortion. These days the number of conservative judge is more than that of progressive one in the U.S. Supreme Court, whereas recently president Obama declared that he held the abortion, So I want to ascertain how the abortion decisions will develop.