알락하늘소류 및 솔수염하늘소의 기생벌 탐색

김무성 순천대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

This study investigated the parasitic wasps of Chinese longhorned beetle (CLB; Anoplophora chinensis), Asian longhorned beetle (ALB; An. glabripennis), and Japanese pine sawyer beetle (JPSB; Monochamus alternatus) using sentinel logs under outdoor conditions. Five parasitic wasps were identified for Anoplophora beetles, including egg endoparasitoids Aprostocetus anoplophora Delvare [Eulophidae] on CLB and Ap. fukutai Miwa & Sonan [Eulophidae] on ALB, and larval ectoparasitoids Spathius ibarakius Belokobylskij et Maeto [Braconidae] on CLB and ALB,Sclelodermus harmandi (Buysson) [Bethylidae] on CLB, and Leluthia honshuensis Belokobylskij & Maeto [Braconidae] on ALB. Among them, endoparasitoids Ap. anoplophora Delvare and Ap. fukutai Miwa & Sonan will be useful as biological control agents due to their host specificity and high parasitism for eggs of Anoplophora beetles. An ectoparasitoid, Spathius verustus Chao [Braconidae] for larvae of JPSB,was detected. This parasitic wasp will be useful as a biological control agent for JPSB due to its very high parasitism of about 59% under outdoor conditions and lays eggs on host larvae under laboratory conditions.

근로자 건강센터 이용에 미치는 영향요인

김무성 경북대학교 보건대학원 2017 국내석사

The purpose of the study was to analyze the characteristics of small and medium-sized workplace workers that received health care through worker’s health centers to identify the factors influencing revisits to worker’s health centers, to provide basic data for worker health care. For data, data from subjects that received health care through a worker’s health center in a certain area was analyzed and the study was conducted by classifying 388 subject who received health care twice at the worker’s health center from July to December 2015 and 394 subjects who received health care once at the worker’s health center from July to October of the same year into revisit group and single visit group. In order to investigate factors of revisiting worker’s health centers of the study subjects, logistic regression analysis was performed by dividing into three types of models based on characteristics, and model 3 was found to be the superior model. The revisit probability of worker’s health centers was 2.17 times higher for those over 60 years of age compared to under 30 in age, 6.39 times higher in university graduate over above compared to middle school graduate and below in education history, 5.11 times higher in those with diabetes compared to those without, 2.27 and 2.64 times higher in borderline and risk groups compared to normal group in LDL, 9.59 and 5.31 times higher in manufacturing and service compared to office workers in occupation, and 1.81 times higher in irregular workers compared to regular workers in employment type. On the other hand it was found that worker’s health center revisit probability was lower by 0.30 times for those with family history compared to those without, 0.52 and 0.29 times in borderline and risk groups compared to normal group in total cholesterol, and 0.38 times in nighttime shifts compared to daytime shifts in working form. It was analyzed that the probability of revisiting worker’s health centers was higher if the age of the study subject was over 60, with education history above university graduate, had diabetes, was borderline or risk group in LDL, if occupation was irregular or manufacturing, and if employment type was irregular. Also, it was found that probability of revisiting worker’s health centers was lower in subjects that had family history, was borderline or risk group in total cholesterol, and if working form was nighttime shifts. It is thought that the significance of the study is in the fact that it suggested basic data for policy efforts to reduce occupational disease through worker health care. Also, it is determined that in the future, the limitations of this study should be supplemented to conduct more active research to identify factors that influence worker health care participation.

