http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
해운항만분야의 블록체인 도입에 대한 혁신저항과 사용의도에 관한 연구
김윤미 한국해양대학교 글로벌물류대학원 2020 국내석사
Blockchain, one of the convergence technologies representing the Fourth Industrial Revolution era, is actively being introduced in the fields of finance, medical care, and logistics and distribution. Blockchain is a distributed data storage technology that stores data in blocks and connects them in chain form, replicating and storing them on numerous computers at the same time. It is also called a “public ledger.” Transaction records are sent to all the users participating in the transaction, without keeping them on a centralized server, and it is ensured that every transaction is free from data forgery or tampering by sharing the pertinent data among the users and allowing these to be compared with one another. Blockchain is also actively being promoted and introduced in the shipping and port field. In maritime transportation, which accounts for the majority of logistics transportation, the cost of handling trade-related documents is 20% of the total cost, and such task is inefficiently managed. Through the introduction of blockchain, it can be expected to become transparent and cost-cutting, with reduced disputes and increased dispute resolution cases as well as fewer cases of various types of fraud. Although blockchain has a high potential for utilization in the shipping and port field, the speed of its introduction in such field has not been accelerated as its effectiveness and safety have yet to be fully verified. Blockchain is currently known to the public only as bitcoin, and due to its vagueness, its introduction to certain fields as an innovation creates anxiety on the part of many, leading them to resist such innovation, thus hindering its wide usage. There has been insufficient research to date on innovation resistance, which serves as an obstacle to the successful introduction of blockchain in the shipping and port field, although there have been various studies of late on blockchain acceptance in academia. This study was conducted to investigate the degree and nature of the resistance to the introduction of blockchain in the shipping and port field on the part of many of its prospective users, so as to urge them to accept such innovation and to facilitate its successful introduction in the aforementioned field. This study was conducted as follows. First, the concept and characteristics of blockchain and the current status of its introduction in the shipping and port field sought to be understood through a review of the previous studies on blockchain. Second, the factors affecting the resistance to the introduction of blockchain in the shipping and port field were derived based on TAM (technology acceptance model), DOI (diffusion of innovation), the consumer characteristics theory, and the innovation resistance theory. Third, the research model to be used was empirically verified through a questionnaire survey among the workers in the shipping and port field. In this study, a research model was set up based on TAM. Seven items were selected as potential variables falling under three categories: relative benefits, compatibility, and perceived risks (variables related to the innovation characteristics); attitudes towards the existing products, innovativeness, and self-efficacy (variables related to the consumer characteristics); and cost rationality (variable related to the economic characteristics). Eight hypotheses were set and tested in this study: seven hypotheses to confirm the causal relationship between each of the aforementioned seven variables and the resistance to the introduction of blockchain in the shipping and port field, and one hypothesis to confirm the causal relationship between the said resistance and the blockchain usage intention. The survey for hypothesis testing was conducted for about 3 weeks among individuals engaged in or part of container terminal operations, shipping lines, public agencies and companies, inland transportation, international freight forwarders (3PL), and warehouse storage companies. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed, and 239 valid accomplished questionnaires were collected. SPSS 21.0 was used for demographic analysis, and SmartPLS 3.0 was used for hypothesis testing and reliability and validity analysis. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the analysis of the three hypotheses on the innovation characteristics and innovation resistance showed that there was a negative (-) causal relationship between the relative advantage of introducing blockchain to the shipping and port field and the resistance to such innovation, and a positive (+) causal relationship between the perceived risk of its introduction and the resistance to such innovation. On the other hand, the causal relationship between compatibility and the innovation resistance was not verified. Second, the results of testing the three hypotheses on the consumer characteristics and innovation resistance were as follows. First, the more favorable the attitude towards the existing products was, the higher the resistance to the innovation, and the more innovative the users were, the lower their innovation resistance. On the other hand, no significant causal relationship was found between self-efficacy and innovation resistance. Third, in the case of cost rationality, a variable related to the economic characteristics, a lower degree of innovation resistance was found in the users who felt that the cost of the operation being undertaken was reduced through the introduction of blockchain. Finally, it was confirmed that the higher the innovation resistance was, the lower the intent to use the innovation. The implications of this study are as follows. First, the study is scholastically meaningful in that it deals with the two aspects of resistance and acceptance through a study of innovation resistance, a negative aspect that has not been dealt with in the previous studies related to the introduction of blockchain in the shipping and port field. In the practical aspect, this study confirmed the negative effect of innovation resistance on the intention to use the innovation, suggesting that the management of the innovation resistance is essential for the successful spread of blockchain. Therefore, efforts should be made to emphasize the functional benefits, innovativeness, and cost rationality of blockchain by establishing various channels for sharing information on it so as to control the resistance to its introduction in the shipping and port field. Also, as the perceived risks of blockchain introduction to the shipping and port field and the prospective users’ attitudes towards the existing products have been verified as negative factors for innovation resistance, it is believed that efforts should be made to come up with policies for ensuring information security, or with ways to dissolve the prospective users’ reluctance to embrace new technologies.
