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김준 남도민속학회 2022 남도민속연구 Vol.45 No.-
Korea’s “Gaetbeol,” or tidal flats, was officially designated as a UNESCO world heritage site in 2021, and “tidal flat harvesting” was declared National Intangible Cultural Heritage. The former represents a global recognition of the value of gaetbeol as a national heritage while the latter shows the state’s acknowledgment of the long-standing experience and knowledge of the fishermen, who relied on tidal flats for their livelihood, as a type of cultural heritage. Gaetbeol Eoro, or tidal flat harvesting, has been providing a livelihood for fishermen living along the west and south coasts and an economic foundation for the fishing community until the present time. Tidal flat harvesting is the process of collecting fish, shellfish, and algae using tools made based on the traditional knowledge accumulated by generations of fishermen while adapting to the tidal flat (sea) and developing a system of diverse knowledge to maintain these materials as sustainable resources. Tidal flat harvesting, as an intangible asset, can be viewed from the categories of humanity, space, and time. The way they are combined determines the cultural layers of the tidal flat harvesting. Tidal flat harvesting cultures can be divided by such cultural layers. This study aims to examine the related categories and elements. From the perspective of the relationship between tidal flat harvesting, humans, villages, fishing village fraternities, traditional knowledge, fishing gear and methods, faith, and food will be examined, as well as “return-to-farming/fishing villages,” which have recently been debated. While tidal flats are natural resources, tidal flat harvesting has been reorganized as a culture where nature and humans interact with each other. Tidal flat harvesting differs depending on the type of tidal flat including mud flats, sand flats, or mixed flats. Even when catching the same fish in the same type of tidal flats, the shape or usage of the fishing gear may differ. In the relationship between tidal flat harvesting and space, “water depth,” the vertical space that appears when the tide comes in, should be examined in addition to the horizontal space. In other words, new habitats are formed in the tidal flats. Some organisms are active when the tide goes out while others forage for food when the tide comes in. In addition, some marine organisms live in tidal flats; not only the depth of the water but also the speed of the tidal flats must be considered. The habitats vary not only according to the area of the activity of the organisms but also according to the method and scope of fishing activities. Furthermore, tidal flats may disappear or change in nature due to development, resulting in the traditional knowledge surrounding harvesting and fishing, long handed down by fishermen, and related culture such as tools and food, also disappearing or becoming damaged. Finally, it is necessary to consider the category of tidal flat harvesting and time. In tidal flat harvesting, this is the category in which researchers are most interested as well as an area of interest in folklore studies. Fishermen remember and express the time of tidal flat harvesting as “multtae,” or tide times. Multtae is a tidal phenomenon caused by the moon orbiting the earth resulting in high and low tides occurring twice a day with daily variances. Accordingly, the area of the tidal flats that is exposed as the tide goes out varies, and the organisms living there differ. Multtae is repeated twice a month with a cycle of 15 days following the rising and falling of the moon, and the tide levels vary depending on the region. The best times and methods for fishing vary depending on the times, which affects the daily lives of the villagers and the operation of the village. With the advancement of science and technology, fishing operation increasingly depends on fish finders and GPS rather than on experience or handed-down knowledge. These changes may be effec...
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Sol-Ge법에 의한 $Pb(Zr_{0.65}Ti_{0.35})O_3$박막의 Yttrium acetate 첨가에 따른 강유전 특성의 변화
김준한,이규선,이두희,박창엽 한국전기전자재료학회 1995 電氣電子材料學會誌 Vol.8 No.3
In this study, PZT solutions added impurities of Yttrium acetate were prepared by sol-gel processing and were deposited on Pt/ $SiO_{2}$/Si substrates at 5000 rpm for 20 sec. using spin-coating method. Coated films were annealed at 700-750.deg. C for 30 min. using conventional furnace method. Variations of the crystallographic structure and microstructure of PZT thin films with adding impurities were observed using XRD and SEM, and the electrical properties, such as relative permittivity, tan .delta., hysteresis curves and leakage currents, were measured. As the yttrium contents were increased, the remanent polarization and coercive field were decreased. Variations of remanent polarizations and coercive fields of pure and yttrium doped specimens according to polarization reversal cycles were observed using hysteresis measurement. PZT thin films added $Y^{3+}$ ions were completely crystallized at 750.deg. C. $Y^{3+}$ ions, as donor impurity, substituted Pb.sup 2+/ ions located at A-site of perovskite structure. By substitution of $Y^{3+}$ ions, leakage currents became less by decreasing the space charges. Degradation of remanent polarizations of Yttrium added specimens after fatigue was not observed and coercive fields increased more than those of pure PZT thin films.
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金俊漢(Kim Joonhan) 한국정치학회 1989 한국정치학회보 Vol.23 No.1
제13대 국회는 우리 헌정사상 최초로 여소야대의 구성을 갖고 있다. 이는 상대적으로 여당의 권력약화와 야당의 권력강화를 암시하고 있으며 많은 관심을 유발시키고 있다. 그러나 이라한 권력변화의 내용과 정도에 대해 구체적 분석은 거의 없다. 이 논문은 우선 협동게임의 해답개념의 하나인 가치개념으로부터 발달된 투표권력지수의 산정방법들을 소개하여 권력을 객관적으로 측정할 수 있는 한 수단을 제시하였다. 다음에는 이 방법들을 이용하여 제13대 국회에서의 정당별 투표권력지수를 산정하고 이들의 의미를 토론하였다. 야3당이 표면적으로 공조체제를 강조하고 있으면서도 어느 두 당도 명시적인 연합형성을 기피하고 있는 것이나, 또는 어느 정당들도 서로 비난을 할지언정 극단적인 연합배제는 회피하고 있는 것들도 투표권력의 측정에서 밝혀진 전략적 구조에 의해 잘 설명될 수 있었다. 이 분석은 또한 앞으로의 국회운영에 대한 여러가지 가설적 명제들을 도출하게 하여 그 유용성을 입증하였다. 따라서 일반적으로 권력의 분석에 있어 투표권력지수를 통한 연구의 필요성이 더욱 강조된다. 특히 지방자치제의 실시를 앞두고 지방의회의 공정한 대표성 확보를 검증하기 위한 방법으로 투표권력의 산정은 꼭 필요하다고 생각된다. 이 논문은 정당의 투표권력 산정에 있어 본회의의 표결상황만을 대상으로 하였는데 본회의 전에 거치는 위원회의 상황 또는 본회의 통과 이후 행사될 수 있는 대통령의 거부권 등을 포함한다면 더욱 폭 넓은 연구가 될 수 있다. 또 여러가지 가정을 도입해 처리한 정당간 연합가능성의 반영도 실제의 추정을 시도함으로써 더욱 현실적인 연구가 될 수 있다고 생각한다. 끝으로 정당 이외의 정치참여자들인 이익집단, 관료집단 들을 고려하지 못하는 것이 이 연구의 한계라 생각되며 다른 연구에 의해 보완 될 수 있다고 생각한다.
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