다양한 Diacid와 PEG를 이용한 가지화된 친수성 Polyester Polyol의 합성

김무성 울산대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

친수성 폴리우레탄의 제조는 친수성을 가진 단량체를 이용하여 제조할 수 있다. 친수성이 있는 단량체로는 poly(ethylene oxide)가 있다. 그러나 이것을 사용한 PU합성은 이미 나와 있다. 때문에 현재까지의 특허를 침해하지 않으면서 새로운 친수성 단량체의 개발이 필요하였다. 그리고 저온특성을 향상시키기 위해 다가 알코올을 사용하여 polyester polyol을 합성하기 때문에 반응도중 gel화의 가능성이 있다. 그래서 이번 논문에서는 다양한 반응물과 방법으로 polyester polyol을 합성하며, 이때 가교가 일어나지 않는 반응 조건을 찾았다. 이렇게 합성된 polyol의 분자량을 GPC를 이용하여 측정하였다. 반응의 정도를 보기 위해서 acid value와 FT-IR을 측정하였다. 그리고 합성된 Polyol의 유리 전이 온도와 열적 안정성을 알아보기 위해서 DSC를 측정하였다. 또한 합성한 polyol을 이용한 폴리우레탄의 친수성을 알아보기 위해 sWelling를 하였다. Polyol의 경우 3000~4000이 되도록 몰비를 설정하였으나 만들어진 polyol의 수평균분자량은 2000~3000정도가 나왔다. 합성된 polyol의 경우 acid value는 1이하로 나왔으며, FR-IR에서 C=O의 흡수띠가 1700부근에서 변화하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. PEG의 분자량이 증가함에 따라 polyol의 T_(g)와 T_(m)이 증가하였고, PEG의 분자량이 증가함에 따라 이를 이용하여 만든 폴리우레탄의 swelling정도도 증가하였다. 따라서 PEG의 분자량이 증가 할수록 친수성도가 증가했음을 알 수 있었다. Diacid변화에 따라 terephthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, adipic acid순으로 팽윤도가 감소하였고, phthalic anhydride, adipic acid, terephthalic acid의 순으로 T_(g)가 감소하였다.

오렌지 주스의 CCP관리를 위한 한계기준 설정

김무성 공주대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

본 연구는 위생적이고 안전한 과ㆍ채 주스와 음료를 생산 할 수 있도록 HACCP을 적용 위해요인을 도출하여 중요 관리점을 결정하였으며, 관리방안으로 한계기준에 대한 과학적인 근거를 제시함으로써 품질 안전성을 확보하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. HACCP 적용시 일반적으로 통용되는 7원칙 12절차에 의거하여 분석하였고, 과ㆍ채 주스와 음료 식품유형 중 대표적인 오렌지 주스제품을 HACCP를 적용하여, 열처리, 여과, 용기세척 공정 등 총 3개의 CCP 항목이 도출되었다. 도출된 CCP 항목에 대한 한계기준 설정의 과학적인 근거를 제시하고자 한다. 1. 열처리 공정으로 한계기준을 열처리 온도 96∼100℃, 열처리 시간 30초이상으로 설정하였다. 2. 여과공정으로 한계기준으로 여과망 크기 40 mesh이상 운영 및 생산 전,후 여과망 파손 없음으로 설정하였다. 3. 이물제어를 위한 용기세척 공정이며 한계기준으로 용기세척 압력을 0.2 MPa이상으로 설정하였다. 과ㆍ채 주스와 음료에 대한 HACCP를 적용하면서 현행 위해요소 분석 시 생물학적 위해인자로 식중독 균을 중요 관리점으로 관리하도록 하고있다. 이에 위해 분석시 원료, 재료, 공정 등 위해요소로 식중독 균을 도출하고 미생물 실험까지 실시함으로 인해 많은 시간과 노력이 소요되고 있다. 비 살균 제품일 경우에는 생물학적 위해요인으로 식중독 균이 관리되어야 하나, 살균제품의 경우 식품공전에 식품유형에서 규정하는 일반세균, 대장균군을 CCP 항목으로 관리하는 것이 현실적이고 실질적인 관리가 될 수 있다고 판단된다.

