전망이론 측면에서 본 푸에블로호사건과 북한의 정책선택

김창규(Kim, Chang-kyu) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2018 군사 Vol.- No.106

This study is the analysis based on Prospect Theory for the North Korea’s mechanism of policy choices on the USS Pueblo Incident happened in 1968. The Kim’s reference points at the time of the USS Pueblo incident are externally to protect North Korea’s sovereignty, to strengthen the alliance with the U.S.S.R. and China in addition to maintaining the autonomy for national security, internally to consolidate the Kim’s autocratic power and to reinforce the revolutional power against the South Korea The USS Pueblo incident can be divided into two stages. The first stage is to seize of the USS Pueblo and the first response stage of the U.S.A. and North Korea. (from Jan. 16 to Feb. 1) At this stage, Kim estimated that the U.S.A. would not drive the situations to war because of her domestic and international political difficulties. In early January 1968, North Korea faced the difficult political situations due to her contradictory relationships with U.S.S.R. and China, the increase of consciousness to be encircled because of the establishment of the diplomatic relationship between South Korea and Japan, and the failure of the raid on Blue House by the North Korea’s guerrillas. In these situations, the information collection of the USS Pueblo on North Korea was a threat against North Korea’s security and a violation of North Korea’s sovereignty, and it was also a challenge against Kim. So Kim perceived the situations were in loss-domain on the basis of his 4 reference points and chose the risk-taking collision policy to seize of the USS Pueblo and to deny negotiation. The second stage is the negotiations between the U.S.A. and North Korea. (from Feb. 2 to Dec. 23). As all efforts were failed, the leadership of the U.S.A. could not help stopping the armed demonstration and sitting down on the table for the individual negotiations with North Korea. As the negotiations had been going on, the U.S.A. had somewhat conceded ‘3A’(Admit, Apologize, Assure) and North Korea could get the result to be admitted the North Korea’s sovereignty by the U.S.A. Kim had got the result to strengthen the alliance with the U.S.S.R. and to acquire her additional economical and military support, to improve the relationship with China, to enhance his internal & external prestige, to support the North Vietnam indirectly and to succeed in resulting in conflict between Korea and the U.S.A. These situations almost satisfied Kim’s 4 reference points. So Kim perceived the situations as gain-domain and decided to choose the risk-avoiding selection to conclude the negotiations. This study shows the effectiveness of Prospect Theory. It will be the short cut to grasp the reference points of North Korea’s leadership and the mechanism of policy choice and to cut or change its links in order to prevent and oppose the continuing North Korea’s provocation effectively. This study expects to contribute to this.

Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺이 활성슬러지에 미치는 저해영향 평가

김창규,김요용,박익범,송진호,남우경,한송희,김복준,오조교,Kim, Chang-Gyu,Kim, Yo-Yong,Park, Ik-Beom,Song, Jin-Ho,Nam, Woo-Kyong,Han, Song-Hee,Kim, Bok-Jun,Oh, Jo-Gyo 한국물환경학회 2015 한국물환경학회지 Vol.31 No.2

In this study, the inhibitory effect of toxic metals was investigated on the activated sludge of the municipal sewage treatment plant. The allowable concentration of toxic metals was also estimated for the stable operation of the biological treatment process. The single and mixture toxicity of $Cu^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ were evaluated for the activated sludge microorganisms. As a result, nitrifying microorganisms were more susceptible than heterotrophic microorganisms. $IC_{10}$ (Inhibition Concentration of 10%) of $Cu^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ for the nitrifying microorganisms was 3 mg/L, 7 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. The mixture toxicity showed three times more sensitive than the single toxicity. The concentrations of $Cu^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ to minimize the inhibitory effect on organic matter removal and nitrification in batch experiments were found to be 1.3 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L and 6.3 mg/L.

버킷인덱스와 블룸필터를 이용한 범위형 의료정보 암호화기법

김창규,김정태,유천영,김지홍,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Kim, Jung-Tae,Yu, Choun-Young,Kim, Ji-Hong 한국정보통신학회 2011 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.15 No.2