강원도 삼척지역에서 산불 후 식생회복에 따른 지표유출수, 토사유출 및 영양염류 유실의 변화
If the forest fire occurs, primarily vegetation is burned out and mechanical and chemical structure of the soil are transformed, then secondarily soil erosion take place. Due to the differential vegetation recovery resulted from pre-fire vegetation and post-fire microsite factors, studies on the temporal change of soil erosion following fires should be carried out including its large spatial variation. Therefore, the runoff and sediment yields, and nutrient losses were measured for 6 years, from the fourth year(2003) to the ninth year(2008), in the Pinus densiflora forest severely burnt by the fire called East Coast fire in Samcheok, Korea in 2000. The experiments were performed from 21 experimental runoff-plots which have the large spatial variation in vegetation. From this study, I aimed to examine the temporal change of the relative effect between the rainfall and vegetation on above three variables according to their vegetation recovery and irregular rainfall events with time. Based on these results, proper hill treatments were suggested to control soil erosion and eventually to restore the burnt ecosystem. Because the difference in initial vegetation was largely established among the runoff plots, their vegetation coverages ranged 10-90%(average 46%) in 2003 but they narrowed to range 35-90%(average 67%) in 2008 due to the fast recovery of the low coverage plots. On average, vegetation coverages consequently have increased to 21%. The runoff and sediment yield have significantly increased as rainfall have increased, while they have significantly reduced with vegetation recovery. From year to year, the slopes of the linear regressions are not significantly different. This suggest the important roles of vegetation and rainfall as major controlling factors for the soil erosion. The influences of rainfall on the runoff and sediment yields were stronger than that of vegetation till the sixth year, however, the influence of vegetation became stronger from the eighth year for the runoffs and from the seventh year for the sediment yields. Actually, the trend to decrease was marked at the eighth year for the runoff yields per rainfall events, and at the sixth year for the sediment yields from only ‘high' and ‘intermediate' vegetation plots. The sediment yields per events from ‘low' vegetation plots did not show the significant trend yearly due to high variation among plots. The differences in runoff yield and nutrient losses between vegetation classes maintained for all six years, while no significant differences in the sediment yields from the sixth year between the classes. Total runoff yields were average 11.1% (range 1-31.4) of total annual rainfall in the fourth year and then reduced to 4.2%(range 0.3-14.4) in the nineth year. Total sediment yields of average 3.2 tonha^(-1)yr^(-1)(range 0.7-9.7) in the fourth year have been reduced to 0.43tonha^(-1)yr^(-1)(range 0.01-1.47 ) in the eighth year, but they