학부모의 학교교육에 관한 책무성 제고의 조건탐색 연구

김무성 연세대학교 교육대학원 2001 국내석사

학교교육에 있어 책무성은 학교 구성원들의 명확한 목적 의식과 그리고 구성원 상호간의 역할기대에 따른 규범기재로 작용되는 등 교육의 효과와 목적달성에 기여한다는 측면에서 교육의 경쟁력 확보를 위해 강조되어야 한다. 학부모가 학교교육에 대한 교육주체로서의 권한이 강화되면 될수록 그 권한에는 책무가 따르고, 그리고 학부모의 자발적이고 자율적인 학교운영의 참여는 그에 상응한 의무를 수반하여야 한다. 학부모의 권한이 확대됨에 따라 책임도 확대되고, 자유의 폭이 확대되면 의무의 범위도 확대되는데 이를 떼어놓고 이해할 수는 없다. 이러한 학부모의 권한 행사에 따른 의무와 책임은 학교교육에 관한 책무성이 학교나 교사에게만 주어지는 것이 아니라 자연스럽게 학부모에게도 부여되고, 제고되어야 한다. 교육주체들의 의식 변화에 부응해, 학부모들의 학교교육에 대한 참여적 권리 행사에 따르는 의무와 책임 즉 책무성을 규명하고, 나아가 학부모의 학교교육에 관한 책무성을 제고하기 위한 조건을 탐색하는데 연구의 목적을 두었다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 설정한 연구 문제를 구체적으로 진술하면 다음과 같다. 1. 학부모의 학교교육 참여 의의와 수준 및 실태를 파악한다. 2. 학부모가 학교교육에 갖는 권리인식과 지위 및 역할의 보장 정도를 살펴본다. 3. 학부모의 학교교육 책무성 개념을 고찰하고, 책무성의 필요성을 규명한다. 4. 학부모에 의한 학내분쟁 사건을 분석한다. 5. 학부모의 학교교육에 관한 책무성 제고를 위해 책무성의 인식 실태 및 개선과제 등의 조건을 탐색한다. 위의 연구 문제는 학부모의 학교교육에 관한 참여 그리고 권리의식 등 책무성과 관련한 선행 연구를 통하여 진술·분석하였으며, 또한 책무성 제고의 필요성을 규명하기 위해 최근 5년간의 학부모에 의한 학내분쟁 사건을 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 본 연구의 목적인 학부모의 학교교육에 관한 책무성 제고의 조건을 탐색하기 위하여 서울·경기 지역에 거주하는 초·중등 자녀를 둔 학부모 528명을 대상으로 설문요원 17명과 연구자가 1:1 면접 조사를 하였다. 설문지는 학교교육의 책무성과 관련한 문헌들의 분석 결과에 기초하여 작성하였으며, 이론적 배경을 토대로 학부모의 학교교육에 관한 책무성과 직결된 학부모의 학교교육 참여와 권리, 그리고 학교교육의 책무성 영역으로 실시하였다. 회수된 결과에 대해서는 SPSS 프로그램을 통하여 빈도수와 백분율을 산출하였고, 배경변인별 차이를 알아보기 위해 χ^2 검증(Chi-Square Test)을 실시하여 교차분석을 하였다. 이상의 연구 결과에서 밝혀진 주요한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학부모의 학교교육 참여는 그 수준과 방법 등에 따라서 학교교육의 발전 방향과 교육효과에 직접적 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 하지만 현재 우리 나라의 경우는 여러 장애요인이 산재되어 있는 실정으로써 실제 학부모들은 자녀가 다니는 학교교육에 참여도는 낮았으며, 소극적인 참여 형태를 띄고 있었다. 그리고 참여에 필요한 권리의식에 대한 이해도도 낮은 수준이었으며, 권리의 법적지위 보장 역시 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 학교에서의 학부모는 직접적인 의사결정 또는 후원자로서의 역할보다는 협력·봉사의 역할 수준을 더 요구하는 경향을 보이는 등 학교교육에 대해서 학부모는 소극적인 역할의식을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 학교단위의 통제식·획일화된 경영체제와 일부 학부모만이 그나마 학교교육에 참여할 수 있는 현행 학교교육의 제도적 한계와 더불어 이메일 등을 통해 학부모들이 다양한 방법으로 학교교육에 참여할 수 있도록 하는 참여방법의 다양화가 강구되어야 할 개선 과제로 지적되었다. 둘째, 현재의 학부모들은 학교교육에 관한 책무성을 중요하게 인식하고 있었고, 자녀지도를 위해 지도교사와 수시 상담·협의하며 공동 노력하여야 한다고 여기고 있었다. 이는 학교교육의 발전에 기여하는 것일 뿐만 아니라 자기 자녀의 교육 및 학습력 신장에 도움이 되기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 실제의 책무성 수행은 보통 이하였으며, 그 이유로는 시간적 여유 부족과 책무성에 관한 이해도의 부족 등으로 나타나 책무성 제고를 위한 여건조성과 아울러 학부모의 학교교육에 대한 이해도를 증진할 수 있는 관련 재교육 등이 요구되었다. 셋째, 학부모들 대부분은 학교교육에 관한 책무성을 법적·제도화하는 필요성에 대해 공감하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 최근 5년간의 학부모에 의한 학내분쟁 사건을 분석한 결과에서도 학부모의 이기적인 자녀교육관에 기인한 잘못된 학교참여나 권리행사가 미치는 부작용은 매우 심각하였다. 학부모들이 참여 등의 권리를 행사함에 있어 의무와 책임을 준수하는 것은 학교의 기본적 질서 확립뿐만 아니라 교육의 발전을 위해 더욱 강조되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 이를 위해 학부모 스스로가 책무성을 준수할 수 있도록 권장·안내하는 노력과 함께 법적·제도적인 개선을 병행하여 학부모의 학교교육에 관한 책무성을 제고할 수 있도록 하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 연구 결과 나타났다. 넷째, 학부모의 학교교육에 관한 책무성이 순기능적 효과를 거두기 위해서는 우선적으로 현재의 중앙통제식·폐쇄적인 학교제도의 개선과 학부모의 학교교육 참여에 대한 올바른 인식의 확립 등이 극복되어야 할 조건으로 나타났다. Accountability in school education is worthy of notice in order to develop competitive power of education because it contributes to achieve educational purpose and effectiveness, for instance, clarifying the awareness of education and operating as the norm of role expectation of school constituents such as a teacher, a student and a school parent. The more parents come to play a leading role in operating school, the more accountability should be alloted to them as the voluntary and autonomous participation accompanies corresponding responsibility. The responsibility is the other side of the right. The accountability in the school education should be applied to parents as well as teachers and school-administrators keeping a pace with the expansion of parents' opportunity for participating in steering schools. The purpose of this study is 1) to define 'the accountability of the parents, that is the duty and the responsibility accompanied by exercising their rights, and 2) to search for main conditions of improving the account ability of parents. To achieve this purpose, the following subjects are established. 1. the significance and the scope of parents' participation in the school education. 