무인도서의 식생과 식생보전가치등급 -전남 완도군 중심으로-

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),명현호 ( Hyeon Ho Myeong ),박정원 ( Jung Won Park ),조영준 ( Young Jun Cho ),오장근 ( Jang Geun Oh ) 한국도서학회 2015 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.27 No.4

2015년 5월부터 10월까지 전라남도 완도군 신지면, 약산면, 청산면, 금일읍, 노화읍, 보길면에 위치한 치도, 형도, 제도, 장고도, 대망도, 상도, 흰여도, 소병풍도, 낭도, 형제도, 갈도, 복생도, 바리섬, 경서도, 지초도 주변지역에 위치한 주요 무인도서를 중심으로 현지 답사를 통하여 무인도서 식생조사를 실시하였다. 주요 식물군락은 낙엽활엽수림 식생인 소사나무군락, 상록침엽수림 식생인 곰솔군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 상록활엽수림 식생인 구실잣밤나무군락, 후박나무군락, 보리밥나무군락, 돈나무군락, 사철나무군락, 사스레피나무군락, 상동나무군락, 돌가시나무군락, 우묵사스레피군락, 상동잎쥐똥나무군락, 동백나무군락, 붉가시나무군락, 까마귀쪽나무군락, 초지 식생인 칡군락, 멍석딸기-칡군락, 참억새군락, 밀사초군락, 고사리군락, 찔레꽃군락 등이 나타났으며, 각군락의 식생분석과 우점군락을 기술하였고, 식생의 상관, 주요 식생형, 식생평가에 따라 각 조사지점별 현존식생도를 작성하였다. 조사지역의 무인도 생태자연도 등급 평가 기준에 따라 Ⅰ등급 지역은 복생도와 갈도이며, Ⅱ등급 지역은 장고도와 형제도이며, Ⅲ등급지역은 치도, 제도, 대망도, 상도, 흰여도, 소병풍도, 낭도, 바리섬 등으로 나타났다. 또한 조사지역의 무인도서중에서 식생분야의 특정도서로서 지정이 가능한 도서는 복생도, 갈도, 장고도, 형제도 등으로 생각된다. 이들 도서는 서남해안의 지리적 특성을 갖는 특이 식생대가 형성되어 있고 그 보존가치가 높은 무인도서로 생각된다. This research was carried out from May to October 2015 to figure out the assessment class of Wando-gun``s vegetation and conservation values. According to the physiognomic classification, this area can be divided into the following 4 categories. The deciduous broad-leaved forests, evergreen coniferous fores, evergreen broad-leaved forest and herb vegetation. Based on the result of this classification, the Braun-Branquet method can categorize the plants into twenty-two different communities, such as the Carpinus turczaninowii, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica, Castanopsis sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Elaeagnus macrophylla, Pittosporum thbira, Euonymus japonicus, Eurya japonica, Sageretia thea, Rosa wichuraiana, Eurya emarginata, Ligustrum quihoui, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta, Litsea japonica, pueraria lobata, Rubus parvifolius-pueraria lobata, Miscanthus sinensis, Carex boottiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa multiflora community. The grade Ⅰ area includes Bokssaengdo and galdo which are both uninhabitied islands that has a ecological nature states. Grade Ⅱ area is Janggodo and Hyeongjedo, and grede Ⅲ area is Chido, Jedo, Daemangdo, Sangdo, Huinyeodo, Sobyeongpungdo, Nangdo, and Bariseom. The islands designated as the specific islands of vegetation areas are Bokssaengdo, galdo, Janggodok, Hyeongjedo. These islands contribute to the specific geographical characteristic of the Southwesten Coast, and thus its conservation value is high.

대흑산도 삼림식생의 조풍해에 관한 연구

김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),조영준 ( Cho Yeong Jun ),오동선 ( Oh Dong Sun ),홍현승 ( Hong Hyun Seong ),명현호 ( Myeong Hyeon-ho ),오장근 ( Oh Jang-geun ) 한국도서학회 2016 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.28 No.4

