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한국인의 신체활동 및 좌식행동과 대사증후군의 관계 : 제6기 (2014-2015) 국민건강영양조사 자료 분석
김재명 국민대학교 일반대학원 2019 국내석사
좌식행동 및 신체활동과 대사증후군의 관계 : 제6기 국민건강영양조사 자료 분석 국민대학교 일반대학원 체육학과 스포츠자연과학전공 김재명 과거부터 대사증후군과 신체활동 및 좌식행동 각각의 관계를 규명한 연구들이 행해져 왔다. 그러나 한국인의 신체활동 행태와 대사증후군의 관계를 밝히는 연구는 찾아보기 힘들다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 제6기 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 한국인의 좌식행동 및 신체활동이 대사증후군과 어떠한 관계를 형성하는지 규명하고자 한다. 본 연구는 제6기 국민건강영양조사 자료 중 2014년과 2015년 자료를 통합하여 분석을 진행하였다. 연구의 대상은 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 만 19세부터 만 65세 성인으로 정하였다 (n = 8997, 남성 = 3908). 연구대상의 신체활동량 측정은 국민건강영양조사의 신체활동 설문을 활용하였다. 측정된 변인은 일일 중고강도 신체활동 참여 시간과 하루에 앉아서 보내는 시간으로 재편집하여 분석에 사용하였다. 대사증후군 관련 변인은 허리둘레, 최종 수축기/이완기 혈압, 공복혈당, 변환된 HDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지방 수치를 ATP-Ⅲ 대사증후군 진단기준에 따라 진단하여 활용하였다. 연구대상자의 특성을 기술하기 위해 비연속형 변인은 백분율과 표준오차를 이용하였고 연속형 변인은 평균과 표준편차를 활용하였다. 기술되어진 대상자 특성의 대사증후군 유병여부에 따른 차이검증을 위해 카이제곱 (χ2) 검정과 독립 t-검정을 실시하였다. 추가로 신체활동과 좌식행동의 관계를 알아보기 위해 피어슨 상관분석을 수행하였다. 좌식행동과 신체활동이 대사증후군에 미치는 영향력과 오즈비 (Odds ratio, OR)를 알아보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 활용하였다. 분석에 포함된 공변인은 다음과 같다. 1) 모형Ⅰ: 성별, 나이, 소득수준, 교육수준, 직업, 혼인여부, 2) 모형Ⅱ: 모형Ⅰ, 폭음, 흡연, 일일 에너지 섭취량, 3) 모형Ⅲ: 모형Ⅱ, 중고강도 신체활동, 4) 모형Ⅳ: 모형Ⅲ, 중고강도 신체활동과 좌식행동의 상호작용 효과를 분석 모형으로 설정하여 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 자료의 편집에는 STATA SE 14를 활용하였으며 통계분석은 SPSS ver. 25를 사용하였다. 연구의 1종 오류 (α) 수준은 .05로 설정하여 분석을 진행하였다. 분석결과 대한민국 성인의 대사증후군 유병률은 22.1%로 나타났다. 성별에 따라 남성은 26.1%, 여성은 18.1%의 유병률을 보였다. 좌식행동과 신체활동의 상관분석의 결과, 좌식행동은 신체활동과 낮은 부적 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 그 중 좌식행동과 중고강도 신체활동의 상관계수는 -.107로 계산되었고 가장 강한 상관은 좌식행동과 총 신체활동량의 상관으로 도출되었다 (r = -.133). 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 좌식행동은 대사증후군 진단 위험을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 하루 1시간 좌업활동을 하게 되면 대사증후군에 대한 오즈비가 3.6% 증가하는 결과를 보였다. 뿐만 아니라 좌식행동은 고혈압, 중심비만, 낮은 HDL-콜레스테롤, 높은 중성지방으로 진단 될 위험 또한 높이는 것으로 드러났다. 좌식행동의 오즈비는 모형의 수준이 증가하게 되면 대체로 감소하는 경향을 띄었다. 하루 1시간 중고강도 신체활동 참여는 포도당 과민증 진단에 대해서만 유의한 오즈비를 나타냈다. 포도당 과민증으로 진단 될 오즈비는 일일 1시간 중고강도 신체활동에 참여하면 2.7% 낮아지는 것으로 보여졌다. 좌식행동과 중고강도 신체활동의 상호작용 효과는 대사증후군 세부요인 진단개수와 고혈압에 대해서 통계적으로 유의하였다 (대사증후군 세부요인 진단개수: OR = 0.997, 95% CI = 0.995 - 0.999; 고혈압: OR = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.993 – 0.999). 본 연구결과에 의하면 좌식행동은 신체활동과 독립적으로 대사증후군과 관계를 형성하고 있다. 이 관계는 좌식행동 시간이 증가할수록 대사증후군 진단 오즈비가 증가하는 경향을 나타낸다. 추가적으로 상호작용 효과 변인을 통해 대사증후군 세부요인과 고혈압 진단에 대해서 중고강도 신체활동 참여가 좌식행동과 대사증후군의 관계를 약화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 대한민국 성인의 대사증후군 진단 위험을 감소시키기 위해 일일 좌식행동 시간 감소를 제안할 수 있다. 더 나아가 대사증후군 세부요인 진단개수 증가와 고혈압 진단 위험에 대한 좌식행동의 영향을 줄이기 위해 중고강도 신체활동 참여를 권장하는 바 이다. