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키토산을 이용한 아토피 치료용 제형 개발 및 효능 평가
아토피 피부염은 유아기 혹은 소아기부터 성인에 이르기까지 발병되는 만성 염증성 피부질환으로 심한 소양증과 함께 피부 건조증, 특징적인 습진 증상을 동반한다. 아토피 피부염은 피부에 나타나는 증상이 주된 것은 사실이지만 그 밖에 많은 면역학적 요인에도 관여되는 것으로 보고되어 지고 있다. 학계에서는 그 원인을 T림프구의 면역학적 이상이나 백혈구의 비면역학적인 이상으로 보고 있으나 현재까지도 명백하게 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 현재 아토피를 유발하는 원인으로는 유전적 요인, 음식, 환경, 면역체계 및 심리적문제 등으로 추정되고 있는데 그 원인이 분명하지 않기 때문에 많은 관심과 연구를 통해 원인을 밝히고, 아토피를 개선할 수 있는 치료제 개발이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 아토피 피부염의 2차 감염 예방 및 개선을 위해 항균 활성 및 상처 치료 효과를 가지는 천연 고분자인 키토산을 이용하여 아토피 치료 가능성을 확인하고, 화장품 제형을 제조하여 그 효과를 규명 하고자 하였다. 아토피 피부염의 2차 감염 예방 및 관리를 위한 제재 연구를 위해 다양한 분자량과 좁은 분자량 분포를 갖는 수용성 키토산을 평막시스템을 이용하여 제조하였다. 분획된 수용성 키토산이 평막시스템을 이용하여 분획하는 과정에서 분해가 이루어지지 않은 것을 1H NMR분석을 통한 구조 분석으로 확인하였고, 겔투과크로마토그래피 (GPC-MALLS) 분석을 통하여 분획된 키토산의 분자량과 PDI값을 확인함으로써 분자량분포를 규명 하였다. 열중량 분석기를 통하여 분획된 수용성 키토산의 회분 및 수분함량이 극히 미량 존재하는 것을 확인함으로써 순수한 키토산이 제조되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 항균활성 특성 및 면역 활성을 갖는 수용성 키토산(WC, Mw: 10kDa)을 아토피가 유발된 동물에 적용 시켜서 아토피 개선효과를 규명함으로써 아토피 개선 소재로 활용 가능성을 제시하였다. WC의 아토피 개선 효능은 아토피 치료제로서 가장 효과가 좋은 약물인 엘리델과 비교하여 아토피 개선 효과를 규명하였다. 아토피 점수 및 스크래칭 거동 등과 같은 관능평가 결과 WC 처리군이 약물대조군보다 우수하거나 비슷한 아토피 개선 효과를 보였다. 또한 아토피 유발 동물의 사이토카인 결과에서도 WC를 처리한 군에서 우수한 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 병변 부위의 조직 검사에서도 아토피 치료 약물과 동일한 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 항균 효과를 갖는 키토산을 이용하여 미스트와 로션 제형의 아토피 개선 및 완화용 화장품을 제조하고 이들의 아토피 개선효과를 규명하였다. 이들의 효능은 아토피 치료제로서 가장 효과가 좋은 약물인 엘리델과 비교하였다. 아토피 점수 및 스크래칭 거동 등과 같은 관능평가결과 약물대조군 보다 우수하거나 비슷한 아토피 개선 효과를 보였다. 또한 아토피 유발 동물의 혈구 분석 및 사이토카인 결과에서도 약물과 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 본 연구에서 제시한 키토산이 포함되어 있는 미스트, 로션 등의 화장품 제형이 약물에 의해 발생할 수 있는 내성 문제를 해결함과 동시에 아토피 피부염을 지속적으로 개선할 수 있는 소재가 될 것으로 사료된다. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that occurs in infancy or childhood and develops into an adult, accompanied by severe pruritus, dry skin, and characteristic eczema symptoms. Atopic dermatitis is a major cause of skin symptoms, but many other immune factors are reported to be involved. In many previous studies, the cause of atopy is considered as immunological abnormality of T lymphocyte or nonimmunological abnormality of leukocyte, but it is still unclear to this day. The causes of atopy are presumed to be caused by genetic factors, food, environment, immune system, and psychological problems. Since the cause is not clear, development is needed. For this reason, the aim of this study is to identify the possibility of atopy treatment using chitosan, a natural polymer having antimicrobial activity and wound healing effect, to prevent and cure secondary infection of atopic dermatitis. The water soluble chitosan (WC)s having certain molecular weight with narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared by using a plate membrane system and used for the study of prevention and control of secondary infection of atopic dermatitis. Structural analysis using 1H NMR showed that fractionated WC was not decomposed during the fractionation using the plate membrane system. And the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of fractionated chitosan were confirmed by GPC MALLS. The water and ash contents were investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer, these results reveled that fractionated chitosan is high purity including very lower them. Particularly, WC with molecular weight 10 kDa among fractionated chitonsan was highly antimicrobial activity and immunity effect. Therefore, it was suggested to possibility of novel material for atopic dermatitis treatment by investigating to therapeutic effect against to the atopy animal model, in vivo. The therapeutic effect of WC was compared with Elidel the most effective drug for atopic dermatitis. Sensory evaluation such as atopic score and scratching behavior results, WC was showed good and/or same to drug control. Furthermore, it was confirmed that WC is high improving of therapeutic atopic dermatitis by analysis of cytokine in the atopy animal model. Also, H&E study revealed that therapy effect of WC is same to drug controls. The cosmetic formulation for the improvement and relief of atopic symptoms were prepared to in the form of mist and lotion using chitosan with antimicrobial effects. The therapeutic effect of them was compared with Elidel the most effective drug for atopic dermatitis. Sensory evaluation such as atopic score and scratching behavior results, mist and lotion were showed good and/or same to drug control. It was confirmed that mist and lotion are high improving of therapeutic atopic dermatitis by hematology analysis and cytokine analysis in the atopy animal model. Furthermore, skin irritation experimental results against to rabbit showed that cosmetic formulation prepared in this study don’t any impact on the skin. These results suggest that WC and cosmetic formulation included WC are good candidate as a materials for atopic dermatitis therapy and/or relief.
