안성향교 풍화루의 건립과 건축특성 고찰

김왕직 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.38 No.4

Punghwaru's "Pungwa(風化)" has a Confucian meaning that symbolizes the military learns manners, learns music, and edifies a local village. Consequently, Punghwaru is often used in the name of many local Confucian schools across the country. Most of the country's Punghwaru Pavilions have three bays in the front and two bays on the side. Anseong Hyanggyo Punghwaru Pavilion has 11 bays in the front and one bay on the side, which is very distinct compared to other regions. This study aims to analyze the attributes of that period by estimating the construction phase of the Anseong Hyanggyo Punghwaru Pavilion and examine the architectural characteristics as it relates to the architectural structure and its techniques. 풍화루의‘풍화(風化)’는 군자들이 예절을 익히고 음악을 배우고 익혀 향촌을 교화한다는 뜻의 유교적인 의미가 있어서 전국의 많은 향교에 같은 이름의 풍화루가 지어졌다. 그러나 전국 대부분의 풍화루는 정면 3칸, 측면 2칸인데 비해 안성향교 풍화루는 정면 11칸에 측면 1칸으로 다른 지역과 비교할 때 매우 큰 특징이 있다. 따라서 이러한 특징을 갖게 된 안성향교 풍화루의 건립 시기 추정을 통한 시기적 특성과 건축구조 및 기법의 고찰을 통한 건축 특성을 살펴보는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다.

발해 상경성 내 제1절터의 건축적 성격

김왕직 고구려발해학회 2015 고구려발해연구 Vol.52 No.-

In Sanggyeong Fortress, Balhae, 9 Buddhist temple sites have been excavated so far. The first temple site has the characteristic having layout that the annexes of a building were built both sides of Geumdang, the main building, and connect the main building and the annexes with the corridor. In addition, another characteristic is that out of plan-types of the Geumdang, the main building is the double-walled room having alcova at four directions. The structure that connect the main building and the annexes with the corridor can be referred to as ‘penthouse style’ and this case is very rare. For the Buddhist temple currently existed, there is Houou-Do at Byodoin in Japan, which is the representative temple of Pure Land Buddhism in Japan during 11th century. In China, there is no Guibang style Buddhist temple currently existed but various cases appear in the painting of Amitadang at Dunhuang mural. In Shilla, the Guibang style layout has not been found yet. For the usage of annex, the dominating opinion considers it as the bell tower or sutra tower but since there is the cases that the annex is the auxiliary Buddhist temple like Beopseong Temple, Japan and Shan Hua Si, China, it cannot be concluded easily. Although Guibang-style structure, which the main building and the annexes are composed as integrated type, is the rare case enough to appear only in the first temple in Sanggyeong Fortress. Considering the similar cases in the similar period in China and Japan and the relics discovered in Sanggyeong Fortress, the nature of first temple site can be estimated as the sukhavati temple. The scholars from North Korea claimed that the double-walled floor plan that the main building is composed of the inner room and the outer room is the characteristic of Balhae only. However, considering that there are various cases such as Manijeon(摩尼殿) at Yungheungsa(隆興寺) and Seokatap at Bulgungsa(佛 宮寺釋迦塔) during Song Daynasty, Geumdang(金堂) at Sacheonwangsa(四天王寺), Junggeumdang(中金堂) at Hwangryongsa(黃龍寺) during Shilla, etc. it could be the general type of Buddhist temple plan that was popular during 6~ 10 century. 발해 상경성(上京城)에서는 지금까지 9개의 사찰지가 발굴되었다. 제1절터는 본채인 금당 양쪽에 곁채를 두고 본채와 곁채 사이를 복도로 연결한 구성이 특징이다. 또 본채는 금당의 평면형식 중에서 사방에 퇴가 있는 겹실형이라는 것이 또 하나의 특징이다. 본채와 곁채를 복도각으로 연결한 일체형구성은 그 사례가 매우 드물다. 현존하는 사찰로는 일본의 뵤도잉(平等院) 호오도(鳳凰堂)을 들 수 있는데 뵤도잉은 11세기 일본 아미타신앙의 대표적인 사원이다. 중국은 현존하는 본채와 곁채 일체형 사원은 없으며 돈황벽화의 아미타당 그림에 다수 그 사례가 나타난다. 신라에서는 일체형 배치를 아직까지 찾아 볼 수 없다. 곁채의 용도는 종루와 경루로 보는 견해가 압도적이지만 일본 호죠지(法成寺) 및 중국 샨화쓰(善化寺)의 경우는 곁채가 부속불전인 사례가 있으므로 단정할 수 없다. 본채와 곁채가 일체형으로 구성된 방식은 상경성에서도 제1사찰에서만 나타나는 드문 사례지만 중국 및 일본의 유사한 시기 사례와 상경성에서 발견된 아미타소조불 등의 유물로 미루어 제1절터의 성격을 정토사원으로 비정해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 본채가 속칸과 겉칸으로 구성된 겹실형 평면을 북한학자들은 발해만의 특징이라고 하였다. 그러나 고대 인도의 석굴이나 중국 당대 포꽝쓰(佛光寺) 대전을 비롯한 송대(宋代) 롱씽쓰(隆興寺) 모니띠엔(摩尼殿), 포공쓰쉬지아타(佛宮寺釋迦塔), 신라의 사천왕사(四天王寺) 금당(金堂), 황룡사(黃龍寺) 중금당(中金堂) 등 다수의 사례가 있는 것으로 미루어 6~10세기 정도에 유행하였던 불전 평면의 보편적인 유형이라고 할 수 있다.

