Prevalence of anatomical alar band

김정석,김철순,차정열,김희진,황충주,Kim, Jung Suk,Kim, Cheol Soon,Cha, Jung Yul,Kim, Hee Jin,Hwang, Chung Ju Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry 2015 Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistr Vol.24 No.1

Purpose: 입술 주위에는 여러 개의 근육이 모여있기 때문에 여러 근육의 작용에 의해 표정을 지을때, 다양한 표정과 노화에 따른 주름 등의 변화가 나타나게 된다. 동물에서는 이러한 피부 및 근육이 몸 전체에 발달되어 있지만 사람에서는 얼굴에만 잘 발달되어 있고, 다른부위엔 목과 손바닥에 하나씩 있을 뿐이다. 해부학적인 연구에서 확인한 작은광대근의 변이중에 윗입술뿐만 아니라 콧방울로 갈라진 힘살이 콧방울 가쪽 부위에도 닿아서 형성되는 콧방울 가쪽 주름에 대해 alar band라 명명하였으며 이에 대한 임상적인 유병율을 알아보고자 한다. Materials & Methods: 교정 치료를 위해 경기도 개인치과의 교정과에 내원한 780명의 교정신환의 스마일 사진에서 alar band의 여부에 대해 알아보고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 골격의 형태 및 입술의 돌출, 성별, 연령 등과의 상관관계를 평가하였다. Results: 일반적 특성에 따른 alar band의 관련성에 대해서 살펴본 결과 성별에 대해서 남자는 18.5%, 여자는 27.9%로 나타나 남자보다 여자의 경우 더 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연령에 대해서는 가진 경우가 0-9세는 19.4%, 10-19세는 16.9%, 20-29세는 31.2%, 30-39세가 39.5%, 40-49세가 56.5%로 나타나 20대에서 40대로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). SN_NP에 대해서는 normodivergent facial type을 가진 경우가 26.2%, hyperdivergent facial type을 가진 집단이 22.0%, hypodivergent facial type을 가진 경우는 32.2%로 나타나 hypodivergent facial type을 가진 집단의 경우가 더 발생비율이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Upper LIP에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 Lower lip에 대해서는 alar band를 보인 경우가 정상하순 안모를 가진 집단은 26%, lower lip protrusion은 14.7%, retruded lower lip은 33.3%로 나타나 retruded lower lip의 경우 발생비율이 높게 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 즉, 성별, 연령, lower lip돌출정도에서 alar band와의 유의한 관련성을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Conclusions: alar band는 해부학적인 연구에서 27.8%에서 보였으며, 본 연구에서는 25.6%에서 확인할 수 있었고, 임상적인 사진에서는 여자, 나이가 들수록, 하순이 함입될수록 유의하게 더 보였으며 향후 심미 치료에서 이 부위에 보톡스 등의 심미치료를 할 때 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Due to the presence of various muscles around lips, variety of facial expression can be made and changes from aging process such as wrinkles can develop on the facial skin by the action of multiple muscles. In animals, skin and muscles are developed in the entire body. On contrast, they are well developed only in the face and just one is present in the neck and the palm. Alar band was defined as outer wrinkle formed by zygomaticus minor muscle, which is common in Koreans. This study aimed to investigate clinical prevalence of alar band. Materials & Methods: Subjects were chosen from 780 new patients who visited private clinic in Gyeonggi province for orthodontic treatment. Presence of alar band was examined from the smile extraoral photos. Correlation among skeletal form, lip protrusion, gender, and age were evaluated. Results: Prevalence of alar band was higher in women (27.9%) than in men (18.5%) with statistical significance (p<0.05). With respect to age, prevalence of alar band was 19.4% in age 0-9 y, 16.9% in age 10-19 y, 31.2% in age 20-29 y, 39.5% in age 30-39, 56.5% in age 40-49. Prevalence was gradually increased from patients in their 20s to patients in their 40s and statistical significance was found (p<0.001). Concerning SN_NP, prevalence was 26.2% in normodivergent facial type, 22.0% in hyperdivergent facial type, and 32.2% in hypodivergent facial type. Hypodivergent facial group had higher prevalence but statistical significance was not observed. Statistically significant difference was not found regarding upper lip. However, prevalence of the alar band was 26% in patients with normal lower lip, 14.7% in patients with pretruded lower lip, and 33.3% in retruded lower lip. The prevalence was higher in patients with retruded lower lip with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusions: 27.8% on previous anatomical study and this study showed 27.8% prevalence of alar band in clinical smile photographs. Clinical photograph study showed that alar band was more prominent in women, older people, and people with retruded lips with statistical significance. This will provide valuable diagnostic information for esthetic consideration.