태양열과 태양열-지열 하이브리드 이산화탄소 열펌프 시스템의 성능에 관한 해석적 연구
Recently, global warming problem and energy crisis aroused great interest in alternative energy supplies. This is especially true for South Korea that badly depends on imported energy resources. However, most alternative energy technologies are faced with difficulties when it comes to application for community facilities because of the regional restrictions and operating cost. Therefore, researches on energy saving and optimal operation of residential heat pump systems are urgently required. To this end, using renewable energy (e.g. solar and geothermal) for refrigeration becomes increasingly important and draws considerable attention. As for working fluids, carbon dioxide is a natural climate-friendly refrigerant as it does not deplete ozone layer and has a low direct global warming potential with reference value 1. Generally, the performance of a heat pump using carbon dioxide is lower than that of a system using a subcritical refrigerant because of large irreversibility during compression and gascooling. Moreover, system reliability is very low due to large performance variations with operating conditions. Hence, studies on system performance according to various heat sources have carried out continuously. For efficient use of the CO2 heat pump an optimal operation control method is required in order to save energy and increase reliability. To address these problems, the performance data of the CO2 heat pump have been analysed against the pump operating temperature. In this study, the analytical model of S-HCHP(solar hybrid CO2 heat pump) system and the SG-HCHP(solar-geothermal CO2 heat pump) system for residential heating were developed to compare the system performance for given operating condition. A simulation study on S-HCHP and SG-HCHP system for residential applications were carried out for varying operating conditions. The system consists of a solar system(concentric evacuated tube solar collector and heat storage tank) and a CO2 heat pump system(double-pipe heat exchanger, fin-tube heat exchanger, electric expansion valve, and compressor). In the simulation of S-HCHP system, the solar collector efficiency and solar collector heat were decreased by 7.6% and 2.7 kWh, respectively, when the heat pump operating temperature rose by 2oC. As the outdoor temperature rose by 2oC, the heat pump heating COP increased by 6.5% and heating load decreased by 7.6%, on average. Also, the heating load increased by 14.3% with a rise of indoor setting temperature of 2oC. The solar hybrid CO2 heat pump system in this study had maximum solar fraction of 24.5%. In the simulation of SG-HCHP system, when the heat pump operating temperature rises from 40oC to 48oC, the heating COP is decreased from 2.77 to 2.12, heating time is reduced about 40%, and heat pump operating time is increased about 1.7 hours due to the increase of the compressor pressure ratio. In addition to, the heat pump COP is increased about 6.5% and heat fraction of heat pump is increased by 5.1% as the ground temperature increased from 11oC to 19oC, The system performance can be improved by adapting geothermal system into a solar hybrid heat pump. The comparison study of performance characteristics between the S-HCHP system and the SG-HCHP system was performed with heat pump operating temperature. As a result, the compressor work and heating capacity of the SG-HCHP system decreased and increased compared to those of the S-HCHP system, resulting that the heating performance of the SG-HCHP system improved. For basic operating condition, the heating performance of the SG-HCHP and S-HCHP system was 2.405 and 1.91, respectively. Besides, increment of compressor work of the S-HCHP system was lower by 9.1% than that of the SG-HCHP system. The heating COP of the SG-HCHP system improved approximately 2.6% compared to that of the S-HCHP system. Therefore, the SG-HCHP system has a good performance and a high reliability for residential application with various operating conditions. Throughout this study, we will provide basic performance data for S-HCHP system and SG-HCHP system, and the optimal control of the operation parameter to maintain high performance.