화성(華城) 화홍문(華虹門)의 원형고찰

김왕직 大韓建築學會 2015 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.31 No.1

Hwahongmun Gate, a north gate of Hwaseong Fortress, was constructed in 1795 along with the construction of the fortress. However, due to great floods caused in 1846, most of the gate was lost, and the gate was reconstructed in 1848. The reconstructed gate was much different from the initial one, and during the Japanese colonial rule, based on then structure, the gate was repaired. In 1977, the gate was partially repaired, and no real change was made. This study aims to examine the change process of Hwahongmun, and to compare required materials specified in the initial construction record of Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe with the current building to examine the prototype of the constructed fortress.

기획특집 : 다산을 다시생각한다 / 건축학자가 본 다산 : 근대건축의 디딤돌을 다진 건축사상가

김왕직 한국지방행정연구원 1999 지방포럼 Vol.1 No.-

삼척 죽서루의 증축과정과 공포형식 고찰

김왕직,Kim, Wang-Jik 한국건축역사학회 2021 건축역사연구 Vol.30 No.4

Jukseoru is a pavilion building located in 44 Jukseoru-gil, Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do. Jukseoru is characterized by the fact that the center 5 bays out of the front 7 bays are in the form of Jusimpo, while the ends of each side are in the form of an Ikgong. In addition, the columns are not aligned with each other because the columns of both compartments are out of the center rather than the columns of the center of the five compartments of the columns do not match each other. Based on this, architectural historical circles initially built five bays in pairs, but later added one space to each side to make it seven bays. Recently, however, a new claim has been made that it was built with seven bays from the beginning. Therefore, this paper proved that Jukseoru were expanded through historical data. We also looked at the characteristics of the Jukseoru period and the process of transformation through comparison of the bracket type.

화성(華城) 방화수류정의 원형고찰

김왕직 대한건축학회 2013 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.29 No.1

Banghwasuryujeong which located in Hwaseong was built in 1795. It was reconstructed in 1848 cause of flood damage. Since then, there were major repairs of Banghwasuryujeong during Japanese colonial era and 1970’s. Through reconstruction and repairs, On-dol(floor heating system), window and veranda porch were missed. Also, some part of balustrade, stairs and floor were modified. The purpose of this thesis is restoration of Banghwasuryujeong’s original form which built in first time through comparative analysis 『華城城役儀軌』 which is recording of first construction with the present building.

고구려 국내성 발굴의 의의

김왕직 고구려발해학회 2005 고구려발해연구 Vol.20 No.-

Keungnaeseong is the second capital of Kokeuryeo era and had been lived for 425years from AD.3 to 427. When being moved at first it was built as a soil-made castle. But, it was reconstructed as a stone-made castle. We are now guessing that parts and spaces around the castle were the palace of king and town was designed on the very wide field toward east side. Keungnaeseong had been beginning to be destroyed when ruling district offices in Jipanhyun of china were getting appear in 1902. And now we can see that east side and south side are almost lost. In 1921, after the chinese nationalist party did revise the castle in large scale, Keungnaeseong was totally distorted. In 1947, the year when chinese-japanese war was stated, the castle was also partly destroyed. In the early of 1900, the castle was investigated by Japanese. In the late of 1900, it was investigated by chinese with excavation partly. Yet, there were no any thorough and whole investigation and excavation about Keungnaeseong. When the year came to the 2000, it was started to uncover with thorough and whole scale investigation and excavation for 3 years, which are 2000, 2001, 2003. Mainly, the relics of the north and west side castle and partly, trace of inner castle were uncovered. This recent trial has very important values because it is the largest and widest excavation that never be done before. But, because the main purpose of this excavation is done by political ideology that is called "Dong-Buk Gong-Jeong(東北工程, The chinese research project to prove that Kokeuryeo history belongs to chinese's). Nevertheless, it is very pitiful that only through this recent excavation we have to find historical traces of the Kokeuryeo's early ages. Thus, this theory is focused to find the truth about characteristic and meaning of this recent excavation. And also, main purpose is to find originality of this site where is guessed as a castle's palace.

한국건축문화연구소 인도답사

김왕직 한국건축역사학회 2006 건축역사연구 Vol.15 No.1

일본주택 화실의 형성과정과 현대적 변용에 관한 연구 ( A Study of Wasizu : Focused on the Form and the Process of Modern Change )

김왕직,이상해 대한건축학회 2002 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.18 No.11

목조(木造) 건조물문화재(建造物文化財)의 보존이론(保存理論)에 관한 연구 -일본(日本) 건조물문화재(建造物文化財)의 수리사례(修理事例)를 중심(中心)으로-

김왕직,이상해,Kim, Wang-Jik,Lee, Sang-Hae 한국건축역사학회 2002 건축역사연구 Vol.11 No.3

This study is about the preservation of wooden buildings as cultural properties. I got the idea for preservation and repair of cultural properties of wooden buildings by watching the process of repairing them in Japan. The Japanese have been endeavored to restoring old wooden buildings to their original forms for more than a hundred years. The idea to change decayed materials into new materials or the new approach to the process of restoration used to be in conflict with the concept of 'Authenticity'--the criteria for evaluation of the value of cultural properties, based on the Western of thinking, established by UNESCO. Since 'Nara Conference on Authenticity', held in 1994 in Nara, however, the concept of 'Authenticity' has changed, and the peculiarity of certain cultural properties of the wooden buildings and their diversity of culture have now begun to be recognized by UNESCO. This is a crucial change for the study of preservation, repair and restoration of cultural properties of wooden buildings. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to look closely at the process of change of the concept 'Authenticity' and find a better method for preservation of cultural properties of wooden buildings.