교애사물탕이 랫드의 모체와 태자에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

김창석,박해모,신헌태,이장우,김경태,김판기,이선동,한상백,한용주,Kim, Chang-Seok,Park, Hae-Mo,Shin, Hun-Tae,Lee, Jang-Woo,Kim, Kyung-Tae,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Lee, Sun-Dong,Han, Sang-Baek,Hahn, Yong-Joo 대한예방한의학회 2006 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Gyoaesamultang in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with the Gyoaesamultang at dose of 5mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Approximately, live fetuses in the 20th day of gestation were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. To observe skeletal malformations, fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S. Maternal body weight of Gyoaesamultang treated group has a tendency to increase compared to that of control group. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs. There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But Gyoaesamultang administered group showed lower early resorption rate than the control group. Neonatal body weight and number of fetus of Gyoaesamultang group were increased to that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Gyoaesamultang didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Gyoaesamultang group but, compared to the control, those variations were insignificant. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. The number of sacral and caudal vertebrae were increased. Fetuses treated with Gyoaesamultang showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra(P<0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Gyoaesamultang showed no toxicity effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were showed in vertebrate and sternum, Gyoaesamultang were shown insignificant changes in bone malformation.

신라 縣制의 성립과 기능

金昌錫(Kim Chang-seok) 한국고대사학회 2007 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.48

신라는 6세기 중엽 이후 새로 확보한 영역의 방어와 전쟁 수행을 위해 새로운 지방제도인 縣制를 실시했다. 이는 백제, 고구려와 항쟁이 격화되면서 접경 지역의 피폐해진 촌락에 대해 생산 기반을 복구하고 동원 체제를 극대화하는 의미를 갖는다. 문무왕대에도 戰後 복구사업의 성격을 가지면서 현재는 확대 실시되었고 점차 民政 기능이 강화되었다. 현제는 신라 사회의 발전을 배경으로 하고, 국제 정세의 흐름에 대응하는 과정에서 단계적으로 성립한것이다. 초창기 縣은 이러한 군사적 배경 때문에 독자적 운동력을 갖고 있었다. 그리고 관할하는 村에 대한 통제력도 기존의 행정 기능을 가진 城ㆍ村보다 강력했다. 이러한 경험 때문에 中代 이후에도 행정 체계에서는 물론 조세 수취나 운송에서 郡과 村을 잇은 중간 기구로서의 역할을 원활하게 수행할 수 있었다. 한편 사회 분화가 진전되면서 촌락 간에 우열이 발생하게 되었다. 8세기 중엽에는 일부 선진 지역에서 村主를 배출한 촌 사이에서도 서열화가 진행되었다. 이는 기존 縣制의 변화를 요구하는 것이었고, 羅末麗初의 사회변동을 경과하면서 고려의 主縣-屬縣 체제로 재편된다. From the mid-6th. century Silla dynasty carried out Hyeon(縣)-system, a new local system to defend territories obtained and take up wars. It means that Silla dynasty restored the basis of production at towns impoverished in the borderland and made the mobilization system greatest as the fights against Baekje and Goguryeo were intensified. In the reign of King Munmu(文武王) Hyeon-system spreaded characterising a restoration after wars, and strengthened the function of civil administration. Hyeon-system formed with the development of Silla society for background and established by stages undergoing the process of the countermove with the international situation. In the early days of Hyeon-system, Hyeon had the original of its own capacity for power resulted from the military background. And the control power for Chon(村) was stronger than the existing system of Sung(城), Chon(村). For this reason from the middle period(中代) of Silla dynasty on Hyeon was able to play the part of the midterm instrument joining Gun(郡)and Chon in the parts of administrative organ, tax collection and transportation. Meanwhile superiority and inferiority were formed between Chons with the progress of social differentiation. In the mid-8th. century grades were formed between Chons at which Chon-chiefs(村主) were in the parts of advanced areas. This resulted in the changes of the existing Hyeon-system, which was reorganized into main Hyeon(主縣)-belonged Hyeon(屬縣) system in Goryeo dynasty with social changes.