vary from year to year. Overall, the influence of rainfall events have been mitigated as the vegetation has recovered following the forest fire. Therefore, there were marked decrease in runoff yields from the eighth year, sediment yields from the sixth year and nutrient losses from the fifth or the sixth years. Nevertheless, significant differences of runoff yields and nutrient losses between vegetation classes maintained for six years. To lower the losses from the ‘intermediate' and the ‘low' plots to the level of the ‘high' plots, at least several years would be needed. For six years, the sediments of total 10.6 and 17.9 ton ha^(-1) have been produced from the ‘intermediate' and the ‘low' plots, respectively. Compared to 4.9 ton ha^(-1) from the ‘high' plots, they are 2.2 and 2.7 times more. Proper hill treatment such as mulching should be applied immediately after fires to reduce soil erosion and to restore burnt forests fast. 산불이 발생하면 일차적으로 식생이 제거되고 토양의 물리·화학적 변화가 나타나며, 이차적으로는 토양 침식이 일어난다. 우리나라는 산불발생이 봄철에 집중되고 이어서 여름 장마가 시작되므로 토양침식의 피해가 훨씬 크다. 토양침식은 식생의 초기재생에 따라 차이가 크고 시간에 따라 감소하므로 공간적, 시간적 변화에 따른 연구가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 2000년 동해안 산불 피해지 중 수관화 피해를 입은 강원도 삼척시의 산불 전 소나무림에서 산불 후 초기재생정도가 서로 다른 21개의 토사유출시험구를 설치하여 지표유출수, 토사유출 및 영양염류 유실량을 산불 4년 후부터 9년까지 총 6년간 측정한 것이다. 이를 통해 세 유실량과 강우량 및 식생피복도와의 관계를 분석하고, 시간에 따른 강우량과 식생피복도와의 상대적 영향의 변화를 구명하여 산불피해지의 초기토양관리방법을 제안하고자한다. 식생피복도는 시험구간 차이를 크게 설계하였으므로 산불 4년째인 2003년에는 범위 10-90% (평균 46%)이고 9년째에는 35-90% (평균 67%)로 평균 21% 증가하였다. 식생피복도가 낮은 시험구의 빠른 생장으로 시험구간 차이는 적어졌다. 지표유출수와 토사유출량은 식생피복도의 증가에 따라 감소한 반면 강우량의 증가에 따라서는 증가하였다. 두 유출량에 대한 강우량과 식생피복도의 회귀선 간 기울기차이는 유의하지 않은 것으로 볼 때 시간에 상관없이 강우량과 식생은 토양침식의 중요한 요인임을 제시하였다. 강우량이 인위적 조절이 가능하지 않은 요인임을 고려하면 식생은 조절가능한 주요한 요인이다. 다중회귀분석 결과, 지표유출수와 토사유출에 미치는 강우량의 영향은 산불 후 6년째까지 식생의 영향보다 컸다. 그러나 식생의 영향은 지표유출수의 경우 8년째부터, 토사유출의 경우 7년째부터 더 커졌다. 시간경과에 따른 식생 영향의 증가는 강우사상별 지표유출수, 토사유출 및 영양염류 유실량을 연도별로 계산한 결과로 나타났다. 즉, 지표유출수량은 세 식생등급의 시험구에서 모두 8년째부터, 토사유출량은 식생등급 ‘상’과 ‘중’ 시험구에서 6년째부터 크게 감소된 것이다. 그러나 ‘하’ 시험구에서는 강우사상별로 토사유출량의 편차가 커서 연도별 경향이 유의하지 않았다. 영양염류는 이온의 농도가 5년째에 크게 감소한 결과로, 5~6년째에 유출량이 크게 감소하고 이후에도 계속 감소하였다. 그런데 지표유출수와 영양염류 유실량의 경우 동일 연도 내에 초기 식생등급 간의 차이가 6년간 유의하게 지속되었다. 이는 시간에 따른 식생의 발달로 유출량 자체는 크게 감소하나 산불 직후 식생 재생 차이가 계속 영향을 미친다는 사실을 의미한다. 토사유출량은 ‘상’ 조사구에서도 편차가 커서 식생등급에 의한 차이가 6년째부터 유의하지 않았다. 연간 총 유출량을 계산한 결과 조사지에서 4년째에 강우량의 평균 11.1%(범위 1-31.4)를 지표유출수로 배출하고 9년째는 4.2%(범위 0.3-14.4)를 배출하였다. 토사유출량은 산불 후 4년째에 평균 3.2 tonha^(-1)yr^(-1)(범위 0.7-9.7)이고 8년째 0.43tonha^(-1)yr^(-1)(범위 0.01-1.47 )로 감소하였으나 연 변동 폭이 매우 컸다. 결과를 종합하면 산불 후 시간경과에 따라 식생이 복원되면서 강우량의 영향이 현저히 완화된 결과로, 지표유출수량은 8년째부터, 토사유출량은 6년째부터, 영양염류 유실량은 5~6년째부터 크게 낮아졌다. 그럼에도 불구하고 식생등급에 의한 차이는 계속 지속되어서 유출량이 ‘상’ 수준으로 낮아지려면 적어도 수년의 시간이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 6년간 ‘중’과 ‘하’ 시험구에서 유실된 토사유출량은 각각 10.6, 17.9 tonha^(-1)으로서 ‘상’ 시험구의 4.9 tonha^(-1)의 각각 2.2배와 3.7배 많았다. 측정하지 못한 산불 직후부터 3년간은 유출량이 훨씬 컸을 것이므로 이 차이도 더 커졌을 것이다. 따라서 유출량을 감소하기 위해서는 산불 직후 초기 재생이 느린 지역을 대상으로 식생의 효과를 대신해주는 멀칭 등의 입지처리를 해야 할 것이다.
