「오감도 시 제1호」와 이상(李箱)이라는 페르소나의 이중성 식민지 근대 시공간의 다차원적 조감도로서 이상 시 읽기

김백영 ( Kim Baek-yung ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2018 민족문학사연구 Vol.67 No.-

李箱 시의 다의성은 어디에서 비롯되는가? 본 연구에서는 그 원인이 이상이라는 문학적 페르소나에 내재된 양면성에서 비롯된 것으로 보고, 그 형성 국면의 작품인 「오감도 시 제1호」에 초점을 맞춰 다음과 같은 두 가지 질문을 통해 이상의 삶과 작품 세계에 대한 새로운 해석 틀을 벼려내고자 했다. 첫 번째 질문은 건축기술자이자 일문 시 작가인 김해경과 조선문단에 혜성과 같이 나타난 신예 작가 이상의 관계를 어떻게 설정할 것인가의 문제이다. 연작시 「오감도」는 자연인 김해경으로부터 독립된 새로운 문학적 페르소나인 이상을 확립한 작품으로 자리매김할 수 있다. 두번째 질문은 김해경의 ‘조감도’와 이상의 ‘오감도’의 관계를 해명하는 문제로, ‘조감’ 개념에 대한 분석을 통해 그의 작품에 다음 두 가지 모티브가 모순적으로 공존하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 하나는 유년기 이래 그의 삶을 품어온 생활세계가 식민화되는 과정에 대한 피식민자로서의 원초적 공포감과 불안의식이고, 다른 하나는 근대문명의 하이모더니즘적 기획의 허구성에 대한 초국적·전위적 지식인의 급진적 비판의식과 초월의지이다. 초기 작품에서부터 김해경은 근대권력의 투시적 시선이 지닌 특권성과 폭력성에 대해 예리한 비판의식을 드러냈으며, 근대 시공간 질서의 보편적 구조를 꿰뚫어보고 있었다. 연작시 「조감도」와 「오감도」에는 상대성 이론 등 그가 흡수한 근대 과학혁명의 지적 발견, 총독부 소속 건축기사로서의 직업적 경험과 피식민 조선인으로서의 이중의식, 그리고 다다이즘 등 당대 초국적 아방가르드 예술가들의 사상적 영향이 녹아들어 있다. 그는 근대 기계문명의 시공간이 어떤 인식론적 혁명 위에 축조되어 있는지 예리하고 명증하게 간취하고 있었으며, 더 나아가 그것이 초래한 인간성의 내면의 심층적 변화까지도 투시하여 보여주고자 했다. 때문에 근대사회에 대한 그의 조감하는 시선에는 단지 물리적 공간에 대한 투시를 넘어서 내면적 인간성과 사회구조적 문제의 복합적 상관성에 대한 성찰이 포함된다. 「오감도 시 제1호」는 이상이 조선 문단에 자신의 존재를 알린 첫 작품이다. 김해경은 이를 계기로 이상이라는 새로운 페르소나를 확립함으로써 자신의 불우한 귀속지위에 얽혀있는 존재론적 굴레로부터 벗어나 초국적 다다이즘과 시공간적 비월(飛越)의 꿈을 이루고자 했다. 이상의 문학적 실천에서 나타나는 모호성과 다의성은 근대적 시공간에 대한 인식론적 각성과 존재론적 해방 사이의 극복 불가능한 절대적 간극 위에 형성된 이상이라는 페르소나의 본래적 이중성의 소산으로 볼 수 있다. Where does the polysemy of Yi Sang‘s poetical works stem from? It is difficult to grasp full meanings of his poem by regarding him simply as an owner of a fallen and diseased body, a patient with severe schizophrenia, a weak colonial intellectual or a modernist street observer. Focusing on the 「Crow’s-Eye Views No. 1」 and examining following two questions, this article aims to bring out an alternative framework to interpret Yi Sang’s poems. Firstly, why Kim Hae-kyung created his new pseudonym named Yi Sang and what are the critical characteristics of this new literary persona? Secondly, why Kim Hae-kyung and Yi Sang titled their major work by using the terminology of ‘jogam/ogam’ which meaned ‘bird’s eye views/crow’s eye views’? By answering these two questions, I tried to disclose the main reasons of both the ambilaterality of the persona of Yi Sang and the polysemy of his poetical works. From the outset of his literary career, Yi Sang has had a brilliant vision to penetrate the universal structure of modern spatio-temporal order, realizing both the privilege and the violence of the modern power of seeing. Yi Sang’s literary expressions of his bird’s eye view of modern society has caught the multi-dimensional changes including not only the materialistic and socio-structural changes but also the changes of deep inner humanity. By writing and publishing 「Crow’s-Eye Views No. 1」, he tried to establish a new persona to escape his heavy ontological bindings entangled in Kim Hye-kyung’s disturbed backgrounds. Through his ingenious radical practices of literary dadaism, he tried to realize the idealistic dream of artistic liberation and/or to transcend the limitations of the spatio- temporal conditions of the colonial modern society. Yi Sang’s frustrated literary practice can be regarded as an inevitable result of the impossible transcendental efforts to overcome the absolute gap between one’s epistemological awakening and ontological liberation of the colonial modern reality.