2. the rights of parents in the school education and the degree to guarantee their role and status. 3. the concept of parents' accountability in the school education and its necessity. 4. the disputes in school caused by parents. 5. the conditions of improving parents' account ability based on the research on parents' actual idea on their accountability in the school education. In relations to the above subjects, we made researches into preceding studies in order to make a definition of the account ability and parents' account ability in the school education. Also we analysed school disputes in these five years caused by the parents. On the basis of this analysis, 17 researchers including a study conductor had interviewed 528 parents whose children went to primary or secondary schools in Seoul and Kyunggi province for the purpose of looking out pertinent conditions promoting parents' accountability. We made out survey questionnaire with the substance of the degree that the parents took part in school administration, the rights and the accountability of them in the school education and the scope of the accountability by the analysis of previous studies. Parents' answers were processed into SPSS program and the frequency and the percentage was output. To differentiate from environmental variables, we cross-analysed through Chi-Square Test. The major outcomes are like the followings. First, parents' participation in the school education could affect the direction of the school education and its effectiveness. But actually, there were few cases of parents' participation, if any, they were very passive participant on account of present various obstacles. Furthermore, they did not understand their rights fully. In addition, relative laws that guaranteed their rights were not enacted enough. The parents preferred playing a cooperative role or doing their work as a volunteer or an assistant to playing a leading role independently in making decision on school management. The controlled and standardized system of school management and the limit inside the system prohibited the parents from active involvement. It needed to develop various incentives to encourage the parents in taking part in the school management through giving opportunity to involve actively such as making suggestion on the homepage of school. Secondly, the parents considered the account ability in education as an important factor and they thought they had to discuss on the education of their children with teachers and to work together for their performances. Because this cooperation devoted not only to the development of the school education but also to the improvement of children's learning ability. In contrast, they were not so much accountable for their activity by the reason of the lack of time and the incomplete under standing of the account ability. It could be said that the environment promoting the account ability of the parents should be settled without delay and the parents need training for more comprehensive under standing of the school education. Thirdly, most of parents agreed that the accountability in education should be organized or legalized. As a result of the analysis on the school disputes due to the parents who were interested in only their own child's interests, the side effects occurred from parents' mistaken activity and the abuse of their rights were very serious. It deserved special emphasis that they had to make themselves responsible for their own deeds when they exercised their rights in school with a view to establishing basic order in school education and to improving educational results. It was desirable that parents needed to be leaded into being accountable through information activity on the concept of the accountability and through the organizational or legal improvement. Fourthly, there were two major conditions in order that the account ability might have positive effects on education and overcome the difficulties. As the person concerned, parents needed to make an effort to understand their role in the school education. Along with this, it was recommended to reform the centralized and closed system of school management.