한국 고대의 복수관(復讐觀)과 그 변화

김창석(Kim, Chang?seok) 한국역사연구회 2013 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.88

Historical evidence suggests that since the Old Joseon Period, revenge had been regarded among Korean people as a justifiable means of repairing damage inflicted upon their honor and reputation and of consoling the souls of the dead for injustices they had suffered during their lifetime. The tradition of regarding revenge as part of the natural law was inherited to the Three Kingdoms Period during which Korean people readily accepted the morality of revenge containing the Confucian teachings, and believed that a tyrant might rightly be ousted by people"s power. The tradition of bringing justice to the society via private punishment was maintained in the Three Kingdoms Period during which actions of just revenge played an important role in supplementing the effort to maintain order in society via laws. However, the development in the system of codified laws in the following periods brought a dramatic change in the people"s views on private punishment. In the earlier period revenge killing was considered, or even promoted, as a rightful obligation for the family members left behind to fulfill. But with the introduction of codified laws through the early 7th century, private revenge killing began to be regarded as an act specially allowed within the system of codified laws, rather than as a simply rightful act per se. The spread of Buddhist teachings and a tendency of praising secluded life after the mid 7th century changed the tradition that regarded revenge as an honorable act. It was also during this period that the ruling class of the ancient Korean society began to feel that revenge would not be that effective in controlling social order. Provisions were adopted to ban it in the laws.

보생탕이 랫드의 모체와 태자에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

김창석,이선동,김판기,이장우,박해모,Kim, Chang-Seok,Lee, Sun-Dong,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Lee, Jang-Woo,Park, Hae-Mo 대한예방한의학회 2005 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

한약은 오랫동안 사용하면서 경험적으로 안전성에 대한 검증이 이루어졌다고 생각하여 독성 문제에 관한 문제가 없는 것으로 판단되고 있다. 하지만, 최근 천연물의 성분들 중 변이원성, 염색체이상에 관한 문제점이 지적되어오고 있다. 특히 최근 임신중의 환경인자나, 약물복용에 따른 기형아 출산원인에 대한 연구가 행하여지고 있는데 임신 초기에 한약을 복용한 경우 기형아 발생률이 높았다는 보고가 있어 한약재의 임신중 사용의 안전성에 대한 과학적 조명이 필요한 실정이다. 임신과 분만에 관련된 한약재는 많이 보고되어 있고 실제로 환자에게 처방되고 있지만 이를 과학적으로 입증하고자 하는 연구는 많지 않았다. 따라서 본 실험은 임신유지, 성장 및 분만과 태아발생 및 그 영향과 관련된 한약재의 효능을 임신 랫드를 이용하여 간접적으로 확인하였다. 우선 임신 랫드를 임신 1일부터 20일까지 보생탕을 경구 투여하여 모체의 체중변화를 살펴보았다. 그리고 임신 20일에 부검하여 채혈을 하여 혈액분석을 하고 모체의 각 장기를 관찰하였다. 또 모체의 자궁을 적출하여 태자를 관찰하였다. 태자는 체중과 외형적 기형 그리고 alcian blue용액과 alizarin red S용액으로 염색하여 골격기형을 관찰하였다. 위와 같은 실험으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 보생탕을 투여한 모체의 체중변화에서는 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군이 높은 증가율을 보였지만 전체적으로 두 군 모두 증가현상을 보였으므로 한약에 의한 체중 감소는 없는 것으로 사료되었다. 모체의 장기무게에서 절대중량은 대조군과 보생탕 투여군이 비슷한 결과가 나타났으며 상대중량은 간과 신장에서는 보생탕 투여군이 비장에서는 대조군이 높은 결과가 나타났으나 큰 차이가 나지 않았고 유의성도 나타나지 않았다. 혈액분석결과 백혈구, 적혈구 및 적혈구 관련지표 (MCV, MCH, MCHC), 헤모글로빈, 혈소판, 림프구, 중성구, 호산구, 호염기구, 단핵구등에서는 유의적인 차이가 나지 않았고, 모두 정상범위 이내에 속하였다. AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine에서도 역시 큰 차이는 없었다. 이것도 역시 모두 정상범위였다. 모체의 황체수, 착상수, 착상율, 임신율, 초기소실율, 후기소실율, 출산자 수, 출산자의 성비를 보면 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군에서 약간 높은 결과를 보였으나 큰 차이는 없었다. 그리고 특히 초기소실율에서는 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군이 높은 결과를 보였다는 점에서 보생탕이 착상이나 임신유지에 유용한 영향이 있었다는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 태자에 대한 영향을 살펴본 결과 태자의 체중과 태자 수는 약간 증가한 것을 볼 수 있었으나 큰 차이는 나지 않았다. 그리고 태자 기형발생에서는 외형적인 기형은 관찰되지 않았고 골격검사에서도 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 흉추와 흉골에서 변이가 다수 관찰되었다. 흉추에서는 대조군이 흉골에서는 보생탕 투여군이 약간씩 높았으나 대조군과 보생탕 투여군간의 변이는 큰 차이는 없었다. 그리고 천골과 미추에서는 수의 차이가 관찰되었으나 큰 차이는 없었고 미추에서는 유의성이 나타났다.(P<0.01) 그리고 늑골과 경추, 흉추, 요추는 그 수가 일정했다. 이상에서 보생탕 투여는 임신 모체와 태자의 체중 및 증체량의 증가를 촉진시키는 것으로 관찰되었으나, 기타 다른 모체 기능에 관한 지표, 즉 황체수, 착상수, 착상율, 임신율, 초기소실율, 후기소실율등에 영향을 주지 않는 점과 차세대 동물 The experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of Bosaengtang in pregnant rats and fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with Bosaengtang at the dose of 5mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Fetuses were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. Fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S, and observed skeletal malformations. The results obtained were as follows : Bosaengtang administered group showed higher maternal body weight than the control group, but both groups showed increase in weight. Bosaengtang administered group showed lower than the control group, and higher liver and kidney weight than the control group, but the differences were minimal. There were no significant changes between the control and treated group in blood chemistry values and hematological values but all the groups were within in normal ranges. There were no significant changes in the number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetus and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate, sex ratio, but Bosaengtang administered group showed higher early resorption rate than control group. comparing the control and Bosaengtang group, neonatal body weight and the number of fetuses were increased in Bosaengtang group. The fetuses of dams treated with Oriental medicine didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Bosaengtang group, but the differences were not apparent compared to the control group. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were normal. The number of sacral was similar and the number of caudal was increased. Fetuses showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebrae. (P<0.01) From these results, we can carefully conclude that Bosaengtang showed beneficial effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, number of live fetus. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematoscopy, reproduction organs. External malformation wasn't visible. Skeletal variations were showed in vertebrae and sternum but compared to the control group, these variations weren't much different.