Juniperus chinensis 의 7변종의 세포학적 특성

김정석,김영두,정우규 ( Chung Suk Kim,Yeung Du Kim,Woo Kyu Chung ) 한국산림과학회 1985 한국산림과학회지 Vol.71 No.1

Cytological observations in the seven varieties of Juniperus chinensis L. showed three varieties (J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. kaizuka and J. chinensi.s var. aureo-variegata) were tetraploid with chromosome number, 2n=44, and rest of four varieties (J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var. sargentii, J. chinensis var. gtobosa and J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa) to be diploid, 2n=22. Chromosome configuration and behavior in the meiosis of P.M.C. of three tetraploids appeared to be slightly irregular. These results suggest that triploid tree can be artificially produced with these specific clones.

Hibiscus syriacus L . 의 종내일대잡종의 (種內一代雜種) 화색과 (花色) 화형의 (花型) 분리현상

김정석,이석구,장석성 ( Chung Suk Kim,Suk Koo Lee,Suk Seong Jang ) 한국산림과학회 1980 한국산림과학회지 Vol.46 No.1

We observed performance of segregation in flower color and type of hybrids which obtained from crossing of intra species in Hibiscus syriacus. Obtained results were followings. 1. The purple flower was dominance to the white one and this was presumed that was owing to cytoplasmic heredity. 2. Single and double petal of flower was presumed that was originated from factors of Ss and dd. 3. There was not variation in flower color and type of F₁ hybrid between 4 n and 2 n Hibiscus syriacus. 4. There were many variation of flower color among F₁ hybrids which abtained in open pollination of Hibiscus syriacus. 5. We could observe many flowers variegated with red color among F₁ hybrids which obtained in crossing between double petal flowers of Hibiscus syriacus.

Populus alba × glandulosa 와 그의 양친종의 (兩親種) 형태 , 해부학 , 생리학적 연구

김정석,전상근,황진성 ( Chung Suk Kim,Sang Keun Chon,Jin Sung Hwang ) 한국산림과학회 1980 한국산림과학회지 Vol.49 No.1

The morphological, anatomical and physiological traits were eximined for Populus alba X giandulosa which is an important planting species in Korea. The results obtained are as follows: 1. External characters in the leaf shape and chaff shape in the catkin were inherited as incomplete dominance but nectar gland was inherited as dominance. 2. Among the 15 selected clones, 9 clones were male, 2 clones female and 2 clones monoecious. 3. There were well-developed cork layers and bast fiber bundles in the bark. 4. Primordial leaves composed of 3 layers of cells and those undifferentiated into palisade and spongy parenchymas differed in its origin. 5. Leaf scare consisted of two kinds of tissues; one is connected to vascular bundle and the other not to vascular bundle. Tissues which had been connected to vascular bundle were isolated with only 2 or 3 layers of cork cells from the outside. 6. There was complicated arrangement in the vascular bundle of petioles. 7. Growth of the hybrid was sensitively influenced by external temperature, day-length and amount of light. In particular, it was apparent in height growth. 8. Flatness, loam soils and a 60 x 60㎝ spacing might be best factors for the growth of P. alba x glandulosa. 9. The rooting of 15 clones was dependant upon external factors. 10. The growth of P. alba x glandulosa was best at around 80% of soil moisture content on the basis of plot water capacity. 11. Temperature difference between inside and outside stems below 100㎝ during the winter was the greatest at the south among seasons and among directions. 12. The sap movement was markedly influenced by air temperature, relative humidity in forest stand and moisture content in stem. 13. Total sugars in the cortex changed with season but did not differ in the dircetion of the stem. 14. Isoperoxidase variations in the leaf were different among 15 clones. Thus, it may be useful as a criterium for clonal identification. 15. The rate of soil moisture content decreased at a rapid slope was faster than that at a slow slope. Poor growth of P. alba x glandulosa at the slope was probably due to depletion of soil moisture.

방사성동위체(放射性同位體)를 이용(利用)한 × Populus albaglandulosa의 인산흡수상(燐酸吸收相)에 관(關)한 추적연구(追跡硏究) (I) -고토시용(苦土施用)이 식물체내(植物體內)의 인산함유율(燐酸含有率)에 미치는 영향(影響)-