Recently, there are some social issues that personal sensitive data in database were let out. The best method to protect these personal sensitive data is used by the database encryption method. But the encrypting database makes the query difficult. So, there are a lot of study to protect the database and increase the query efficiency as well. In this paper, we analysed recent research trend to protect the sensitive data and propose the combined method using buckets and the bloom filter for the medical database with range property. Compared to bucket index model, the proposed method can increase bucket index value and protect data distribution exposure. We can estimate that this proposed method can improve searching time and efficiency. 최근 데이터베이스내의 개인정보의 유출이 사회적으로 이슈가 되고 있다. 개인의 민감한 정보를 보호하기 위한 최선의 방법은 데이터 암호화이다. 그러나 데이터를 암호화하면 질의어 처리가 어렵게 된다. 그러므로 데이터베이스를 보호하고 질의어 처리를 효율적으로 하기 위한 많은 방법들이 제안되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 연구에 대한 방법을 분석하고, 의료정보 데이터베이스내의 범위특성을 가진 데이터를 암호화하기 위한 방안으로서 버킷 방식과 블룸필터 방식을 이용한 복합적인 방법을 제안하였다. 버킷방식만을 적용한 경우에 비하여 본 논문에서 제안한 버킷방식과 블룸필터방식을 융합하여 적용한 경우에는 버킷의 개수를 늘일 수 있고, 이에 따른 사용자 데이터의 분포 노출을 방지할 수 있으며, 결과적으로 검색속도를 높일 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

액상/기상중 전기선 폭발법을 이용한 은 나노유체의 제조 및 특성평가에 관한 연구

김창규,이경자,이창규,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Lee, Gyoung-Ja,Rhee, Chang-Kyu 한국재료학회 2009 한국재료학회지 Vol.19 No.9

The silver nanofluids were synthesized by the pulsed wire evaporation (PWE) method in a liquid-gas mixture. The size and microstructure of nanoparticles in the deionized water were investigated by a particle size analyzer (PSA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Also, the synthesized nanofluids were investigated in order to assess the stability of dispersion of nanofluid by the zetapotential analyzer and dispersion stability analyzer. The results showed that the spherical silver nanoparticle formed in the deionized water and mean particle size was about 50 nm. Also, when explosion times were in the range of 20$\sim$200 times, the absolute value of zeta potential was less than -27 mV and the dispersion stability characteristic of low concentration silver nanofluid was better than the high concentration silver nanofluid by turbiscan.

극저준위 액체섬광계수기와 파형분석법을 이용한 지하수 및 온천수중 $^{222}Rn$의 신속측정법

김창규,김철수,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Kim, Cheol-Su 대한방사선방어학회 1995 방사선방어학회지 Vol.20 No.2

계측이 간단하며 화학적 분리가 필요 없는 액체섬광계수법을 이용하여 일부 지하수 및 온천수중 $^{222}Rn$의 최적 분석조건을 검토하였다. $^{222}Rn$의 분석을 위한 최적 파형분석(PSA) 준위는 Optiphase HiSafe3 형광체 (Cocktail)에서 110, 그리고 톨루엔계열 형광체 (Toluene-based cocktail)에서는 90이었다. $^{222}Rn$의 계측효율은 Optiphase HiSafe3 형광체를 이용한 경우 ${\alpha}$영역에서의 계수효율은 유리용기는 282.2%, 테프론용기에서는 271.6%였으며, 톨루엔계열 형광체를 이용한 경우에는 유리용기와 테프론 용기에서 각각 262.3%, 247,5%였다. Optiphase HiSafe3 형광체와 테프론용기를 사용하여 60분간 계측하는 경우 ${\alpha}$-선 피크영역에서 $^{222}Rn$의 검출하한치는 $0.30Bq/{\iota}$였다. 또한, 본 연구에서 검토한 분석법은 일부 지하수 및 온천수중 $^{222}Rn$의 분석에도 응용되었다. For the determination of $^{222}Rn$ in water by a very simple and time saving liquid scintillation counting method that does not require any chemical separation, an optimum analytical condition has been investigated. The optimum pulse shape analysis(PSA) level for the measurement of $^{222}Rn$ using LKB 1220 Quantulus liquid scintillation counter was 110 for Optiphase HiSafe3 cocktail and 90 for toluene-based cocktail. The counting efficiencies of $^{222}Rn$ in the window covering u spectra using Optiphase HiSafe3 cocktail were 282.2% for glass vial and 271.6% for Teflon vial, whereas the counting efficiencies in toluene-based cocktail were 262.3% and 247.5% for glass and Teflon vials, respectively. The minimum detectable activity(MDA) in the u window for a 60-min measurement with a Teflon vial using Optiphase HiSafe3 cocktail was $0.30Bq/{\iota}$. The analytical method studied from this work was also applied to the determination of $^{222}Rn$ in some groundwater and hot spring water samples.

