War and Veterans in Louise Erdrich's Novels

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2023 영미어문학 Vol.- No.151

From the beginning of the Native American Renaissance, the subject matter of war tends to be significant to portray sufferings of emotional maladjustment among the Native American veterans who encountered the outside world through the war. Louise Erdrich is not an exception in dealing with the topics of war and veterans in her novels. Unlike some other writers, however, Erdrich does not give a hopeful ending to those veterans. The veterans are portrayed as victims and they cannot escape from the painful memories of war. The Native American veterans in particular, such as Cyprian, Billy Peace, Russell, and Henry Lamartine Jr., all have conspicuously fatal consequences arising from their participation in war, in one way or another, physically or emotionally. Each veteran has the fate of becoming an outcast or suffering a tragic death. Especially, the muted Henry Jr.’s drowning by committing suicide after his return from the Vietnam War manifests Erdrich’s powerful message about the brutal nature of war which also reminds the reader of the tragic history of Native Americans on the North American continent.

Jane Austen's Treatment of Passion in Sense and Sensibility

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2008 영미어문학 Vol.- No.86

Although Jane Austen's novels are criticized for having an absence of passion, Sense and Sensibility is an exception. Marianne is endowed with passion and an altogether lack of prudence. It seems that Jane Austen wants to warn of the danger of passion by Marianne's falling in love with the villainous rogue, Willoughby. But often her vitality goes beyond the boundary of the author's intention, and she becomes a central figure, being attractive as well as sympathetic, beyond Elinor's role. Jane Austen creates several devices to prevent the story from becoming sentimental and romantic. Jane Austen narrates her story mainly through Elinor's consciousness when Marianne encounters a moment of crisis. She also introduces a technique of a story within a story in Brandon's narration of the two Elizas. Willoughby's uncertain characterization, including his self accusation, and the hastened but ambivalent ending of Marianne's marriage to Brandon are the manifestation of Jane Austen's ambiguous treatment of passion. Despite her attempts, however, Marianne's attraction is too much to be a model of penance. Thus, Jane Austen neither dealt with passion as the main subject matter nor created a passionate heroine with considerate attractiveness again in her later novels.

게임을 활용한 공감훈련이 초등학생의 친사회적 행동 증진에 미치는 영향

김형희 한국초등상담교육학회 2005 초등상담연구 Vol.4 No.1

Making the “Queen” in Louise Erdrich’s The Beet Queen

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2016 영미어문학 Vol.- No.123

The Beet Queen is the product of Louise Erdrich’s hope to become not just a Native American writer but an American writer. In the novel, almost all of the characters are white and the main setting is a fictional white city, Argus. The lack of both Native Americans and their sufferings under the dominant culture brought harsh criticism from Leslie Marmon Silko. However, Erdrich’s identity as a Native American and her critical perspective on white culture never disappear, even in this novel. Her efforts to present us with a new society begin with the breakup of a white family, and are followed by her questioning the conventional, biased ideas of gender and race. Eventually, the major role in a new society is left to a mixed-blood family, based on the love of a mother-daughter relationship, harmonizing different races and genders altogether. And, as a member of the new family, the daughter, Dot, finally realizes her mother’s love and matures. Thus, in spite of her refusal to be coronated as the beet queen in a conventional sense, Dot becomes the real queen, the leader of the future society.

Pemberley’s Significance in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2010 영미어문학 Vol.- No.97

Pemberley plays a significant role in interpreting Elizabeth's marriage to Darcy as well as the novel itself. So, many Jane Austen critics have attempted to explain Pemberley in various ways. The views of the novel having a Cinderella plot and the importance of the circulating library system of Jane Austen's time help the hypothesis that the creation of the magnificent Pemberley is Jane Austen's approval of convention and the expectations of the reading public during her time. However, some other critics, especially lately, try to see Pemberley in a new perspective. With the analysis of the class system of the novel, the critics try to suggest a picture of socioeconomic circumstances, placing Pemberley in the boundary of an inclusive community and they focus on minor characters. And, some other critics try to find a meaningful answer for Pemberley from a whole other kind of theory. The controversy over Pemberley and the new interpretations are valuable to make Pride and Prejudice more interesting.

Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine: The Completion of Returning Home through Visions and Love

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2016 영미어문학 Vol.- No.121

In Love Medicine, Louise Erdrich uses a peculiar narrative technique, which evokes the Native American storytelling tradition. By way of the creation of an unfamiliar style of multiple perspectives, she wants to achieve a dual effect; that is, she not only demands of the reader to rethink the fixed idea of the tribe’s tradition and culture, but also controls her enmity against whites and their dominant culture, without sacrificing her task as a Native American writer. With this unique narrative technique, Love Medicine is focused on impressive female characters. June’s presence without her voice after her death pervades the whole novel where, in contrast with Lulu’s unvanquished valiance for keeping her identity and culture, Marie becomes an unforgettable figure through her devotion, love, and forgiveness for her family and rivals, even though she has a worldly ambition to improve her status. Erdrich focuses on Albertine and Lipsha as representatives of the younger generation. Especially, Lipsha accomplishes self-awareness of true love through failed magic. Therefore, in consequence, Lipsha’s gaining vision and love enables him to acknowledge his father’s―as well as his mother’s―identity and complete June’s return home through his understanding and forgiveness.

The Railroad in Dombey and Son: Dickens's Notion of Progress and Morality

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2009 영미어문학 Vol.- No.90

Published during the decade of social and economic disturbance of the 1840s, Dombey and Son represents Dickens's optimistic view of the Industrial Revolution. Especially, the railroad is the embodiment of his vision for the future. Dickens vividly and enthusiastically describes the sight of the railroad construction. In addition to the physical appearance of the building site, the railroad takes various roles to convey what Dickens wishes to say as a social reformer, which include class distinctions and morality. Mr. Dombey's despondence on the train, withholding his heartful appreciation of the new era, resorting to death, signifies his failure in his business, and his morality resulted from anachronistic sentiment and attitude. In contrast with the Dombey household, the Toodles represent an ideal family. Together with the symbolic meaning of their clean house, Polly's humanity as a wet nurse is beyond Mr. Dombey's attempt to limit their relationship only in pecuniary concern. Unlike Mr. Dombey's rigidity with unflinching pride and the collapse of his firm, Mr. Toodle's optimistic attitude and his success, getting a professional job as an engine man, reflects his adaptability and triumphant living during the dynamic change of society. In this sense, Dickens's happy resolution in Dombey and Son is not so much erroneous as consistent with his sanguine outlook on socioeconomic reform. Published during the decade of social and economic disturbance of the 1840s, Dombey and Son represents Dickens's optimistic view of the Industrial Revolution. Especially, the railroad is the embodiment of his vision for the future. Dickens vividly and enthusiastically describes the sight of the railroad construction. In addition to the physical appearance of the building site, the railroad takes various roles to convey what Dickens wishes to say as a social reformer, which include class distinctions and morality. Mr. Dombey's despondence on the train, withholding his heartful appreciation of the new era, resorting to death, signifies his failure in his business, and his morality resulted from anachronistic sentiment and attitude. In contrast with the Dombey household, the Toodles represent an ideal family. Together with the symbolic meaning of their clean house, Polly's humanity as a wet nurse is beyond Mr. Dombey's attempt to limit their relationship only in pecuniary concern. Unlike Mr. Dombey's rigidity with unflinching pride and the collapse of his firm, Mr. Toodle's optimistic attitude and his success, getting a professional job as an engine man, reflects his adaptability and triumphant living during the dynamic change of society. In this sense, Dickens's happy resolution in Dombey and Son is not so much erroneous as consistent with his sanguine outlook on socioeconomic reform.

The Portsmouth Episode in Mansfield Park: A Manifestation of Jane Austen's Artistic Vision

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2009 영미어문학 Vol.- No.93

The Portsmouth episode in Mansfield Park is significant for the development of the plot, showing Jane Austen's realistic representation of life. The episode firmly sets the heroine as Fanny Price. Jane Austen exercises her narrative technique as an empathetic narrator by focusing on Fanny's consciousness, which is probably unfolded realistically rather than snobbishly. In the Portsmouth episode, Jane Austen's conventional topics in her novels are realistically and impressively manifested. Her preference of the country to the city based on her life and experiences at Bath is revitalized in the chaotic Price family, having no order, discipline, and peace. Jane Austen's notion of unadvisable marriage, based solely upon affection for each other, is portrayed through Mr and Mrs Price that they manage their home badly, and the realistic delineation of the couple with many children is unprecedented in her work. Also Jane Austen deals with the parent-child relationship, particularly the mother-daughter relationship. Fanny has no deep relationship with her father. She also feels hurt because of the distance from her mother, so Fanny does not hesitate to use strong language to express her oppressive consciousness. Because of Jane Austen's impressive writing, readers can clearly see the uniqueness of the Portsmouth episode, which is crucial in understanding Mansfield Park and Jane Austen's artistic philosophy. The Portsmouth episode in Mansfield Park is significant for the development of the plot, showing Jane Austen's realistic representation of life. The episode firmly sets the heroine as Fanny Price. Jane Austen exercises her narrative technique as an empathetic narrator by focusing on Fanny's consciousness, which is probably unfolded realistically rather than snobbishly. In the Portsmouth episode, Jane Austen's conventional topics in her novels are realistically and impressively manifested. Her preference of the country to the city based on her life and experiences at Bath is revitalized in the chaotic Price family, having no order, discipline, and peace. Jane Austen's notion of unadvisable marriage, based solely upon affection for each other, is portrayed through Mr and Mrs Price that they manage their home badly, and the realistic delineation of the couple with many children is unprecedented in her work. Also Jane Austen deals with the parent-child relationship, particularly the mother-daughter relationship. Fanny has no deep relationship with her father. She also feels hurt because of the distance from her mother, so Fanny does not hesitate to use strong language to express her oppressive consciousness. Because of Jane Austen's impressive writing, readers can clearly see the uniqueness of the Portsmouth episode, which is crucial in understanding Mansfield Park and Jane Austen's artistic philosophy.