논에서 잡초발생패턴 조사

김창석,이정란,김경훈,김미선,박찬애,이인용,Kim, Chang-Seok,Lee, Jeong-Ran,Kim, Kyung-Hoon,Kim, Mi-Seon,Park, Chan-Ea,Lee, In-Yong 한국잡초학회한국잔디학회 2012 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.32 No.1

안태음이 임신랫드와 태자에 미치는 영향

김창석,박해모,이선동,이장우,김판기,신헌태,Kim, Chang-Seok,Park, Hae-Mo,Lee, Sun-Dong,Lee, Jang-Woo,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Shin, Heon-Tae 한국환경보건학회 2007 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.33 No.4

This study have a object to found out the effects of oriental herb medicine, Antaeeum, to dams of rats and their offsprings. The Antaeeum was savaged to female Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks during gestation periods. Dams of rat were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and were observed major internal and reproductive organs. Approximately live fetuses in the 20th days of gestation were selected randomly and examined with stereo microscopes. Others offsprings were fixed with 95% ethanol for skeletal examinations. The fixed fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S to observe skeletal variations or malformations. Maternal body weight of Antaeeum treated dams have a tendency of increasing compared with control dams. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs of weight or findings. The spleenic organ relative weight of treated dams were decreased compared with the control significaltly (p<0.05). There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But in the Antaeeum treated group showed lower early resorption rate than that of the control dams. Fetal body weight and number of fetus a dam at Antaeeum treated group were higher than that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Antaeeum didn't induced external malformations. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Antaeeum group, but compared with the control, those variations were not significant. The ossification numbers of rib, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. Fetuses treated with Antaeeum to the dams showed no significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra (P>0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Antaeeum showed no toxicity effects on maternal side especially on body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. Also there were no significant changes on maternal organ weights except spleen, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were examined at vertebra and sternum, this Antaeeum could not induced significant choses in bone malformation.