경제성장에 필수 생산요소로 이루어지는 에너지의 소비패턴은 경제규모, 성장 등에 상관관계가 나타나고 있으며 현대인들의 생활수준의 향상과 여가의 중요성에 비중을 두게 되었다. 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 하는 힐링문화, 여행, 캠핑 등의 다양한 방식이 자리잡게 되었고 그 중 도심에서도 가족, 연인, 친구와 함께 여행의 기분을 만끽할 수 있는 캠핑 및 글램핑 문화가 호황을 누리고 있다. 이와 함께 관련 시장도 급속도로 성장하고 있는 추세이다. 한국의 캠핑 시장은 2003년 이후 양적으로 급격하게 성장하고 있으며, 시장 규모 역시 2008년 200억 원에서 2014년에는 6,000억 원으로 급성장 되었다. 시장이 커지는 만큼 캠핑장 수도 기하급수적으로 늘고 있는 추세다. 지난해 캠핑아웃도어진흥원 세미나 자료를 살펴보면 2010년 300개에 불과하던 캠핑장이 2013년 1,430개, 2015년에는 2,360여개로 폭발적으로 늘어났다. 또한 에너지 소비 자원의 확대로 가스에너지 소비가 매년 늘어나고 있는 실정이며 캠핑문화가 대중화 되면서 가스관련 제품의 수요는 계속해서 늘어가고 있으며 특히 대표적으로 야외에서의 취사와 직접적으로 관련되어 있는 이동식부탄연소기는 캠핑에서는 꼭 필요로 하는 제품 중 하나다. 이러한 상황에서 기존 제품이나 외국제품에 대한 무분별한 모방이나 원천기술 등은 이미 한계에 이르렀다. 따라서 안전사고나 휴대성 등 여러 가지 문제점이 계속해서 발생함에도 불구하고 개선이 되지 않는 점을 고려하여 본 연구에서는 가스 안전법을 고려한 기능과 휴대성 및 사용성이 더욱 편리한 제품을 개발하고자 하는 것이 본 논문의 주된 목적이다. 시대적 요청에 의한 고부가가치의 상품개발과 캠핑문화의 미적가치 및 능률적 가치를 부여하여 인간, 사회, 환경의 특수성을 연관시켜 실내외 활동이나 캠핑 시 이동식부탄연소기 사용을 재점검하여 고찰한다. 안전사고의 발생은 대체로 제품의 기술적 부분과 사용자가 인식하지 못하는 잘못된 사용 방법에서 발생된다. 기존의 제품에서 나타나는 문제점들과 변화되고 있는 가스안전법의 주요 법규 내용을 파악하고 도출하여 이동식부탄연소기 디자인에 적용하는데 도움이 되고자 한다.
Characterization of LXR-subtype-specific target genes using massively parallel sequencing
김원석 가천대학교 의학전문대학원 2015 국내석사
LXR(Liver X receptor)은 oxysterol을 리간드(ligand)로 인식하여 면역 세포(immune cell)및 대사(metabolism)에 다양한 영향을 끼치는 핵 수용체(Nuclear receptor)로 밝혀져 있으나 아직 인간세포에서 유전체 전체 단계에서의 연구는 많이 이루어져 있지 않다. 인간 콩팥 세포를 이용하여 LXR 과 발현 시스템을 확립하였고, doxycycline과 T0901317으로 induction 시킨 뒤 ChIP-seq과 microarray 실험을 진행하였다. Cisgenome과 MACS를 이용하여 LXR와 LXR가 결합하는 2746개와 1769개의 peak와 1587개와 1085개의 타겟 유전자가 예측되었다. LXR와 LXR가 공유하는 타겟 유전자는 466개였다. Microarray실험에서 각각의 LXR의 활성에 의해 발현이 변화하는 유전자는 각각 1121개와 619개였으며 466개를 서로 공유하였다. GREAT를 이용하여 TTTNNANAGCYR를 비롯한 여러 개의 LXR binding domain을 예측하였으며, DAVID를 이용하여 antioxidation, free radial removal 등의 biological process에 LXR가 관여할 것이라고 예측하였다. 인간 콩팥 세포를 이용한 첫번 째 LXR 유전체 분석은 LXR의 전사인자로서의 역할을 재조명하였고 새로운 생리적인 기능과 함께 타겟 유전자가 무엇인지에 대한 새로운 시각을 제공하였다.
