빅토리아적 가치와 철도의 복음적 선용

김성룡(Sung-Nyong Kim) 영남신학대학교 2005 신학과 목회 Vol.23 No.-

This study is an inquiry into the Victorian values and the evangelical use of railways. In the 19th century, evangelicals had a lot of influences on ethical and cultural spheres in British society. They were conducive to the forming of a new moral standard characterizing the Victorian age - 'self- help' and 'respectability'. The Victorian values helped to bring the values and modes of the middle class to the lower class. Middle class ideas that drunkenness, gambling and brutal sports were unrespectable spread to the labour classes. These were also conducive to making the domestic atmosphere of higher classes more pious and religious than before. Under these circumstances, the railways also kept the Victorian values. Railways helped the suburban development. Middle class could keep their family religion more exclusive. Railways transformed the functioning of dioceses in the nineteenth century. Each parish is easily accessible to the Bishop. Ecclesiastical patronage exercised by railway companies was significant. Victorians thought that this reverence was praised to God. The railway was more temperate in the nineteenth century than either the Temperance movement or the Vice Society. And evangelists were quick to exploit the potential of the railway as a religious metaphor. The railways did a lot to much advance the Victorian's spiritual and eternal interests.

영국 역사인구학의 성과와 과제

김성룡(Kim Sung Nyong) 대구사학회 1992 대구사학 Vol.44 No.1

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종교 개혁과 가정의 의미 제고 : 16-17세기 잉글랜드를 중심으로

김성룡(Sung Nyong Kim) 영남신학대학교 2008 신학과 목회 Vol.30 No.-

This article investigates how the Reformation influenced the meaning of home. The medieval church regarded sex as a sin and tried to control sexual behaviors. On the contrary to the tradition church, the reformers advocated abolition of clerical celibacy. They thought the ministry, which God did institute, and which was intended to train a church by sermons and sacraments with pastors living among the people and keeping house as other people do. So the Reformation profoundly affected the home. In England, the influences of the Reformation were forceful. The wife is the husband’s helper. The lowest unit in the hierarchy of discipline was not parish but the household. All in the family meant considerably more than we should expect to find today, since servants lived their masters. The head of household bore the responsibility of family budget. And a father, and so a master is bound to bring his children and servants up in instruction and information of the Lord. Home was a small universe.

산업 혁명 시기 영국의 도시 인구 증가

김성룡(Sung Nyong Kim) 경북사학회 1999 복현사림 Vol.22 No.1

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실용에서 소통으로

김성룡(Sung-nyong Kim) 영남신학대학교 2014 신학과 목회 Vol.42 No.-

Recently, the writing education is widespread in Korean universities. Most Korean universities have opened the writing classes for the practicability - vocational education. However, pursuing practical writing education has faced some problems. Some students could get the informations form the internet. It is not difficult for professors to find similar papers which was written by students. This paper aims to find the useful direction for writing education in Youngnam Theological University and Seminary. Writing is not simply a method of expression, but the thinking process. Writing is a very important communicative ability which goes beyond the sphere of expression with the help of language format. The writing education in university should direct from practicability to communication.

1807년 영국의 노예 무역 폐지와 존 뉴턴

김성룡(Sung-Nyong Kim) 영남신학대학교 2016 신학과 목회 Vol.45 No.-

The Act of Parliament to abolish the British slave trade with the title of ‘An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade’, passed on 25 March 1807, did not end slavery, however did end the trade as carried out by British mercantile ships. Whilst there have been numerous studies that highlight the involvement of William Wilberforce in the abolition of the slave trade, there have been very few studies that focus on that of John Newton. John Newton was an Anglican clergyman and former slave ship master. Although it took him a long time to speak out against the slave trade, after he became the rector of St Mary Woolnoth, in London in 1779, his advice was sought by many influential figures in Georgian society, including the young M. P., William Wilberforce. Whilst Wilberforce was contemplating leaving politics for the ministry. Newton encouraged him to stay in Parliament and serve God where he was. Wilberforce took his advice, and spent the rest of his life working towards the abolition of slavery. In 1787, Newton wrote a tract supporting the campaign, Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade, where he renounced his former slaving profession and graphically described the horrors of the slave trade. He later joined William Wilberforce in the campaign for the abolition of the slave trade. He lived to see the British passage of the abolition of Slave Trade Act 1807, which enacted the abolition of the slave trade.

산업 혁명 시기 영국의 농업 경제 변화와 복음주의의 부흥

김성룡 ( Sung Nyong Kim ) 대구사학회 2007 대구사학 Vol.87 No.-

The grain farming was pursued much more, especially in England during the industrial revolution. Farmers preferred labourers to servants because they needed a working force only in the busy farming seasons, particularly at harvest times. The labouring poor faced seasonal unemployment and a fall in women`s wages. Therefore they married earlier than former times and began to increase dependents to receive child allowances. These trends made the labouring poor feel frustration. The church of England was less responsive to the needs of the agricultural labourer during the industrial revolution. The acute economic hardship fuelled the fire of evangelicalism. According to Elie Halevy and E.P. Thompson, the evangelical revival was able to turn the English working classes away from revolutionary violence during the industrial revolution. However, the agricultural labourer used evangelicalism to express their discontent with the existing social and political order. The evangelicalism was a motive for the rising of the agricultural labourers in early nineteenth century England. The study of Halevy and Thompson, therefore, needs to be tested in a variety of locales.