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between the metabolic syndrome and sedentary behavior with physical activity in Korean adults. The data was retrieved from Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) between 2013 and 2015. A total of 8997 participants (Male = 3908) completed Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) to measure the amount of physical activity related variables including sedentary activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity hours. To diagnose the metabolic syndrome with the ATPⅢ (Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ) criteria, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride were assessed. Descriptive analysis, independent t-test and chi-square were applied to determine the statistical differences of groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationship between sedentary behavior and physical activity. The logistic regression analysis was employed to scrutinize relationships between the metabolic syndrome and sedentary behavior with physical activity. Socioeconomic and lifestyle related co-variate variables were adjusted for gender, age, income, education, occupation, marital status, daily energy intake, and moderate to vigorous physical activity, and hierarchical logistic regression models were employed. For the data analysis, STATA 14 SE and SPSS 25 were utilized, and all level of type Ⅰ error was set at .05. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults was 22.1% (male = 26.1%, female = 18.1%). The correlation between sedentary behavior and total physical activity was r = -.133, and the relationship between sitting time and moderate to vigorous physical activity was r = -.107, which were low correlation. According to logistic regression analysis, the increase of sedentary time was significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome, especially increasing the number of metabolic syndrome criteria, hypertension, central obesity, low HDL-cholesterol, high triglyceride after adjusted for socioeconomic and lifestyle related variables. Odds ratios of those conditions, which were associated with sedentary behavior, were the metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.036), increasing the number of metabolic syndrome criteria (OR = 1.037), hypertension (OR = 1.034), central obesity (OR = 1.033), low HDL-cholesterol (OR = 1.021), and high triglyceride (OR = 1.034). Moreover, participating in moderate to vigorous physical activity was associated with reducing the risk of glucose intolerance, which was independent with sedentary behavior (OR = 0.973, 95% CI = 0.956-0.990). The interaction effect between sedentary behavior and moderate to vigorous physical activity was shown in the number of metabolic syndrome criteria and hypertension (the number of MS criteria: OR = 0.997, 95% CI = 0.995-0.999; Hypertension: OR = 0.996, 95% CI = 0.993-0.999, respectively). It may imply that participating in physical activity is able to reduce the risk of increasing the number of metabolic syndrome criteria and hypertension caused by prolonged sedentary behavior. In summary, declining the sitting time can abate the risk of the metabolic syndrome factors including the number of metabolic syndrome criteria, hypertension, central obesity, low HDL-cholesterol, high triglyceride. In addition, participating in moderate to vigorous physical activity for an hour per day is able to reduce the risk of glucose intolerance diagnosis. Consequently, reducing sitting time and increasing physical activity hours are critically important to weakening the risk of the MS and its factors for Korean adults.