고혈압의 한약 치료에 대한 연구동향 분석

김창석,김영은,김철,김진현,예상준,송미영,Kim, Chang-Seok,Kim, Young-Eun,Kim, Chul,Kim, Jin-Hyun,Yea, Sang-Jun,Song, Mi-Young 대한예방한의학회 2011 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Objectives : This study aims to provide the fundamental information for future researches on combined medications of the oriental-western medicines or development of new Oriental medicine for hypertension. Methods : Every article related to hypertension was initially searched at journal web site, 'OASIS' and we finally analyzed 118 papers according to study types, kinds of herbal medicine, frequencies of herbal medicine, and results of researches. Results : Most studies were experiment researches which were composed of in vivo or in vitro. The formulas divided into 41 single and 99 complex prescriptions and total 218 medicinal materials were used in complex ones. The major effects of single prescriptions were decrease of the control of ACE activity and ANP concentration, while the effects of complex ones were various such as decrease of aldosteron concentration, decrease of epinephrine concentration, decrease of the heart rate, and decrease of dopamine concentration. Conclusions : More clinical studies based on scientific evidences should be done and the outcomes of this pilot study will contribute to development of Oriental medicines as substitute or combination for the western-hypertension remedies.

온라인 협동학습을 통한 프로그래밍 교육이 학업성취도와 창의적 사고 역량에 미치는 영향

김다은(Da-Eun, Kim),정종인(Chong-In, Jeong),김창석(Chang-Seok, Kim),강신천(Shin-Chun, Kang),김의정(Eui-Jeong, Kim) 한국정보통신학회 2020 한국정보통신학회 종합학술대회 논문집 Vol.24 No.2

4차 산업혁명, 2015 개정 교육과정 도입으로 인하여 학교 현장에서 학생들에게 바라는 인간상과 지녀야 할 핵심역량이 변화되고 있다. 특히 몇 년 전부터 4차 산업혁명을 대비하기 위해 소프트웨어 교육이 쟁점이 되어 대두되고 있고 학교 교육으로 학생들이 신장하여야 할 창의적 사고 역량과 공동체 역량 등 핵심 역량이 강조되고 있다. 소프트웨어 교육에서 중점으로 보고 있는 문제해결을 위한 프로그래밍 교육을 통해 핵심역량을 증진하고 학생들의 학업 성취도를 높이기 위해서는 기존에 진행하고 있는 전통적인 수업 방식으로는 어려움이 있다. 그러므로 4차 산업혁명 속에서 자라고 있으며, 디지털 네이티브라고도 불리는 학생들에게 적합한 새로운 학습 방법이 필요하게 되었고 그 방법을 온라인 협동학습으로 정해서 프로그래밍 교육을 진행하고자 한다. 이 연구를 통하여 실험집단 학생들은 온라인 협동학습을 통한 프로그래밍 교육을 진행하고 비교집단 학생들은 전통적인 수업을 통해 프로그래밍 교육을 진행하여 온라인 협동학습을 통한 프로그래밍 교육이 창의적 사고 역량과 학업 성취도에 긍정적인 영향을 주는지 확인하고자 한다. With the introduction of the 4th Industrial Revolution and the 2015 revised curriculum, the human image and core competencies that schools want from students are changing. In particular, software education has been an issue since a few years ago to prepare for the 4th Industrial Revolution, and core competencies such as creative thinking and community skills that students need to grow through school education are being emphasized. Traditional teaching methods has difficulties in enhancing the core competencies and improving students’ academic achievement, which is a main focus in software education. As a result, we need new learning methods for the new generation of students called “Digital natives” growing up on the 4th Industrial Revolution and now, we are trying to proceed with programming education through the new methods “Online cooperative learning.” With this study, we can see if online cooperative learning has a positive impact on creative thinking competencies and academic achievement by comparing two different student groups: The group who get programming education through online cooperative learning and the other group who get programming education through traditional classes.

도시주거문제에 관한 소고

김창석,Kim, Chang-Seok 대한건축사협회 1974 建築士 Vol.1974 No.6

파장훑음 레이저의 개발

김창석,이휘돈,Kim, Chang-Seok,Lee, Hwi-Don 한국광학회 2017 광학과 기술 Vol.21 No.1