본 연구에서는 대흑산도에서 태풍에 의해 야기되어진 조풍(潮風) 발생 및 식생에 나타난 시간적·공간적 특징을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2012년 8월 하순 대흑산도를 강타한 태풍 볼라벤(BOLAVEN)의 통과시 기상자료를 분석하고 이후 식생조사를 수행하여 대흑산도 식생에 나타난 조풍해 정도를 조사하였다. 조풍해는 주로 강한 풍속에 의해 대흑산도 동부 해안지역에서 발생한 것으로 나타났으며, 강풍성 마른 태풍이었기 때문에 염분이 식생에 잔재할 수 있는 조건이 형성되었고, 대흑산도에 자생하는 침엽수림에 피해를 주었다. 대흑산도 침엽수림 조풍 피해지역 면적 현황으로는 1등급(심피해)은 1,770,886.2㎡(8.29%), 2등급(중피해)은 1,246,763.7㎡(5.83%), 3등급(경피해)은 1,197,624.9㎡(5.60%), 4등급(건전)은 5,692,474.1㎡(26.64%)으로 나타났다. 대흑산도 삼림 조풍 피해지역별 주요군락의 면적 현황으로는 주요군락별 1등급(심피해)지역 면적은 곰솔군락과 곰솔혼합림, 2등급(중피해)지역 면적은 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 3등급(경피해)지역 면적은 곰솔-동백나무군락, 4등급(건전)지역 면적은 소나무-사스레피나무군락이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 대흑산도 주요 지역별침엽수림 피해 현황으로는 대흑산도 동쪽방향, 예리와 기상대 주변을 중심으로 나타났다. 향후에도 많은 강수량을 동반하지 않은 강풍성 태풍이 다가올 경우 조풍해가 예상되므로 침엽수림(소나무, 곰솔)을 보호하기 위한 체계적인 기초자료 확보가 필요하다고 생각된다. 더 근본적으로는 한반도 전 해안지역을 따라 태풍의 특성 및 도서지역의 삼림식생에 대한 조풍 재해 데이터베이스를 구축하는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다. In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of salty wind by typhoon in Daeheuksan Island and their damage to windbreak forests are examined. To investigate these patterns, vegetation survey and meteorological data analyses were conducted after the attack of typhoon BOLAVEN in late August, 2012. Collected data shows that salty wind damage in windbreak trees by the typhoon was distinct in the eastern coastal areas, due to the easterly gusts with less precipitation. The coniferous forests that grow wild in Daeheuksan Island were affected. The coniferous forest area status affected by the salty wind are follows: The grade Ⅰ area(severe damage) was 1,770,886.2㎡(8.29%), Grade 2 area(medium damage) was 1,246,763.7㎡(5.83%), grede 3 area(weak damage) was 1,197,624.9㎡(5.60%), and grede 4 area (no damage) 5,692,474.1㎡ (26.64%). The major community area of forest damage affected salty wind are follows: The grade Ⅰ area(severe damage) was the Pinus thunbergii community and Pinus thunbergii mixed forest, Grade 2 area(medium damage) was the Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, grade 3 area(weak damage) was the Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community, and grade 4 area(no damage) was the Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica community. A major regional coniferous forest damage status in Daeheuksan was all mainly from the easterly direction of the island, The Yeri village and the surrounding meteorological observatory. These results indicate that prediction and proactive activities for salty wind are needed in order to reduce its damages to the coniferous forest(Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii), especially before the arrival of dry typhoon accompanying a gusty wind. More fundamentally, database on the forest vegetation of Korea`s coastal areas is needed in order to prepare for the typhoon.

순천만 염생식물 서식지의 토양환경 특성

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),정준희 ( Jun Hee Chong ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2010 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.22 No.2

This study was carried out in the soil environment of halophyte habitat in Suncheon Bay, from April to June 2010. Halophyte habitat of the Suncheon Bay were classified into 10 sites: Phragmites communis community(5 sites), Carex scabrifolia community(1 sites), Bare ground(1 sites) and Suaeda japonica community(3 sites) which were distributed zonations thoughout the halophyte habitat. The soil environment(pH: 6.24-6.95, salinity: 2.9-1.7 ppt, moisture content : 50.50-28.38 % and organic matter content :9.74-7.46 %) of Suncheon Bay was typical characteristics of the estuary marsh. The soil`s particle size distribution in those sites showed soil particle size(1,000 ㎛) in June, which is higher number than that of April due to the change of season. The results of this investigation on environmental characteristics of the substratum in the halophyte habitat show that according to the properties contained in the soil of Suncheon Bay there are significant differences in halophyte community. Further, we suppose that more precise information on the halophyte habitat of Suncheon Bay is of primary importance in gathering knowledge on the formation of soil environment.