Most perchlorate reducing bacteria can use many organic compounds as electron donors under anoxic condition. 2,4-dinitrophenol(DNP), considered as highly toxic and potentially carcinogenic compounds, such as dye, explosive, and pesticides. A number of bacterial strains have been reported which can use DNP as their sole carbon and nitrogen source. This research was done to evaluate whether 2,4-DNP as a carbon source can be used to reduce perchlorate in an anoxic biofilm reactor. When 25mg/L of 2,4-DNP was added with 110.6mg/L of acetate as sufficient carbon source, 10mg/L of perchlorate was almost completely removed, but the removal rate of 2,4-DNP was 9.6∼13.6%. When 2,4-DNP was added as the sole carbon source, 2,4-DNP removal rate was increased to 48.2% but perchlorate removal rate was dramatically decreased to 14.7%. The results showed that the possibility of application of 2,4-DNP as a sole carbon source was low in a biofilm reactor for perchlorate reduction. However, the removal rate of perchlorate and 2,4-DNP were approximately 100% and 90% at final effluent in the sequential anoxic and aerobic biofilm reactors. it is expected that the sequential anoxic and aerobic biofilm reactors can efficiently remove perchlorate and 2,4-DNP. 환경호르몬 유발물질로 알려진 퍼클로레이트의 생물학적 처리를 위해 필요한 외부 탄소원으로 잠재적 발암성 물질인 2,4-dinitrophenol(DNP)의 이용 가능성을 확인하기 위해 본 연구가 수행되었다. 본 연구에서 퍼클로레이트 순응 미생물에 의한 회분식 실험과 고정생물막반응조 실험이 진행되었다. 50mg/L 퍼클로레이트와 900mg/L 아세테이트를 주입한 회분식 실험에서 2시간 만에 퍼클로레이트가 완전히 제거되었다. 900mg/L 아세테이트와 50mg/L 2,4-DNP가 동시 주입된 회분식 실험에서 퍼클로레이트가 완전히 제거되는데 8시간이 필요했으며, 8시간 이후에 2,4-DNP는 56.7mg/L로 거의 제거가 되지 않았다. 50mg/L 퍼클로레이트 제거를 위해 단독 탄소원으로 50mg/L 2,4-DNP가 주입된 회분식 실험에서는 8시간 이후 퍼클로레이트 평균 농도는 56.7mg/L, 2,4-DNP 평균 농도는 46.1mg/L로 나타났다. 이를 통해 2,4-DNP의 존재가 퍼클로레이트 환원능력을 저해함을 알 수 있었다. 무산소조건의 고정생물막반응조 실험에서 25mg/L 2,4-DNP와 110.6mg/L 아세테이트가 동시에 주입될 때 10mg/L의 유입 퍼클로레이트는 완전히 제거 되었으나, 2,4-DNP는 평균 9.6% ∼ 13.6%의 낮은 제거율을 보였다. 이 결과는 퍼클로레이트 환원 미생물이 탄소원으로 2,4-DNP보다 아세테이트를 더 선호하는 것으로 보여 진다. 그리고 퍼클로레이트 제거를 위해 25mg/L 2,4-DNP를 단독 탄소원으로 사용하였을 때 2,4-DNP 제거율은 평균 48.2%로 증가 하였지만 퍼클로레이트 제거율은 평균 14.7%로 낮아져 퍼클로레이트 제거를 위한 단독 탄소원으로 2,4-DNP 이용 가능성이 희박함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 퍼클로레이트를 제거하기 위해 질소원과 탄소원을 별도로 주입하지 않고 2,4-DNP 만을 주입했을 때 퍼클로레이트 제거율은 15.4%, 2,4-DNP 제거율은 41.7%로 2,4-DNP가 질소원과 탄소원으로 동시에 이용됨을 나타내었다. 무산소생물막반응조와 호기성생물막반응조 연속처리공정에서 10mg/L 유입 퍼클로레이트는 무산소생물막반응조에서 완전히 제거되었으며 25mg/L 유입 2,4-DNP는 무산소생물막반응조에서 평균제거율이 10.45%였고, 호기성생물막반응조에서 90%로 무산소생물막반응조에 비해 크게 향상되었다. 이를 통해 무산소생물막반응조와 호기성생물막반응조를 연속적으로 운전하여 퍼클로레이트와 2,4-DNP의 안정적인 처리가 가능함을 알 수 있었다.