김정석,이석구,안학수,선순화,Kim, Chung-Suk,Lee, Suk-Koo,Ahn, Hak-Soo,Sun, Soon-Wha 한국산림과학회 1978 한국산림과학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The uptake ratio of supplying $P^{32}$ labelled double superphosphate and the hastening efficiency of the uptake by addition of magnesium sulfate to the fertilizer were studied on the ${\times}Populus $ albaglandulosa planted with 0/1 cutting in 1975. The results are summerized as follows. 1. Average 13% of supplying double superphosphate was absorbed into ${\times}Populus$ albaglandulosa planted on the reddish heavy clay soil in Institute of Forest Genetics. 2. The accumulation of absorbed magnesium was more amount in leaf than in stem. 3. The uptake ratio of supplying double superphosphate was able to increase up to 16%~33% by the addition of magnesium sulfate to the fertilizer. 4. It might be possible to increase the tree growth following the acceleration of photosynthesis due to the increasing amount of magnesium known to be a component of chlorophyll in leaf as well as to hasten the efficiency of uptake of phosphorus by the addition of magnesium to double superphosphate. 1975년(年) ${\times}$ P. albaglandulosa(은수원사시나무) 0/1묘(苗)를 식재(植栽)하고 방사성동위체(放射性同位體) $P^{32}$-표식(標識) 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)의 흡수율(吸收率)과 유산고토(硫酸苦土)의 첨가(添加) 시용(施用)에 의(依)한 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)의 흡수이용촉진효과(吸收利用促進?果)를 시시(試試)한바 다음과 같이 간추릴수가 있었다. 1. ${\times}$ P. albaglandulosa(은수원사시나무)는 구내(構內) 적색계(赤色系) 중점토(重粘土)에서 시용인산질비료(施用燐酸質肥料)의 평균(平均) 13%정도만이 흡수이용(吸收利用)하고 있었다. 2. 흡수(吸收)된 고토분(苦土分)은 줄기보다 주(主)로 잎에 많이 축적되었다. 3. 유산고토(硫酸苦土)를 첨가시용(添加施用)하므로써 시용인산(施用燐酸)의 흡수율(吸收率)은 16~33%선(線)까지 증진(增進)시킬수 있었다. 4. 유산고토(硫酸苦土)를 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)와 병용(倂用)하므로써 인산(燐酸)의 흡수(吸收), 이용율(利用率)을 증진(增進)시킬뿐만이 아니라 엽록소(葉綠素)의 구성성분(構成成分)인 고토분(苦土分)의 엽내(葉內) 축적량증대(蓄積量增大)는 동화량촉진(同化量促進)과 연결(連結)되어 생장량(生長量)의 증대(增大)도 고려(考慮)될수가 있겠다.

Populus alba × glandulosa 와 그의 양친의 (兩親) 엽병의 (葉柄) 유관속배열상태에 (維管束配列狀態) 관하여

김정석,김삼식 ( Chung Suk Kim,Sam Sik Kim ) 한국산림과학회 1979 한국산림과학회지 Vol.43 No.1

The arrangement and the number of vascular bundle in petiole were investigated with the hybrid Populus alba × P. glandulosa and both parents. 1. The variation in number and the arrangement of the vascular bundle in petiole were smaller at middle point than at nearer point to the leaf blade. 2. A small variation was found in the arrangement of the vascular bundle within a tree, same clone and same species. 3. Five shapes of vascular bundle were recognized in the F₁ hybrid, 26.7 per cent of the F₁ hybrid has the same shape with P. alba, 13.3 percent with P. glandulosa and 53.3 per cent of the F₁ hybrid shows the F₁ shape caused by hybridization. 4. The hybrid clones which show the same shape with P. alba are 66-20-1, 66-6-8, 65-22-11 and 64-6-44, hybrid clones of 65-95, 66-14-93 have the same shape with P. glandulosa. Hybrid clones of 66-15-3, 67-6-3, 65-22-4, 66-26-55, 68-1-54, 66-14-99, 65-29-19, 66-25-5 have F₁ shape.

Populus alba × glandulosa 의 Clone 간 발근력의 차이 (

김정석,손두식,정상배 ( Chung Suk Kim,Doo Sik Son,Sang Bae Chung ) 한국산림과학회 1978 한국산림과학회지 Vol.38 No.1

In order to investigate the difference of rootability between 15 clones of Populus alba × glandulosa selected based on the growth performance, rooting of cutting experiments with these 15 clones were conducted at the nursery for six years from 1970 to 1975. Cutting experiments in a temperature controlled incubator in which the temperature of the cutting bed were set to 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ and 30℃ were also performed. Along with these experiments air layering experiments were performed to compare with the rootabilities obtained from nursery trial. The results obtained so far could be summarized as follows. 1. The best rooting clones were 65-22-4 and 65-22-11, and the average rooting percentages of these two clones for six years were 76.7%, and 72.9% respectively. The poorest rooting clone was 66-6-8 showing average rooting percentage of 45.8%. 2. The middle class of rooting percentage was ocuppied by the clones; 66-14-29, 66-14-93, 66-25-5 and 67-6-3, and the range of their rooting percentage was 60∼69% on average. 3. The rooting performances observed through the nursery, the incubator and the air layering experiments were almost the same with exception of few clones. 4. P. alba × glandulosa showed the best rooting percentage at the cutting bed of 20℃ 5. The most roots, i.e. 78.5% of root per cutting were developed from the bottom part of the cutting shoot. 6. Adventitious and call use roots could observe in the cuttings.