포장용기의 투명성이 소비자 구매의도에 미치는 영향 : 베이커리 크리스마스 케이크 포장 디자인을 중심으로
김윤미 홍익대학교 산업미술대학원 2010 국내석사
As the social pathology such as mental anxiety, street crime and suicide, etc., continues due to a long-term economic recession, the neofamilism culture trying to uneasiness through solidarity of family members is gathering strength and thus people trying to enjoy family fun increased. Nowadays, the bakery cake is already positioning as an important medium for enjoying family fun. The bakery cake fulfills curiosity, interest and sensitivity of consumers under the conditions that the quality of products are equal, and makers or sellers would want something that can secure visibility of products and improve sale by satisfying desire of consumers. In conclusion, they want a design that can satisfy emotional consumption, make products look better and stimulate buying desire. The present researcher thought to be able to satisfy its requirements through a nude package that can secure visibility of contents, provide effective display effects in a narrow shop and satisfy cultural sensibility of N generation by making transparent packaging containers. Accordingly, the present research aims to study the influence that the transparency of a Christmas bakery cake’s packaging container affects purchase intention of consumers, to confirm its feasibility, and to contribute to expand in utilization of transparency. The research issues for the present study are as follows. First, by what value standard do consumers decide buying behavior when they buy a Christmas cake? Second, will the transparency of a cake packaging container show a significant difference in purchase intention of consumers compared to a non-transparent container? Third, will the transparency of a cake packaging container show a significant difference in purchase intention of consumers between when they buy for themselves and when they buy for others? The present research method manufactured 3 kinds of experimental objects for the first data survey and carried out a questionnaire on purchase intention of a transparent packaging container according to a personal value standard, an appeal type and a buying purpose. The questionnaire selected large-scale discount stores, department stores and culture centers, schools and others that people can easily approach as survey places and selected male and female 200 persons in their 20s~50s, who are a main target of cake purchase, as experimental objects. The second material survey collected package cases such as theories on transparency, a consumer’s sentiment theory and a behavior theory. As a data analysis method, the statistical data processing was carried out by using SPSS(Statistic Package for Social Science) ver 15.0 after passing through Data Coding. First, as a survey result of the research issue 1, there was no difference in purchase intention according to its value or likability in case of a transparent container or a non-transparent container, but the purchase intention of a transparent container appeared the highest in other-oriented and material oriented aspects. Among them, the other-orientation appears highly in average. Also, according to Kim Cheol-min’s research on Korean values and consumer behavior relationships, the consumers regarding a material-oriented value as important are showing a purchase pattern for honor’s sake, so it can be understood that there is weight in a value that is conscious of others. Second, there was no difference in sensitivity and reason in case of a medium transparent container or a non-transparent container of a research issue 2, but the purchase intention and likeability of a transparent container appeared the highest in case of a sensitive consumer. Third, all containers had the high mean value buying for others in verification of the research issue 3, but the purchase intention was high for oneself and others in case of a transparent container, the purchase intention being high for others in case of a medium transparent container, and the purchase intention appeared very lowly in case of a non-transparent container. In conclusion, it appeared that the transparency of a Christmas cake packaging container has a significant influence on consumer’s purchase intention. The consumers, who regard other-oriented and