고등학교 영어 I 교과서 문화 내용 분석 및 지도 방안 연구
김재명 충남대학교 교육대학원 2013 국내석사
The basic purpose of foreign language education is to enable students to use languages as a communicating tool to interact with foreigners. To carry out an effective communication, it is necessary to understand the target language's cultural background as well as the language itself. The central purpose of this research is to find out an adequate method for English curriculum in public education system. Firstly, in the second chapter, I have explored the cultures, the concepts of languages, the relationship between such languages and cultures, and the significance of cultural studies all of which serve as the conceptual background for these aspects. In the fourth chapter, I analyzed the components of the newly proposed 2013 version of 6 different kinds of high school English textbooks, making sure they follow proper educational guidelines regarding the suitable concepts and information for respective countries. For the conceptual guidelines, the information regarding daily school life, relationships with peers, promotion of social services, and the reality of diplomatic issues with North Korea were not included. For the factual information of respective countries, the information regarding Korean culture and tradition lacked sufficient epitomical significance. In addition, there were textbooks that showed scanty coverage in certain culture-related chapters. These are some of the issues that should be improved in future publications. In order to indicate these problems, I surveyed 103 11th graders through cultural understanding test to analyze and show the correlation between English test scores and cultural understanding. The result showed that they scored an average score of 53.34 in English proficiency test, while they scored an average score of 63.96 in cultural understanding test. After using the statistical analysis, SPSS, the p-value came out to be 0.01. It also showed that students with outstanding scores possessed better cultural understanding. Among many methods of cultural education, I recommended the educational use of culture aside, audio-visual aids, and Internet. Besides the theoretical research of educational methods for cultural education, there needs to be more practical approaches and researches that can be applicable in real-life classroom settings. The role of educators is crucial in cultural education. Educators must recognize the importance of cultural education and put additional effort to develop and gather useful educational tools for an effective English education.
J. Brahms 가곡의 변천에 관한 연구 : Vier ernste Gesa¨nge. Op.121을 중심으로
After analyzing the changes of Brahms's songs and Vier ernsted Gesange Op. 121, this study comes to a conclusion as following. Barhms had incessantly composed Lied during his lifetime. Having attempted to find out new style, his pieces had went through the steps of changes and development repeatedly. The stylistic characteristics of Brahms's vocal music are as following. First, the changes of his style in his vocal music are caused by the influences of Schubert of Schumann but his idiosyncratis style is gradually established since his middle period. Second, introducing folk-song techniques to his vocal music especially since his middle period, he used pentatonic scale as a musical material, and introduces the rhythm (for example, Op. 47, No. 3 Sonntag[see score 8]) and diatonic scale of folk song. Thus his musical pieces can be seen to take the form of folk sone (Op. 32, No.9, Wie bist du meine konigin Op. 49, No. 2, An ein Veilchen [see score 46]. And also the accompaniment part of his music is comparatively simple and begins without pre-accompaniment like folk song. These become apparent from Brahms's middle period and the characteristic style of his own becomes established. Third, in the aspect of form, clear and distinct division of musical structures can be seen and most of them are strophic. Forms of simple 2 or 3 part are usually used. His songs in strophic forms scarcely have the same repetition. Rather strophic Variation of modified melody is always used. Fourth, Brahms makes melodies longer by connecting phrase to phrase, while small figurations or motives in melodies of Schubert or Schmann are repeated