Populus속(屬)의 Isoperoxidase의 변이(變異)(II) -선발(選拔)한 ×P. albaglandulosa 15 clone의 엽(葉) Isoperoxidase 변이(變異)-

김정석,김삼식,Kim, Chung-Suk,Kim, Sam-Sik 한국산림과학회 1977 한국산림과학회지 Vol.36 No.1

본연구(本硏究)는 생장(生長)이 우수(優秀)하여 선발(選拔)한 ${\times}$P. albaglandulosa 15 clone의 엽(葉)에 대(對)하여 과산화동위효소변이(過酸化同位酵素變異)를 전기영동법(電氣泳動法)에 의(依)거 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 15 clone의 총(總) band수(數)는 6~11본(本)이다. 그중(中) 활성(活性) band수(數)는 4~7본(本)이고 흔적(痕迹) band는 1~4본(本)으로서 어느 clone에서나 활성(活性) band가 다수(多數)히 출현(出現)하였다. 그리고 cathode측(側)은 anode보다 band의 출현(出現)이 어느 clone에서도 단조(單調)로웠다. 한편(便) 효소형(酵素型)이 각(各) clone마다 특이(特異)하여 clone시별(識別)을 가능(可能)케 하였으며 g와 1 band는 ${\times}$P. albaglandulosa의 고정(固定) band이다. 또한 ${\times}$P. albaglandulosa가 $F_1$인 까닭에 효소형(酵素型)의 유전적(遺傳的) 변이(變異)가 인정(認定)되었다. The variation of isoperoxidase band patterns in the zymograms in the leaves of ${\times}$P. albaglandulosa clones showing excellent growth were observed by starch gel electrophoresis in this study. The results are summerized as follows; The numbers of total bands in the clones were six to eleven. Four to seven were active and one to four were of trace in these bands, and also active bands appeared plentifully in all clones. The appearing pattern of the bands was more monotonous to the cathode than to the anode. Besides, the uniqueness of the isoenzyme forms in each clone made possible to identify the clones, and g and 1 bands were fixed in ${\times}$P. albaglandulosa, ${\times}$P. albaglandulosa being $F_1$ hybrid, the genetic variation of isoenzyme forms was significant statistically.

× Populus albaglandulosa 의 엽령별 (葉齡別) 광합성

김정석,이석구,선순화 ( Chung Suk Kim,Suk Koo Lee,Soon Wha Sun ) 한국산림과학회 1977 한국산림과학회지 Vol.34 No.1

×Populus albaglandulosa has been needed optimum stand density according to various site and its wood usage. It is assumed that optimum stand density can be estimated by investigating of response of × P. albaglandulosa to the light factor of stand. For that reason, the photosynthesis of ×Populus albaglandulosa grown under the controlled planting density was studied in relation to its leaf age by the aid of the Infrared gas analyzer. Rate of net photosynthesis was smaller in matured leaves than young leaves below 8℃, while, it was larger than young leaves above 8℃. Temperature for the maximum net photosynthesis of young leaves and old leaves was about 30℃ and 25℃ respectively. Saturated light intensity varied slightly as leaf age from 28 Klux to 35 Klux, but net photosynthesis rate in the range of light intensity showed deep differences. Old leaves marked the lowest rate, 1.6 CO₂ ㎎/d㎡/hr, young leaves marked the medium rate, 1.7 to 2.2 CO₂ ㎎/d㎡/hr, and matured leaves marked the most efficient photosynthesis, 2.9 to 3.5 CO₂ ㎎/d㎡/hr. Young leaves of 5 days old had the highest light compensation point, while matured leaves of 35 days-old had the lowest point. Rates of dark respiration in both young leaves and old leaves were higher than that of matured leaves. Trees which were planted at space 80㎝ × 80㎝ showed productive assimilation function over the one-third of height where relative light intensity is 35%.

× Populus albaglandulosa 의 수액류속도 (樹液流速度)

김정석,선순화,황진성 ( Chung Suk Kim,Soon Hwa Sun,Jin Sung Hwang ) 한국산림과학회 1978 한국산림과학회지 Vol.37 No.1

To obtain some informations for the water supply problems of ×Populus albaglandulosa, a series of experiments on the speed of sap movement in the trunk of ×P. albaglandulosa was carried out under the different tree age, soil moisture, time of day, and seasonal condition, by method of injecting of 1% Fuchsin solution. The results showed that the speed of sap movement was great in the conditions of low relative humidity, abundant leaves, and high temperature, but it was less influenced by different tree age and soil moisture.