신용장관련서류제시와 검사에 관한 연구

김백영(Kim BackYoung) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2005 東亞法學 Vol.- No.37

According to the uniform custom and practice for documentary credits(1993 revision) article 42a, all credit must stipulate an expiry date and place for presentation of documents for payment, acceptance, or with the exception of freely negotiable credits, a place for presentation of documents for negotiation. an expiry date stipulated for payment, accptance or negotiation will be construed to express an expiry date for presentation of documents. and article 43a, in addition stipulating an expiry date for presentation of documents, every credit which calls for a transport document(s) should also stipulate a specified period of time after the date of shipment during which presentation must be made in complince with the terms and conditions of the credit, if nosuch period of time is stipulated, banks will not accept documents presented to them later than 21 days after the date of shipment. in any event, documents must be presented not later than the expiry date of the credit. Up each the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits, regarding the presentation duration of terms of validity and the transportation relation document of the letter of credit for a document presentation case of the general buying letter of credit from the document presentation place which is provided in the letter of credit where that terms of validity and standard of presentation duration become the beneficiary at the buying bank with the letter of credit as regarding the duration when it presents that relation document, the standard point of view against the agreement yes or no with letter of credit condition of that document the beneficiary the document presentation bank which is legitimate the letter of credit decides or becomes the point of view which presents the document at the negotiating bank. Letter of credit unity rule (1993 revision) according to article 10 b clause i becomes the designation bank the free buying trust funeral case all bank could be presented the document, according to same article c clauses the designation bank agrees clearly and does not notify that designation bank receives the document in the beneficiary, investigation or it sent out, it does but at that bank now, is not the fact that the duty of undertaking or buying deferred payment and the exchange bill does not occur, when the rain loach seeing in like this regulation, from the beneficiary as the bank which is presented the letter of credit relation document oneself will reach and directness will buy and as the buying bank against the establishment bank there is a water service which a repayment will buy, that document of the as directness which does not buy that document a water service which Song as the document presentation bank for the beneficiary richly will buy the urgent of letter of credit loan at the establishment bank there is, case latter does the designation bank buys a collection in the case to which the namely establishment request person settle a loan to limit and, it will receive a loan urgently and the letter of credit unity rule must be applied with case and sameness of one electron which does not reveal the doctor clearly will.

식민지 도시성에 대한 이론적 탐색

김백영 ( Baek Yung Kim ) 한국사회사학회 2006 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.72

It can be said that so far studies on Korean modern cities under Japanese colonial rule has generally had several critical theoretical problems: ① Oversimplification of colonialism as politico-economic plundering and of colonial power as monolithic dictatorship. ② Lack of theoretical interpretations of modern urban culture. ③ Lack of comparative approach. In order to overcome those theoretical problems, this paper broadly review various tendencies of studies on colonial cities and classified them into three theoretically different groups: a modernization approach, a world-system approach, and a post-modern approach. As analytic results of the investigation and summary of those three different paradigms, some theoretical issues have been picked out as heuristic devices in terms of spatial sociology. Firstly, in terms of location and function, colonial cities are port towns linking the metropolis and the colony. Secondly, the inner apace of the colonial city is typically characterized as a dual city divided between the ``civilized`` space of the foreign colonizers and the ``uncivilized`` space of the native colonized, the former of which is decorated with the highly formalized practices of colonial architecture, modern urban planning and imperial ritual. Thirdly, even though the colonially dualized urban space has originally been designed as a material device of colonial domination, equipped with surveillance and violence on one hand, and enchantment and spectacle on the other, ironically it can be appropriated by the colonized as a ground for the culture politics of identity in their everyday life. It is necessary to consider these heuristic tools to solve the theoretical problems in the study of Korean modern cities under Japanese colonial rule, considering both the dynamics of Japanese imperialistic strategies in macro scale and the historical uniqueness of Korean``s colonial modern historical experience in micro scale at the same time.