material-oriented values as important and tend to buy for honor’s sake, have high intention to buy a cake in a transparent packaging container. Also, the emotional consumers have higher likeability and purchase intention on a transparent packaging container than rational consumers, and the highest purchase intention for oneself and others appeared in the transparent packaging container among 3 kinds of packaging containers, and consumers tend to buy a transparent packaging container for others among them. As shown in the above conclusion, the transparency application of a packaging container is well matched especially with an emotional code, can generate purchase motivation by increasing purchase intention of consumers, and has a meaning in applicability as a design element because it induces likeability of consumers by improving a value of products in cake package design. Also, the present research is showing that the material of a packaging method being use for cake packaging design as well as the transparency as a formative element have a significant influence on consumer behavior change. The critical point of the present research is that all the purchase intention of a transparent container is not connected to a purchase behavior, and that the research on relations between more accurate values and consumer behavior is not carried out because the values of an individual in consumer behavior change as well as an association relationship between consumption value and purchase types were not researched. We expect that the research on this portion will be carried out in the future. 장기적인 경기불황이 계속되면서 정신적 불안감과 생계형 범죄, 자살 등의 사회병리 현상은 계속되고 있어, 가족구성원의 연대감을 통한 불안감을 해소하려는 신가족주의 문화가 대두 되는 현상이 일면서 가족놀이 문화를 즐기려는 사람들이 많아졌다. 이런 시점에서 베이커리 케이크는 가족 놀이 문화 즐김에 있어 중요한 매개체로 이미 자리 잡고 있다. 베이커리 케이크에서 제품의 질이 동등하다는 조건하에 소비자는 호기심과 재미, 감성을 충족시켜주며, 생산자나 판매자는 제품의 가시성을 확보하여 소비자의 욕구를 충족시켜 판매를 증진할 수 있는 그 무엇을 원할 것이다. 결론적으로 감성적 소비를 충족시키고 제품을 돋보이게 하고, 구매의욕을 자극시킬 수 있는 디자인을 원하는 것이다. 본 연구자는 포장용기에 투명성을 부여함으로써 내용물의 가시성을 확보하고 좁은 매장에서의 효과적인 디스플레이 효과를 주며, N세대의 문화적 감수성을 충족시킬 수 있는 누드 패키지의 활용으로 그 요건을 충족시킬 수 있다고 생각 한다. 따라서 크리스마스 베이커리 케이크 포장용기의 투명성이 소비자 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 관해 연구함으로써 그 타당성을 확인하고, 투명성의 활용도를 확대하는데 조금이나마 기여하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위한 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소비자는 크리스마스 케이크를 구매 할 때 어떤 가치 기준에 의해 구매 행동을 결정 하는가? 둘째, 케이크 포장용기의 투명성이 불투명용기에 비하여 소비자 구매 의도에 유의미한 차이를 보일 것인가? 셋째, 자신을 위해 구매 할 때와 타인을 위해 구매 할 때 케이크 포장 디자인의 투명성이 소비자 구매 의도에 유의미한 차이를 보일 것인가? 연구 방법은 1차 자료 조사로는 3종류의 실험 대상물을 제작하여 개인의 가치기준과 소구 유형별, 구매 목적에 따라 투명포장용기의 구매의도에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문장소는 접근이 용이한 서울 및 주변도시의 대형할인점, 백화점 및 문화센터, 학교 등을 선정하였고, 실험 대상은 케이크 구매 메인 타깃인 20~50대 남녀 200명을 대상으로 하였다. 2차 자료 조사로는 논문, 학술지, 단행본, 전문 잡지 등을 통해 투명성에 관한 이론과 소비자 심리이론, 행동이론, 투명성에 의한 패키지 사례 수집 등을 하였다. 자료의 분석 방법은 데이터 코딩(Data Coding)을 거쳐 SPSS(Statistic Package for Social Science) ver 15.0을 사용하여 통계적 자료처리를 실시하였다. 첫째, 연구문제 1의 조사 결과 중간 정도의 투명용기나 불투명용기에서는 가치에 따른 구매 의도나 호감도의 차이는 보이지 않았으나 투명용기에서는 타인지향과 물질지향에서 구매의도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 그 중에서도 타인지향은 평균적으로 높게 나타나고 있다. 또한 김철민의 한국인의 가치관과 소비행동 관계연구에 따르면 물질 지향적 가치를 중시하는 소비자는 체면구매 형태를 보이고 있는 것으로 보아 타인을 의식하는 가치에 비중이 있음을 유추하여 알 수 있다. 둘째, 연구문제 2에서는 중간 정도의 투명용기와 불투명용기에서는 감성과 이성의 차이를 보이지 않았으나 투명용기에서는 감성소비자 일 때 호감도와 구매의도가 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 연구문제 3의 검증에서는 모든 용기가 타인을 위해 구매하는 평균치는 높았으나, 투명용기의 경우 자신과 타인 모두 구매의도가 높은 반면, 중간 정도의 투명용기는 타인에서만 높았고, 불투명용기에서는 구매의도가 매우 낮게 나타났다. 결론적으로 크리스마스 케이크 포장용기의 투명성은 소비자 구매의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 타인 지향적 가치관과 물질 지향적 가치관을 중시 여기며, 체면구매를 하는 경향의 소비자가 투명포장용기의 케이크를 구매할 의도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 이성소비자보다는 감성소비자가 투명포장용기에 호감도 및 구매의도가 높았으며, 3종류의 포장용기 중 투명포장용기의 경우가 자신과 타인 모두 구매의도가 가장 높았으며, 그 중에서도 타인을 위해 구매하는 경향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 위 결론에서처럼 포장용기의 투명성 적용은 특히 감성적 코드와 잘 부합되며, 소비자의 구매 의도를 높여 구매동기를 생성시킬 수 있고, 케이크 패키지디자인에서 상품의 가치를 높여 소비자의 호감도를 유발시키므로 디자인 요소로서 활용 가능성에도 의미가 있다. 또한 본 연구는 케이크 포장디자인에 사용되는 포장방법의 재질뿐만 아니라 조형요소로서의 투명성이 소비행동 변화에 유의미한 영향을 준다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구의 한계점은 투명용기의 구매의도가 모든 구매행동으로 이어 지지 않는 다는 점과 소비행동 변화에 있어 개인의 가치관과 소비행동의 관계 연구가 심도 있게 이루어 지지 않았다는 점이다. 앞으로 이 부분에 대한 연구가 이루어지기를 기대한다.