연속적 공침 선농축-수소화물 발생법을 이용한 ICP-AES에서의 비소의 감도 개선

김창규,박용남,Kim, Chang-Gyu,Pak, Yong-Nam 대한화학회 2004 대한화학회지 Vol.48 No.6

본 연구에서는 연속흐름 주입법에 의한 공침농축과 수소화물발생을 결합하여 유도결합 플라즈마 원자방출분광법에서 비소 이온을 고감도로 분석할 수 있는 방법을 개발하고 산화수에 따라 $As^{3+}와\;As^{5+}$를 분리하여 분석하였다. 미량의 비소시료는 In 공침제와 함께 공침되고 필터에 걸러진 후, 강산을 침전용해제로 사용하여 용리시켰다. 용리된 비소는 수소화물 발생장치에 들어가고 환원제와 혼합된 후 수소화물이 되어 ICP로 주입된다. 현재의 연속적 공침 농축-수소화물 발생법은 ICP를 단독으로 사용했을 때 보다 약 70배 정도의 감도를 높일 수 있었고, 이것은 공침농축이나 수소화물 발생법을 단독으로 사용한 것보다 각기 7배 및 10배 정도 높았다. 이것은 부피 0.3 mL의 1.0 ppm 용액에 대한 결과이며 만일 시료부피를 증가시킨다면 감도는 더욱 개선될 것이다. 시료의 측정횟수는 10 회/hr 이며 검출한계는 0.020 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}(3{\sigma})$이고 정밀도는 7-10%이다. 또한, 시트르산을 이용하여 비소의 화학종간의 수소화물 발생의 차이를 만들어 시료내의 $As^{3+}\;와\;As^{5+}$ 이온을 분리정량해 낼 수 있었다. In a stream of aqueous sample, trace arsenic ions were quantitatively coprecipitated and detected in ICP-AES through hydride generation. In was used as a coprecipitating reagent. The precipitate was collected on a filter and dissolved by HCl. The eluted As was sent into the reaction coil to generate hydrides and analyzed by ICP. With optimal conditions, and with a sample of 0.3 mL, an enrichment of 70 was obtained with the sampling speed of 10/hr. When compared with coprecipitation and hydride generation technique, the sensitivity was increased by 7 and 10 times, respectively. The limit of detection limit$(3{\sigma})$ was 0.020 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the precision was 7-10%. Separation of $As^{3+}\;and\;As^{5+}$ were possible using citric acid in hydride generation.

Erythropoietin의 in vitro 분석방법에 관한 연구

김창규,정구헌,이광무,곽효성,양호석,서정선,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Chung, Koo-Hun,Lee, Kwang-Moo,Kwak, Hyo-Sung,Yang, Ho-Suk,Seo, Jung-Sun 생화학분자생물학회 1991 한국생화학회지 Vol.24 No.1

적혈구 생성 유도인자인 erythropoietin(EPO)의 in vitro 분석방법을 확립하였다. Phenylhydrazine을 주사한 후 적출한 생쥐의 비장세포는 EPO투여에 매우 민감한 반응을 보이며 이는 $^3H$-thymidine 표지에 의해 새롭게 형성되는 세포를 측정하는 본 분석방법의 기초를 제공해준다. 본 방법에 소요되는 시간은 28시간이며 소량의 시료($10\;{\mu}l$)로 측정이 가능하다. 분석한계는 3 mU/ml에서 200 mU/ml 정도였으며 동일한 시료를 방사선 면역분석법과 본 방법으로 동시에 측정했을 때 r=0.86의 상관관계를 보였다. We described the method that provides simple, specific, sensitive and precise erythropoietin(EPO) assay. Experiment dealing with the various parameters involved in the procedure was described. The microassay that utilizes spleen cells from phenylhydrazine treated mice as the responder population and $^{3}H$-thymidine incorporation as the endpoints was established. Under the our condition used, EPO levels from 20 mU/well down to as little as 0.3 mU/well can be accurately measured with a corresponding variation in counts of 50 fold. This assay takes 28h and requires only very small($10\;{\mu}l$) samples for evaluation. The results obtained from the assay of urine samples were in good agreement with the values derived by R I A (r=0.86).