This study analyzes the examination process which was considered all the while as an area of detectives' own experience and their intuition, and generalizes false reactions of diverse behaviors as psychologic expression behaviors of criminal suspects since it is aimed to propose a practically applicable way to determine the substantive truth of articles more clearly while protecting human right of criminal suspects at the crime scene hereafter. To do this, theatrical system regarding Deceiving Behaviors of criminal suspects is founded through analysis of home and foreign advanced researches in the related fields of investigative psychology, which is proven through case investigations and surveys as positive researches. With regard to analysis of the psychology of criminal suspects in the past, systematic research was way too insufficient as it was considered to be depended on the intuitional decision of detectives which was mainly thought as the matter of detectives personal experience or ability. Furthermore, although examination of criminal suspects is considered as the most dynamic and climatic step in the crime investigation process, analytic research regarding the specific way of examination is a lot insufficient. Therefore, this thesis which is considered as a great deal of academic signification as it was proven and evaluated by full-time detectives analyzed criminal suspects behaviors expressing psychologic pressure and stresses that they experience in the examination process. These behaviors are distinguished verbal ․paralinguistic․non-verbal behaviors, and specific behavior types of these each distinguished behaviors are organized systematically. Moreover, these standardized behavior types of deceiving behaviors of criminal suspects suggested by this study can be utilized as reference when criminal suspects are examined by investigators as well as the examination training materials for detectives. Furthermore, this study will be a chance taking a step further to foster incubating experts in the field of investigative psychology. Nowadays, endeavor to improve the criminal suspects examination system in investigative agency has problems since they ignore the fundamental problems in our criminal justice system. The examination is seemed to be done in the way of unilateral promotion for each investigative agency without the discussion of a substantial improvement regarding the general problems such as examination directed investigation system, duplicated preparation of criminal suspects examination record caused by gap of admissibility of evidence by its preparing person, utilization of scientific equipment in criminal courts, and etc. Thus, despite that endeavor system by each investigative agency is important to improve the criminal suspects examination, the ultimate criminal justice ideology is required to be practiced throughout reestablishment both our the criminal justice system and relation between investigative agencies.
第二燐酸망간鹽 水化物의 새로운 合成法 및 表面調整 效果
Manganese hydrogen phosphate hydrate, MnHPO4·E2.25H2O, is a major constituent of the pre-conditioning compositions for the manganese phosphate coating treatment over carbon steel substrate. This compound is conventionally produced by synthesis in the aqueous solution process followed by the filtration, drying and a series of size reduction and classification processes in dry state. However, it is evident that the conventional process is neither environment-friendly nor cost-effective. Controlled double-jet precipitation process was engineered to manufacture expensive particles of photographic chemicals, and has recently been applied to various particles of submicron or micron size. In this work, a new process principle was examined based on the controlled double-jet precipitation technology to produce the manganese chemical product of fairly uniform particle size distribution in an aqueous solution medium. The effects of stabilizing agents were comparatively studied by the scanning electron microscope analysis in a uniformity point of view of the resulting particle size. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone and Gum Arabic were excellent in controlling the crystal growth step, resulting in fairly uniform particle size distributions of manganese hydrogen phosphate hydrate from the controlled double-jet process. The surface-conditioning effects were examined in the manganese phosphate coatings over carbon steel substrate by applying the pre-conditioning particles produced in the conventional way and by the new process based on controlled double-jet precipitation. The phosphate coatings were compared in morphology and in a mono-dispersity point of view. Manganese hydrogen phosphate hydrate by controlled double-jet precipitation with polyvinyl pyrrolidone was concluded excellent to coat uniform crystalline manganese phosphate onto the substrate.