and become developed. Later, H. Wolf anad R. Strauss also make the length of melody much longer (for example, Op. 43, No. 2, Die Mainacht and Op. 63, No. 5 Mein Liebe ist grun). Furthermore, in case of Brahms, voice music and instrumental music are used as materials (see score 11) the instrumental element of augmented B upweard motion come out for the expression of song (Op. 121, No. 3, O, Tod [see score11]). Fifth, piano accompaniment in Brahms's music is made up ofshort pre-accompaniment and post-accompaniment and is mainly based upon arpoggio. The progress of incessant Bass is often revealed and unison with song of low compass is used from time to time (for example, Op. 33, No. 14 Wie froh und frisch [score 5], Op. 121, Vier ernste Gesange). Especially in his later years, technique of 'through composed' which can be found in his middle period is gradually on the decline. Instead, simple stanza songs come out. His techniques of idiosyncratic Variations become matured. The atmosphere of his music is dark and gloomy and it sings of death. Form the viewpoint of these characteristics, Brahms makes his music attain full maturity : his vice music goes beyond Lied laying stress on melody and makes an ensemble in each part (namly, song part and piano part) and its elements. His peculiar style has the powerful influences upon the later composers of Lied and produces important achievement in the development of Lied. Vier ernste Gesange analysed in this study can be said to implicitly show the stylistic characteristics of Brahms's voice music well.
고상법에 의해 제조된 MGa2S4:Eu (M=Ca,Sr,Ba) 형광체의 합성 및 발광특성
In this study, MGa2S4:Eu2+ (M=Ca,Sr,Ba) phosphors, such as SrGa2S4:Eu2+ green phosphor, CaGa2S4:Eu2+ yellow phosphor and BaGa2S4:Eu2+ bluish green phosphor for application to long-wavelength ultraviolet wavelength light emitting diodes (UV LED) were prepared by solid-state method. The existing of MGa2S4:Eu2+ phosphors have been studied as a luminous device for CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) or FED (Field Emission Display) and EL (Electro-luminescence). These phosphors, also, is under noticed for LED (Light Emitting Diode) phosphors, which make use of excitation characteristics of long wave region. These phosphors were prepared generally conventional synthesis method using flux. However, this method needs high heat-treated temperature, long reaction time, complex process and harmful H2S or CS2 gas. In this works, therefore, we have synthesized MGa2S4:Eu2+ phosphors using sulfide materials, and the mixture gas of 5% H2/95% N2 were used to avoid the H2S or CS2. In order to improve the luminescent properties of phosphors powder, heat-treatment temperature, concentration of activator, addition of excess sulfur, and the flow rate of reductive gas, and luminescent properties and morphology corresponding to the change of the post-treatment process were investigated. Phosphors prepared by using this method show the luminescent properties and improving efficiency as listed below. In case of SrGa2S4:Eu2+, this phosphor have the central emission wavelength of 525 nm and it shows high luminescent band under the excitation wavelength of 300~500 nm. This means that the phosphor can radiate under the various excitation sources(InGaN, GaN) and it can be applied to the UV three wavelengths LED lamp as well as two wavelength. And also it can be applied to the green phosphor for LED because it shows high luminescent efficiency of 150% more compared with the commercial phosphors. In case of CaGa2S4:Eu2+, it the emission band was observed at 550 nm and radiate yellow color. And it can be applied to white LED lamp because it has high excitation band in the range of 300~500 nm. When the phosphor is compared with the commercial phosphor YAG:Ce3+, it shows high luminescent intensity more than 200% and high luminescent efficiency more than 120%. This means that the CaGa2S4:Eu2+ phosphor can be applied to the yellow phosphor. Also, in case of BaGa2S4:Eu2+ phosphor, this shows the bluish green color peaking at 505 nm and excitation band in the range of 300 nm and 430 nm. Consequently, BaGa2S4:Eu2+ phosphor can be used to the UV lamp for making LED lamp, and it can be applied for bluish green phosphor with excellent luminescent efficiency.