신안군 흑산권역의 당산림 식물상과 당산나무 분포 특성

김하송(Ha-Song Kim),고경남(Kyung-Nam Go),조영준(Yeong-Jun Cho),명현호(Hyun-Ho Myeong),이정윤(Jung-Yun Lee) 한국농어촌관광학회 2022 농어촌관광연구 Vol.25 No.1

사량도 해안식생과 귀화식물에 대한 생태학적 연구

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),이정윤 ( Jung Yun Lee ),최진희 ( Jin Hui Choi ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2005 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.17 No.2

손죽도 귀화식물의 생태학적 연구

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2010 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.22 No.4

This study focused on the distribution of naturalized plants in order to compare the change of distribution in Soonjook Island, Samsanmyeon, Yeosusi, Jeollanamdo, South Korea from 17 August, to 20 August, 2010. The flora of the naturalized plants surveyed in the above sites recorded 15 families, 43 taxa and a total of 9 naturalized species taxa(such as Astragalus sinicus, Rumex crispus, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Comos bipinnatus, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Erigeron bonariensis, Senecio vulgaris, Xanthium strumarium). Based on the community table, the main vegetation communities in the surveyed sites were the Euphorbia supina community, the Ambrosia artemisiifolia var and the elatior community. Also the major communities were changing the distribution of the region. The distribution of naturalized plants based on ecological trait could be categorized into 7 types of habitat: afforest land, beach, port, vacant land, road boundary, road cut, slope area, waste arable land, landfill area, and wetland. The systematic management is required to conserve these unique landscapes, diverse species, vegetation and ecosystem of the Sonjook island. In order to manage the naturalized plants in Sonjook island, basic surveys are most needed to understand the distribution and the dispersal of naturalized plant communities based on the ecological features of each habitat type.

추자도 특집(楸子島 特輯) : 어촌지역 초,중학생들의 환경보전에 관한 의식조사 -제주도 추자도지역을 중심으로-

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),곽수란 ( Soo Ran Kwak ) 한국도서(섬)학회 1998 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.8 No.1

신안군 칠발도 식생에 관한 연구

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ) 한국도서학회 2012 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.24 No.3

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetation of Chilbaldo, Jeollanam-do, South Korea from 17 May, to 20 August, 2011. According to the ZM school method, the vegetation can be classified into 7 communities which are as follows. The decideuous broad-leaved forest : Rubus schizostylus community, the afforest forest ; Ficus carica community, the herbaceous plants; Miscanthus sinensis community, Carex boottiana community, Artemisia princeps community, Achyranthes japonica community and Brassica juncea var. integrifolia community. This paper compares the change of major community in 2011 to the one in 2000. The result was that the Miscanthus sinensis community, Artemisia princeps community, Rubus schizostylus community, Ficus carica community, Achyranthes japonica community and Brassica juncea var. integrifolia community was gradually magnified. In contrast, the Carex boottiana community, Parthenocissus tricuspidata community and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. majus community were reduced. We described each community`s floristic, structural and environmental features closely. Based on the descriptions, the actual vegetation map was completed at a 1:5,000 scale. In order to conserve the vegetation of Chilbaldo, the most important thing is to establish an ecological learning area. By continuously monitering the ecosystem change, this will minimize human disturbance and attain effective management strategy.

순천만 염생식물의 생육지 토양환경 특성 모니터링

김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),박정원 ( Jung Won Park ),김진석 ( Jin Suk Kim ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2011 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.23 No.2

This study was carried out in the soil environment of the halophyte habitant in Suncheon Bay, from April 2010~ May 2011. The Halophyte community of the Suncheon Bay was classified into 10 sites: Phragmites communis community(5 sites), Carex scabrifolia community(1 sites), Bare ground(1 sites) and Suaeda japonica community(3 sites), which were a distributed zonation throughout the halophyte habitant. The pH was low in the A-1 site from April 2010 and was high in the C-1 site from November 2010, with the Value of 6.24 and 7.34, respectively. The salinity was high in the A-1 site from November 2010, low in the D-1, D-2 site from October 2010, with value of 5.20ppt and 1.7ppt. The moisture contents were high in the A-2 site from April 2010 and were low in the D-3 site from April 2010, with the value of 50.50% and 28.38%. The organic matter was high in the A-2 site from July 2010 and was low in the A-3 from November 2010, with the value of 11.35% and 3.81% respectively. The total nitrogen was highest in the A-2 site from May 2010 and lowest in the A-2 site from April 2011 with value 2.0 mg/g and 0.15mg/g. The electronic conductivity was high in the A-5 from November 2010 and was low in the D-1 site from May 2010 with the value 10700us and 3030us respectively. The soil particle size distribution in the sites showed a soil particle size(250㎛) a higher percent in June than April according to the change of season. The results of this investigation on environmental characteristics of the substratum in the halophyte habitant show that there are significant differences in halophyte community according to the properties contained in the soil of Suncheon Bay. Further, we suppose that more precise information in the halophyte habitant of Suncheon Bay will be a important data in the knowledge of the formation of soil environment.