부동산실명등기법(안)과 조세부과의 특례

김백영(Kim, Baek-Yong) 한국토지법학회 1995 土地法學 Vol.11 No.-

천황제제국의 팽창과 일본적 근대의 기획

김백영(Kim, Baek Yung) 도시사학회 2009 도시연구 Vol.1 No.-

At the clashing conjuncture of ‘Westernization’ and ‘Japanization’ Japan’s modernity faced the expansion and disruption of ‘imperialization’. This paper examines modern Japanese urban histories through the analysis of Japan’s oversea expansion and the construction of colonial cities and therefore aims to illustrate the historical particularities of ‘Japanese modernity’. Japan’s turn to colonization and imperialization is distinguished is distinguished from other western cases since she endeavored to territorialize nearby regions. This neighbor imperialism is most prominent when we examine the urban development of colonial cities and the colonial migration and settlement. The urban structure of colonial cities revealed the strong legacy of traditional Japanese cities. Japanese empire experienced ‘great transformation’ since the early 1930’s when she colonized Manchuria and the experiemtn of Manchukuo empowered her to stand as an independent ‘Japanese empire’ shaking off the shadow of the Western imperialism. Therefore, the urban structure and architecture of Manchukuo can be said to have been the spatial realization of this new Japanese imperial ideology. Japanese imperialism underwent inner conflicts and fluctuations due to the duality of ‘assimilation’ and ‘differentiation’. This study showed that these conflicts are the results of ‘Japanization’ and ‘Westernization’ during the Japanese nation state building based on the emperor system. ‘Japanese modernity’ and ‘Japanese empire’, the complex of different and conflicting historical process, tried to confront such inner paradox by expanding external territories. However, the physical duality of urban space exposes the real nature of colonialism such as discrimination, repression and violence despite the ostensible discourse of assimilation and equality. This expansion of the emperor system ideology to that of regional integration such as ‘Asia Co-prosperity’ and ‘Great Asia’ escalated the unevenness and unconformity of imperial space and eventually such empty ideology was driven to catastrophe.

일제하 서울의 도시위생 문제와 공간정치 -상하수도와 우물의 관계를 중심으로-

김백영 ( Baek Yung Kim ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2009 사총 Vol.68 No.-

신용장관련거래에서 선적서류의 제시와 검사에 관한 연구

김백영 ( Back Young Kim ) 한국상사판례학회 2006 상사판례연구 Vol.19 No.1

식민권력과 광장공간 -일제하 서울시내 광장의 형성과 활용

김백영 ( Baek Yung Kim ) 한국사회사학회 2011 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.90

일제하 서울에서 광장으로 대표되는 도시 공공공간은 어떻게 형성되고 활용되었는가? 광장을 ‘소통형’과 ‘과시형’으로 대별하여 유형화해본다면, 제국주의시대 식민지도시의 광장공간은 대체로 후자의 특성을 강하게 띤다. 광장공간에 대한 연구는 형태학적 분석과 화용론적 분석의 양 측면에서 이루어질 필요가 있다. 식민지 시기 서울의 광장공간은 일제 말기 전시 총동원체제기를 제외하면 대체로 사회문화적 차원에서의 화용론적 성격은 매우 미약하게 나타난다. 일제하 서울 도심부의 대표적인 광장공간으로는 조선은행 앞 광장과 경성부청 앞 광장을 들 수 있는데, 양자의 형성사적 배경이나 장소성은 다시 차이가 있다. 조선은행 앞 광장은 1910년대 형성된 대표적 광장으로, 당시 식민권력이 한편으로는 종로ㆍ덕수궁 앞ㆍ광화문거리 등 북촌지역에 남겨진 왕조시대 광장정치의 장소성을 파괴ㆍ말소시키면서 다른 한편으로는 남촌의 신시가지 개발에 주력했음을 보여준다. 1920년대 중반에는 식민지 행정수도의 상징경관이 일차적으로 완성되는데, 경성부청 앞 광장과 조선은행 앞 광장 및 주변 도심부 지역의 장소성의 기능적 분화가 본격적으로 가시화되는 것은 이때부터이다. 이들 광장은 형태학적 완성도가 비교적 높았음에도 불구하고 화용론적으로는 거의 의미있는 활용 양상을 보여주지 못하는데, 경성부청 앞 광장의 경우 1930년데 중반경부터 주민동원 행사를 위한 공간으로 간헐적으로 사용된다. 공간의 화용론이라는 관점에서 볼 때 가장 활성화된 광장은 1930년대 이후의 신궁광장이다. 남산의 신궁광장과 그 주변 공간은 특히 전시 총동원체제기 왕국신민화를 위한 상징적 장소로 자리매김하면서 주민들의 집단적 강제동원을 통해 이루어진 군국주의적 국가의례의 주된 무대로 사용되었다. 결국 일제하 서울의 광장과 공공공간은 전반적으로 소통성이 거의 부재한 압도적인 과시성으로 특징지어지는 공간으로서, 그 역사적 유산은 탈식민 서울의 도심부 공간구조와 시민 일상생활에 지속적으로 강한 영향을 미쳤다. The purpose of this paper is to study the historical formation and the pragmatic usage of the square space in colonial Seoul, which is called as Kyungsung or Keijo at that period. As a theoretical subsumption, I proposed to divide the square space into two types-one for the mutual communication of people`s and the other for the ostentation of the power. Lots of colonial cities built by modern imperialism show grand scale of squares, using them for political purposes. As a 500 years old historic capital of Chosun Dynasty governed by neo-Confucianism, the central area of Seoul was filled with several square places for both communicational and ostentational usage. Due to these spatial legacies, during the early period of colonization Japanese colonial power concentrated on the development of the south area of the traditional Seoul, alienating the north area which had been occupied mainly by the native Korean people. The central square space which would become the spatial symbol of the colonial politico-executive area began to be formed as late as in mid-1920`s, with the simultaneous completion of both the new headquarter building of the Government-General inside the Kyungbokgung palace site and the new building of Keijo municipal office nearby the traditional Duksugung(Kyungungung) palace. In terms of the pragmatic usage of the square space, in contrast to those squares mentioned above which were rarely used for social gatherings, the Shingung square located in Chosun Shrine at Mt. Namsan area was the most frquently used place for the mass-mobilizing rituals since the mid-1930`s which were held mainly for the propaganda of Kouminka movement or in advocacy of Japanese imperial militarism. In conclusion, the square space formed and used in colonial Seoul can be characterized as the space for the propaganda and domination of Japanese colonial power, leaving behind deep and long-lasting politico-sociological legacies in post-colonial Seoul.