Evaluation of the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of resinous root canal sealers

김창규,류현욱,장훈상,이병도,민경산,홍찬의,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Ryu, Hyun-Wook,Chang, Hoon-Sang,Lee, Byung-Do,Min, Kyung-San,Hong, Chan-Ui The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry 2007 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.32 No.5

본 연구의 목적은 세 가지 레진계 근관충전실러 (AH 26, EZ fill, AD Seal), 산화아연 유지놀계 근관충전실러(ZOB Seal) 그리고 수산화칼슘계 근관충전실러 (Sealapex)의 방사선 불투과성 및 세포독성을 평가한 것이다. 각 실러를 제조회사의 지시대로 혼합하여 직경 10 mm, 두께 1 mm로 시편을 제작한 후 ISO 6876/2001의 규격에 따라 교합필름을 이용하여 알루미늄 스텝웨지와 함께 방사선 촬영을 시행하였다. 방사선 사진을 디지털화하여 컴퓨터에 저장한 후 Scion image 프로그램을 이용하여 각 단계의 알루미늄 스텝웨지의 두께와 비교하였다. 각 재료의 세포 독성은 불멸화된 인간 치주인대세포 (immortalized human periodontal ligament cell, IPDL)에서 MTT 분석법을 이용하여 시행하였다. EZ fill이 가장 높은 방사선 불투과성을 나타내었고 Sealapex가 가장 낮은 방사선 불투과성을 나타내었다 (p < 0.05). AH 26, AD Seal, ZOB Seal은 중등도의 방사선 불투과성을 나타내었다. Sealapex를 제외한 모든 평가된 재료는 ISO 규격에 부합하는 방사선 불투과성을 보였다. 레진계 실러의 세포독성은 모든 실험 시간대에 걸쳐 다른 계통의 실러에 비해 낮게 나타났다 (p < 0.05) 아울러, EZ fill은 24및 48시간대에서는 AD Seal에 비해, 72 시간대에서는 다른 두 레진계 실러에 비해 높은 세포독성을 보였다. 그러나 레진계 실러에서 방사선 불투과성의 정도와 세포독성과의 관련성은 없었다 (p > 0.05). 이 실험 결과로 볼 때 레진계 실러는 다른 계통의 실러에 비해 방사선 불투과성 면에서 장점을 가지며 생체적합성면에서 우수하다고 사료된다. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based (AH 26, EZ fill and AD Seal), a zinc oxide-eugenol-based (ZOB Seal), and a calcium hydroxide-based (Sealapex) root canal sealers. Specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness, were radiographed simultaneously with an aluminum step wedge using occlusal films, according to ISO 6876/2001 standards. Radiographs were digitized, and the radiopacity of sealers was compared to the different thicknesses of the aluminum step wedge, using the Scion image software. Using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of each material was determined in immortalized human periodontal ligament (IPDL) cells. The results demonstrated that EZ fill was the most radiopaque sealer, while Sealapex was the least radiopaque (p < 0.05). AH 26, AD Seal and ZOB Seal presented intermediate radiopacity values. All the materials evaluated, except for Sealapex, presented the minimum radiopacity required by ISO standards. The cell viabilities of resin-based root canal sealers were statistically higher than that of other type of root canal sealers through the all experimental time. Further, EZ fill showed statistically lower cell viability in 24 and 48 hours compared to AD Seal and in 72 hours compared to all other resin-based root canal sealers. However, there was no correlation between the radiopacity and cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canals sealers (p > 0.05). These results indicate that resin-based root canal sealer is more biocompatible and has advantage in terms of radiopacity.

Disciplinary Sport Physiology Health Education , Sport Medicine : 신체 리듬이 혈액 성분 요인에 미치는 영향

김창규,서채문 ( Chang Kyu Kim,Chae Moon Suh ) 한국체육학회 1996 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.1996 No.2

Fe₃O₄ 나노분말을 이용한 전기화학적 비효소 면역센서 응답특성

김창규,이경자,엄영랑,이민구,이창규,Kim, Chang-Kyu,Lee, Gyoung-Ja,Uhm, Young-Rang,Lee, Min-Ku,Rhee, Chang-Kyu 한국분말야금학회 2009 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.16 No.3

In this paper, the electrochemical non-enzyme immunosensor has been developed for the determination of salmonella antigen, using inverse voltammetry. For the estimation of salmonella antigen concentration, the $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles synthesized by microemulsion method were conjugated with salmonella antigen. Then, the immunocomplex between antibody immobilized on the transducer surface and antigen containing a magnetic nanoparticles was formed. From the linear relationship between the reduction peak current of Fe(III) and salmonella antigen concentration, it is suggested that the electrochemical non-enzyme biosensor is applicable to detect salmonella antigen in the concentration range of $10^1-10^5$ CFU/ml.