다도해 해상국립공원 상록활엽수림 분포특성과 관리방안

김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),조영준 ( Cho Yeong-jun ),김아영 ( Kim Ah-young ),김진식 ( Kim Jeen-sieg ),이정윤 ( Lee Jung-yun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2021 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.33 No.1

본 조사는 2017년 4월부터 2018년 10월까지 본 조사와 2019년, 2020년 2차례 추가조사를 통하여 다도해해상국립공원 주변지역을 중심으로 상록활엽수림의 식생 현황을 조사하였다. 다도해해상국립공원에서 조사된 상록활엽수림 주요군락은 구실잣밤나무군락, 후박나무군락, 붉가시나무군락 등을 포함하여 33개 군락이, 상록활엽수림과 혼생하는 군락은 낙엽활엽수림에서는 굴참나무-동백나무군락, 굴참나무-사스레피나무군락, 상록침엽수림에서는 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-붉가시나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피군락, 곰솔-붉가시나무군락, 곰솔-참식나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-생달나무군락, 산지습성림으로는 고로쇠나무-참식나무군락 등을 포함하여 15개 군락이 나타났으며, 전체적으로 48개 군락이 나타났다. 이중에서 동부지역인 나로도지구, 금오도지구, 소안·청산지구에서는 35개 상록활엽수림 군락이 조사되었고, 서부지역인 조도지구, 비금·도초지구, 흑산·홍도지구에서는 29개 상록활엽수림 군락이 조사되었다. 다도해해상국립공원 주요 36개 도서 가운데 가장 많이 분포한 상록활엽수림은 구실잣밤나무군락으로 23개 도서(63.8%), 곰솔-사스레피나무군락 21개도서(58.3%), 곰솔-동백나무군락 10개 도서지역에서 비교적 넓게 분포하고 있었다. 그 외에 후박나무군락(9개), 동백나무군락(8개), 구실잣밤나무-곰솔군락(6개), 후박나무-동백나무군락(4개) 등이 나타났다. 또한 다도해해상국립공원 상록활엽수림을 조사하고 과거자료(1995년, 2009년)와 비교하면서 상관에 의한 식생을 정리하였다. 다도해해상국립공원은 서남해안 도서중에서도 비교적 자연경관이 뛰어난 지역이므로 주요 도서별 식생 특성에 따라서 효율적인 관리대책을 수립함에 있어서, 각 도서별 식생 특성에 따라서 관리방안을 수립하여야 한다. This survey investigated the vegetation status of evergreen broad-leaved forests around the area around Dadohaehaesang National Park through the main survey from April 2017 to October 2018 and two additional surveys in 2019 and 2020. The major communities of evergreen broad-leaved forests investigated in Dadohaehaesang National Park were 29 colonies, including the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Machilus thunbergii community and Quercus acuta community, and the mixed with evergreen broad-leaved forest were Quercus variabilis-Camellia joponica community and Quercus variabilis-Eurya japonica community. In the evergreen coniferous forest, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora-Camellia joponica community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus acuta community, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia joponica community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya emarginata community, Pinus thunbergii-Quercus acuta community, Pinus thunbergii-Neolitsea sericea community, Pinus thunbergii-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Cinnamomum japonicum community, Acer pictum var. mono-Neolitsea sericea community, 15 colonies appeared, and 44 colonies in total. Among them, 33 evergreen broad-leaved forest communities were investigated in the eastern regions of Narodo district, Geumodo district, Soan district and Cheongsan district, and 28 evergreen broad-leaved forest communities in the western regions of Jodo district, Bigeum district and Docho district, and Heuksan district and Hongdo district. Among the 36 islands in the survey area, the evergreen broad-leaved forest was relatively large in 23 islands(63.8%) of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, 21 islands(58.3%) of Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, and 10 islands of Pinus thunbergii-Camellia joponica community. It was widely distributed. In addition to this, there were 9 colonies of Machilus thunbergii community, 8 colonies of Camellia joponica community, 6 colonies of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii community and 4 colonies of Machilus thunbergii-Camellia joponica community. It was distributed relatively widely in the region. In addition, the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dadohaehaesang National Park was surveyed and compared with past data (1995, 2009), and vegetation by correlation was summarized. Dadohaehaesang National Park is a region with relatively excellent natural scenery among the southwestern coastal islands. Therefore, in establishing efficient management measures according to the vegetation characteristics of each island, management plans should be established according to the vegetation characteristics of each island.