시각장애학교 교사의 ICT 활용 실태 및 활성화 방안 연구
The purpose of this study was to show the effects of ICT(information & communication technology) in education institutions for the visually impaired. The The parts consisting of surveying and analyzing refer to the actual condition to use ICT, general recognition, problems identification & solving, and activation strategy. In this study, I had to survey and analyze a questionnaire given to teachers working at specialized schools for the visually impaired. The questionaire analyzed the uses of ICT based on the teacher's gender, experience teaching, grade levels taught, in-service training and degree of visual handicap. The writer constructed a of questionnaire, which was given to 240 subjects during the first semester of 2009. Of the 240 given, 214 were analyzed. The results were as follows: First, ICT-based teachings were widely used among the teachers. ICT-based teachings were used more by elementary school teachers than middle and high school teachers. Furthermore, the teachers who had in-service training used ICT-based materials more than those who didn't. The male teachers who didn't use ICT-based teachings regularly said that their classes were not suitable for them and female teachers said they didn't have enough skills to use them. Usually male teachers made their own teaching materials with computers more often than female teachers. Female teachers frequently used ready made materials from the Internet or bought the materials more often than male. The teachers who had low vision usually made their own teaching materials by themselves more often than sighted teachers and teachers with visual impairment. Visual impaired teachers often borrowed materials from co-workers. In the part of using braille transcription software, male teachers had higher percentages of understanding than female teachers and low sighted teachers had higher abilities than sighted or visually impaired teachers. Also, High school teachers possessed the ability the software more than elementary or middle school teachers. In the section covering the abilities to use screen reader programs and teaching support equipment, female teachers had higher abilities than male, high school teachers had higher abilities than elementary or middle school teachers, and teacher with low vision and visual impaired teachers had higher abilities than sighted teachers. Second, the teachers thought ICT utilized education usefully. Male teachers answered that it was important because it was useful for self-directed learning and female teachers answered it could help various teaching and learning environments. Typically, male teachers and high school teachers have higher computer usage abilities than female and elementary or middle school teachers. Third, the teachers who had low visual and visually impaired teachers felt low satisfaction about the software and content that was served to their specialized schools more than sighted teachers. It was shown that the software and content was enough in the schools, but the teachers' satisfaction towards them was not very high. Therefore, it seemed that there needed to be higher qualified materials to increase teachers' satisfactions of them. And the last, most teachers wanted in-service training about making teaching materials which could be used in their classes directly. This study showed that to support effective ICT-based education, the software and content which is suitable for the students' special needs should be developed and served. Most teachers said that serving the electronic braille display to their students for free would be the most important device to facilitate ICT-based education. From this study, I have concluded that institutional support for ICT-based education in specialized schools is vital to develop and serve the materials which are suitable for the curriculum and special needs in visually impaired school.
조기 영어 교육과 영어교재 선정 및 활용에 대한 실태 및 학부모 인식
김윤미 경성대학교 교육대학원 2011 국내석사
The purpose of this study was to examine parents' recognition and current condition of parents about choice and practical use of early childhood English education materials and provide the fundamental data for apropriate use of early childhood English education materials depending on children's development level. The research queation were established as foolows based on the purpose of the study: 1. What are the differences in the parents' perceptions and practices regarding early childhood English education depending on mothers' age, academic background, existence of career and income. 2. What are the differences in the parents' perceptions and practices regarding choices and use of early childhood English education depending on mothers' age, academic background, existence of career and income. The results of the study were as follows. First, parents recognized that early childhood English education is necessary for young children. They considered as it is because English is essential for everyone in the near future. Parents also recognized that an appropriate beginning age of early childhood English education is between 5years and 7years old. There was a difference between the parents who earned less than 2000,000 won and who earned more than 4000,000 won. The parents who earned more than 4000,000 won showed higher perception than those who earned less than 2000,000 won. Also, parents addressed that an appropriate time and frequency are for 10-15minutes and everyday in a week and there was a difference depending on mothers' age, academic background and income. Mothers who are older, who have high academic background and who earned more recognized that early childhood English education was necessary in everyday life. In addition to, whether parents gave the opportunity to learn English to their children before school, or not, it showed that 58.1% parents didn't give that chance to their children. Second, 31.8% of parents perceived that the most difficult thing in early childhood English education was making a choice of English materials or English books. Parents also addressed that the most frequent and essential English materials were video tapes and CD. And the highest percetion of parents' English materials was contents and organizations. In addition to, whether parents perceived that there was a different standard depending on different English education environments or not, when they choose the English materials, which are EO(English Only), ESL(English as a Second Language) and EFL(English as a Foreign Language). 38.4% parents answered the most that 'I recognized little'.