윌버포스를 통해 본 산업 혁명 시기 잉글랜드의 사회상

김성룡(Sung Nyong Kim) 영남신학대학교 2010 신학과 목회 Vol.33 No.-

Much attention has been focused on the reforms by William Wilberforce. However, it has been difficult to understand the exact historical aspects through previous research, as they have mainly focused on his activities. This research aims to investigate and discuss the social aspects of England seen through William Wilberforce during the industrial revolution. By the time he just started his political life, Wilberforce could never be free from the corruption. However, he showed a difference in his process of becoming a Member of Parliament for Yorkshire. Wilberforce could accomplish it with the help of Yorkshire Association which aimed at the reform of the Parliament in 1784. Wilberforce is evaluated as one who devoted to the abolition of the slave trade. However, the abolition of the slave trade originated fromrecognition, namely, the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars were the wrath of God is just that. As a result, the iniquity of the slave trade was recognized, which was a major factor for abolishing the slave trade. In England, the reformation of manners and morals could be accomplished with the help of the serious contemporary moral distress after the American Revolution. The independence of America made free born English as the axis of tyranny. As a result, the stimulation of awareness of the freedom as well as efforts to elevating morality followed out. It became the foundation of the Victorian Age which is said to be the Silent Revolution. Thus, by recognizing national crises, such as the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, as the wrath of God, the society of England in the Industrial Revolution started to reconsider themselves and make an effort to promote morality. As the results, the abolition of the slave trade, as well as the change from corrupted society to respectable society were fulfilled, which is named the Silent Revolution. Wilberforce was right on the street corner.

산업 혁명 시기 잉글랜드의 복음주의와 거룩한 삶의 추구

김성룡(Sung-Nyong Kim) 영남신학대학교 2012 신학과 목회 Vol.37 No.-

Evangelicalism had influenced throughout English society during the Industrial Revolution. In England, the evangelical growth tended to be relatively quiet under the influence of the Enlightenment. During the Industrial Revolution, evangelicalism in England shared the optimistic characteristics with the Enlightenment, which led the society to actively pursue holy life. Evangelicals defined the real faith to be the universal moral rules which are based on the love of God and the trust in Jesus Christ, and believed that it is possible to achieve it. Such an optimistic view could further emphasise the pursuit of holiness. Evangelicalism in England during the Industrial Revolution enabled not only the conversion of the individuals but also the transformation of the society. Therefore, English evangelicals became aware of the existing problems of the Anglican church, which led them to seek for a real Christianity. It means that Christians need to live holy lives, therefore, they need to constantly try to realise its appearance in the world, in which the characteristics of activism that English evangelists advocated could be found. Evangelicalism in England has brought revolutionary changes in society during the Industrial Revolution. However, the change was not either radical or accompanied by violence. In other words, the fundamental change was a kind of cultural revolution, hence, the Silent Revolution. It was distinctly different from those of the other countries, as living holy lives was pursued throughout the whole society. In short, Englishmen, in nineteenth century, had been building the new Jerusalem.

“그들은 개가 아닙니다.”: 17세기 후반 버지니아로 이주한 연한부 계약 서번트의 좌절

김성룡 ( Sung Nyong Kim ) 대구사학회 2016 대구사학 Vol.122 No.-

17세기 미국 버지니아(Virginia)의 개척 과정에 연한부 계약 서번트(indentured servants)는 없어서는 안 되는 존재였다. 그러나 17세기 후반 사정은 달라졌다. 그들의 고용이 점차 감소하면서 흑인 노예와 비슷한 비중을 보였기 때문이다. 그러한 추세는 시간이 흐를수록 더욱 분명하게 나타났다. ‘지난 6년 동안 버지니아에 백인 서번트가 오지 않았다’는 제닝스(Edmund Jennings)의 1708년 언급이 그것을 잘 나타낸다. 제닝스의 말은 연한부 계약 서번트의 고용이 잉글랜드부터 버지니아로의 이주를 거의 자극할 수 없었음을 의미한다. 그와 관련하여 1678년 8월 고용주의 부부를 살해한 죄목으로 사형에 처해진 헬리어(Thomas Hellier)가 남긴 언급, 즉 ‘그들은 개가 아닙니다’에 주목할 필요가 있다. 그것을 통해 17세기 후반 버지니아의 연한부 계약 서번트에게 주어지는 노예와 같은 대우와 그로 인한 그들의 좌절을 엿볼 수 있기 때문이다. 다시 말하면 가혹한 처우가 연한부 계약 서번트로 이주하는 것을 꺼리게 함에 따라 버지니아의 흑인 노예가 불가피하게 수적으로 증가하게 되었다는 것이다. The indentured servants played an important role during the colonial period in Virginia in the 17th century. However, by the end of the 17th century, the number of enslaved Africans reached that of white servants, and the decrease in the number of indentured servants continued for decades. In 1708, Edmund Jennings wrote that virtually no white indentured servants had been imported into Virginia for years. The inference that can be drawn from this is that the number of English willing to become indentured servants and relocate to Virginia diminished. Thomas Hellier, who was executed for the murder of his masters in August 1678, gave a speech before the execution proclaiming “they(servants) are not dogs.” He complained that indentured servants regularly received abuse from their masters. This suggests that their abusive working conditions caused the decrease in the number of imported indentured servants, which in turn led to the increase in the number of enslaved Africans in Virginia. (Youngnam Theological University and Seminary/97442353@ytus.ac.kr)