집단미술치료가 학교생활부적응 청소년의 정서표현과또래관계 향상에 미치는 효과

김형희 한국미술치료학회 2013 美術治療硏究 Vol.20 No.5

This study investigated the effects of group art therapy on the peer relationship and the emotional expression of adolescents with poor school adjustment. Students were administered a school adjustment test, the result of which showed that 14 students had problems in adjusting to their school life. The 7 students were designated as an experimental group(7 females) and a control group (7 females). The experimental group received an 8 session art therapy, once a week, each session 60 minutes long. The instruments included an emotions scale and peer relationship scale, all of which were administered before and after the group art therapy program. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum test, a non-parametric verification. The findings of this study are as follows. First, all the members in the experimental group showed improvement in the whole domain of emotional expression and the subcategories including self-perception and positive⋅negative ambivalence. This finding suggests that group art therapy improved the self-perception of the participants and reduced their positive⋅negative ambivalence, which contributed to their emotional expression. Second, all the members in the experimental group showed improvement in the whole domain of peer relationship and the subcategories including existence of friends and the trust, duration of the relationship between friends, adjustment between friends, and activities between friends. This finding suggests that group art therapy improved the existence of friends and trust, which lengthened the duration of the relationship between friends and that art therapy improved the adjustment between friends and activities, which made positive effects on the peer relationship. 본 연구는 집단미술치료가 학교생활부적응 청소년의 학교생활적응을 위하여 정서표현과 또래관계 향상에 미치는 효과를 알아보는데 목적을 두었다. 연구대상 선별을 위하여 학교생활적응 검사를 실시하였고 선별된 총 14명의 학교생활부적응 청소년(실험집단 7명의 여학생, 통제집단 7명의 여학생) 중, 실험집단에 주 1회 60분씩, 총 8회기의 집단미술치료 프로그램을 실시하였다. 연구도구로 정서표현검사, 또래관계검사를 사전⋅사후 실시하였고 자료 분석은 비모수검증인 Wilcoxcon Ranks Sum test로 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 집단미술치료가 학교생활부적응 청소년의 정서표현 전체와 하위영역인 자기지각, 긍정⋅부정정서의 양가감정에서 실험집단 전원이 향상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 집단미술치료가 학교생활부적응 청소년들의 자기지각력을 향상시키고, 긍정⋅부정정서의 양가감정을 감소시켜 집단원들의 정서표현 향상에 긍정적인 효과를 가져왔다. 둘째, 집단미술치료가 학교생활부적응 청소년의 또래관계 전체와 하위영역인 친구의 유무와 신뢰, 교제의 지속기간, 친구간의 적응, 친구간의 협동활동에서 실험집단 전원이 향상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 집단미술치료가 학교생활부적응 청소년들의 친구의 유무정도와 신뢰를 향상시켜 친구간의 교제지속시간이 늘어나고 친구 간 협동과 활동정도가 높아져 집단원들의 또래관계 향상에 긍정적인 효과를 가져왔다.

John Fowles and the Recreation of the Medieval Romance

김형희 한국영미어문학회 2008 영미어문학 Vol.- No.88

John Fowles’ works, especially The Magus and The Ebony Tower, have very similar characteristics with the medieval romances, represented in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The medieval romances departed from the epic poems and they manifested a new style in literary history. In spite of temporal difference, Fowles’ works have a strong connection with the medieval romances by using their important elements: the subject of love, adventure, unusual settings, and a test. The appearance of the subject of love in the medieval romances was a total departure from the epic poems and that love could be only achieved through adventure in an unusual setting. And the hero, a chosen man, must pass a voluntary test to prove his integrity. These elements of the medieval romances can be easily found in The Magus and The Ebony Tower. Thus, the medieval romances are faithfully recreated in Fowles’ works.