서양의 모방과 전통의 변용: 일본 근대 도시 형성과정의 이중적 경향

김백영 ( Baek Yung Kim ) 현대일본학회 2006 日本硏究論叢 Vol.23 No.-

한말∼일제하 동해의 포경업과 한반도 포경기지 변천사

김백영(Kim, Baekyung) 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2013 島嶼文化 Vol.0 No.41

포경업은 세계 해양패권을 둘러싼 열강들 간의 각축전을 대표할 정도로 오대양 각지에서 전개된 ‘최초의 글로벌 산업’이었다. 풍부한 포경 자원을 보유한 동해는 19세기말 러․일 양국 간에 포경의 주도권을 둘러싸고 치열한 경쟁이 전개되었으며, 이 과정에서 훗날 한반도 포경업의 최대 거점지로 성장하게 될 울산 장생포 일대의 개발이 시작된다. 러일전쟁을 계기로 일본이 한반도 근해의 포경업을 독점하면서 고래의 남획으로 인해 동해의 포경업이 주춤하게 되자, 1920년대 후반에는 포경업의 무대가 남해와 서해로 확장되어 대흑산도 부근이 포경업의 주된 무대로 번성하기도 했지만, 1930년대에는 다시 동해의 포경업이 활성화되어 장생포 지역이 부흥을 맞게 된다. 중일전쟁 이후에는 장생포항 일대를 중심으로 하여 울산을 일본제국의 석유 공급을 위한 거점지로 개발하려는 울산공업도시건설계획이 발표되어 일부 실행에 옮겨졌으나, 일본의 태평양전쟁 패전으로 중단되었다. 일제가 남긴 포경업의 식민지 유산과 지난 세기 한국 포경업의 메카 장생포 지역이 경험한 파란만장한 변화상은 20세기 전․후반 한국사회가 경험한 식민지 근대화와 압축 근대화의 연속과 단절의 문제를 지방사의 맥락에서 새롭게 제기한다. It can be said that whaling is the first global industry developed in all five great oceans, representing the arena of the struggle among the world powers over the maritime hegemony. In the 19th century the East Sea became famous for its plentiful marine ecosystem of whales. In the course of the keen competition between Russia and Japan to gain initiative in whaling in the East Sea at the end of the 19th century, development of Jangsaengpo port area as the biggest whaling station in Korea began. With the victory of Japan in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan started to monopolize the inshore whaling around the Korean peninsula. As results of catching whales in excessive numbers for more than a decade by Japanese whaling companies, whaling industry in the East Sea declined in the 1920s. With a sharp decrease of a catch of whales in the East Sea in the latter half of 1920s, Japanese whaling companies in colonial Korea moved their main whaling station to Heuksan Island located in-between the South Sea and the Yellow Sea. The 1930s witnessed the reactivation of whaling in the East Sea and the revival of Jangsaengpo port as the mecca of whaling in the Korean peninsula. Following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, Jangsaengpo port area was planned to be developed as a petrochemical complex as a part of the construction plans of industrial town in Ulsan city by Japanese colonial government, which were carried out only for a few years before the defeat of Japanese Empire in the Pacific War in 1945. The legacy of Japanese colonial whaling industry and the dramatic shift of Jangsaengpo port area in the 20th century raise us the question of the relationships between colonial modernization and postcolonial compressive modernization of Korean society in the historical context of a local port city.