중급과정 한국어 학습자 대상 문화 교재 개발 방안 연구
The purpose of this research is to develop teaching materials for Korean language culture education, in order to aid culture education for the intermediate learners. Following are the steps for this research. In Chapter 1, we have examined present culture education in Korean language education, and explained the need of developing new teaching materials for intermediate course. In Chapter 2, we analyzed the situation of culture education by examining teaching materials for Korean language. We also examined how to set goals, ranges, learning exercises which are needed to be considered for intermediate Korean language education. In Chapter 3, based on the result of the analysis from Chapter 2, the study showed the ways to develop proper teaching materials for culture education, and set a syllabus. The new teaching book is composed of 15 chapters, and the main subject is selected rationally, in order to help learners to understand of Korean education. In Chpater 4, based on the syllabus from Chapter 3, the study presents specific learning exercise using the theme 'Cellular Phone and the Internet', and 'Cultural Habits'. In Chapter 5, the chapter summarized the study, and discussed the limit and the significance of this study.
김윤미 제주대학교 교육대학원 2018 국내석사
본 연구는 가톨릭신자들의 죽음불안 경험의 탐색을 목적으로 연구참여자들의 독특한 주관적 생활세계의 복합적 현실의 맥락과 특성을 이해하기 위해 현상학적 연구방법으로 수행되었다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위한 연구 질문은 ‘가톨릭신자들의 죽음불안 경험은 어떠한가?’ 이다. 의도적 표집을 통해 선정된 연구참여자들은 죽음불안 경험이 있는 50~60세로 총 8명이었으며, 제주시 지역에 거주하고 있는 참여자들로서 이들은 자발적으로 연구 참여에 서면 동의하고 심층면담에 임하였다. 본 연구의 참여자들은 2017년 12월부터 2018년 3월 중순까지 약 4개월 동안 진행되었으며 연구자는 연구 주제와 관련하여 자료가 포화될 때까지 면담을 통해 자료를 수집하였고 면담내용은 녹취되어 분석 자료로 활용되었다. 자료 분석은 참여자 경험의 보편적인 본질을 분석하기에 적합한 Colaizzi(1978)의 현상학적 분석방법을 채택하였다. 연구 결과 53개의 의미형성과 21개의 하위범주(주제), 그리고 10개의 범주로 분류되었다. 도출된 10개의 범주들은 ‘눈에 보이지 않은 불안들과 대면’, ‘세상일과 나 자신에 올 인(all in)하며…’, ‘죽음의 망각에서 인지(認知)로의 탈바꿈’, ‘새 인간의 형상으로 변모’, ‘나, 타인, 그리고 하느님은 하나’, ‘종교적 삶: 감사와 위로의 시간’, ‘죽음에 대한 자기 개방성의 확대’, ‘고통은 나를 성장시키는 디딤돌’, ‘메멘 토 모리(Memento mori)’, ‘나, 하느님의 도구이자 사랑을 주고받는 존재’이다. 죽음불안 경험이 있는 가톨릭신자들의 내용을 서술하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 가톨릭신자들은 죽음 직면 시 죽음에 대한 불안은 종교성과 상관없이 심리적 반응뿐만 아니라 죽을지도 모른다는 두려움과 불확실성으로 인한 정신적 혼란감이 나타났다. 이러한 존재의 사라짐을 예고하는 죽음 직면 경험은 그동안 자신들의 죽음관이 부정적이었으며 죽음을 삶의 일부로 수용하지 못하고 기피하거나 망각한 채 살아왔음을 확인할 수 있었다. 참여자들은 죽음 직면 사건으로 그들의 내면 안의 장애물과 한계들을 대면하면서 현 시대의 삶의 양식, 죽음문화에 습득되다보니 기복신앙에 빠진 신앙행태를 보여주었다. 그러나 이러한 죽음불안이라는 부정적인 경험은 오히려 참여자들에게 삶(신앙)의 변화를 가져왔다. 삶의 의미와 목적이 하느님과 나, 그리고 가족, 타인, 공동체와의 유대감이 ‘우리’라는 정체성의 확장이 이루어졌다. 더 나아가 이 연구의 최종적인 단계에서 ‘죽음불안 경험 모델’을 도출하였다. 이것은 그 구조 안에 죽음불안의 본질을 담고 있으며 긍정적 효과에 도달하기까지의 죽음불안 경험의 전체 과정을 시각적으로 구성한 것이다. 하느님의 도우심(자비)으로 말미암아 그 자신이 ‘새 인간의 형상으로 존재하며 살아가는 나’는 하느님 안에서의 강한 변화의지를 통해 온전한 자기(self)로 변모되어 나아간다. 본 연구는 가톨릭신자들의 죽음불안 경험을 총체적으로 이해하기 위해 그들을 둘러싸고 있는 삶의 조건과 맥락들을 살펴봄으로써 참여자들의 죽음불안 경험을 확인하였다. 이에 죽음사건으로 말미암은 죽음불안을 제대로 인식하지 못하고 살아가는 현대의 신앙인들에게 죽음불안에 대한 이해와 가톨릭신자들의 영적 본래성을 살펴보았다는 것에 의미가 있다. 또한 실존주의 심리치료(상담)과 영성상담을 접목한 죽음불안 교육의 필요성을 부여했다는 것이다. 그리고 인간 존재가 지닌 고유한 현상으로서의 보편성을 띈 죽음불안에 대한 실존적 자각을 위한 방안으로 죽음불안 체험자와의 소그룹 나눔을 제안한다. This study was conducted by a phenomenological study method to understand the context and characteristics of the complex reality of the unique subjective life world of the research participants for the purpose of searching the experiences of death anxiety of Catholic. The research question to achieve the research objective is 'What is the experience of death anxiety among Catholics?' Participants selected from the intentional sampling were from fifties to sixties with death anxiety. A total of 8 participants were living in Jeju City. They voluntarily agreed to participate in the study and made in-depth interviews. It lasted for four month: December 2017 to mid-March 2018. The researchers gathered data through interviews until the data was saturated with the research topic. Data analysis adopted the phenomenological method of Colaizzi (1978), which is suitable for analyzing the universal nature of participant experience. The results were classified into 53 meanings, 21 sub - categories, and 10 categories. The ten categories derived are 'Facing unseen uneasiness', 'I am all in the world and myself.…', 'Change from oblivion of death to cognition', 'Transformed into a new human form', 'I, others, and God are one', 'Religious life: thanksgiving and time of comfort', 'Expansion of Self-Openness to Death', 'Memento Mori', 'Me, the tool of God, and a loving being.' The following is a description of Catholic who have experienced death anxiety. First, the Catholics felt that the anxiety of death in the face of death was not only a psychological response, but also of mental confusion due to fear and uncertainty that they might die. The experience of facing the death that anticipates the disappearance of these beings can confirm that their death hall was negative, and that they have not been able to accept death as a part of their life and have been avoided or forgotten. Participants were faced with obstacles and limitations in their inner face by facing death, and they showed faith behavior in relief faith as they learned from the culture of life and culture of the present age. However, this negative experience of death anxiety brought about a change of life (faith) to the participants. The meaning and purpose of life is the expansion of the identity of 'we' as the bond of God, me, family, others, and community. Furthermore, in the final stage of this study, 'death anxiety experience model'was derived. It contains the nature of death anxiety in its structure and visually constitutes the whole process of death anxiety until reaching a positive effect. Through the help of God (mercy), he himself,"I who lives in the image of a new human being", is transformed into a whole self through a strong will of change in God. This study examined the experiences and anxieties of the participants by examining the conditions and contexts of life surrounding them in order to comprehensively understand the experiences of death anxiety of Catholic. Therefore, it is meaningful to understand the anxiety of death and the spiritual nature of Catholics to the modern believers who are not aware of death anxiety related death. In addition, it has given the necessity of education of death anxiety combined with existentialism psychotherapy (counseling) and spiritual counseling. We propose a small group sharing with the experience of death anxiety as a measure for existential awareness of death anxiety with universality as a unique phenomenon of human existence.