소나무재선충병 매개충 기생천적 넙적머리푸른고치벌(벌목: 고치벌과)의 생물학적 연구

김무성 순천대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

The present thesis consists of two main parts: 1) field survey results on a parasitroid of the two Monochamus vector species of the Pine Wilt Nematode (PWN) in South Korea and 2) a study on biology of the parasitoid to evaluate the potential as a viable biological control agent through in-door breeding. The field survey, using the sentinel logs to attract the parasitoid, was conducted in Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea from 2018 to 2020 in order to elucidate ecological and biological characteristics of Cyanopterus flavator(Fabricius), a larval ectoparasitoid of two cerambycid vectors of PWN, namely M. alternatus Hope and M. saltuarius Gebler. The average parasitism rate of C. flavator in M. alternatus was 6.33 ± 6.21% (max: 28.44%, min: 0.63%) on M. alternatus, and 1.04 ± 8.91% (max: 24.46%, min: 0.54%) on M. saltuarius. And it was confirmed that the parasitism rate of C. flavator during peak season and when larva of M. alternatus live under the bark were similar. Also, it was confirmed that the height with the highest parasitism rate of C. flavator and the height with the highest density of M. alternatus larvae in the pine tree was similar. The results of this study will be used as helpful information to determine the release timing and height of C. flavator. An indoor rearing experiment of C. flavator was conducted to investigate the mass-rearing possibility, development, and oviposition characteristics. As a result, the average period from egg to adult was 23.24 days, 16.96 days, and 13.24 days at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃, respectively. The average mating male longevity was 56.67 days, 41.17 days, and 40.5 days at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃, respectively. The average mating female longevity was 60.83 days, 49.67 days, and 57.83 days at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃, respectively. The average parasitism rate was 17.05%, 18.24%, and 23.62% at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃, respectively. It is most effective to breed C. flavator using M. alternatus at 30℃. This rearing information should be helpful in developing future biological control programs for vectors of pine wilt disease.

입구 형상과 디퓨저가 프레넘 팬 성능에 미치는 영향에 대한 수치해석 연구

김무성 연세대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

Typical fan consists of a plenum (frame), a bell mouth (mouth Ball), an impeller (Impeller), motor (Motor) such as backward vane centrifugal fan. While progress numerical analysis, simplifies are made general assumption so that the complexity of the problem is reduced. One of assumption is that there is ignored leakage flow in the clearance between the impeller inlet and the bell mouth of centrifugal fan. However, the leakage flow influences the performance of the centrifugal fan. This paper attempts to analyze how it affect the flow inside the impeller to the flow entering through the clearance between the impeller inlet and the bell mouth and ensure that any change in accordance with the length of the clearance. 일반적인 프레넘 팬은 후향깃 원심 팬으로 프레넘(프레임), 밸마우스(Bell mouth), 임펠러(Impeller), 모터(Motor)등으로 이루어져 있다 수치해석을 진행하면서 메쉬의 복잡성을 줄이기 위해 일반적인 가정을 하고 복잡한 형상을 모델링하여 형상을 단순화시킨다. 이 모델링을 통해 일반적으로 임펠러와 밸마우스의 간극은 무시된다. 하지만 이 간극을 통한 유동이 임펠러 성능에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 분석이 필요하다. 임펠러 입구와 밸마우스 사이의 간극을 통해 들어온 유동이 임펠러 내부 유동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 분석하고 간극의 길이에 따라 어떤 변화가 있는지 확인하고자 한다. 간극이 증가함에 따라 정압이 증가한다.

醫療紛爭調停制度에 관한 小考 : 型事處罰特例制度의 導入論議를 中心으로

金武省 慶熙大學敎 大學院 2002 국내석사

The recent rapid academic and technological developments in the medical industry have made it possible to provide better medical services than ever before. Unlike the cases in the past, however, present medical malpractices are increasingly involved in medical disputes, due to the increased possibility of all the people to the medical service by the adoption of the national medical care insurance, the raised awareness of their rights, and the accessibility of various sources of information on the medical treatment through varying media. Nevertheless, the deficiencies of the social compensation and indemnity systems for such a problem have inflicted severe pain not only on patients but also on medical personnel. Since 1990, therefore, authorities in government and consumer protection organizations related to the medical service have recognized the severity of such a medical dispute problem and attempted to establish a medical dispute settlement bill for solving the medical dispute. However, such efforts have brought no visible effect because of the following reasons such as the conflict of interests from concerned parties. Exploring how to enact a desirable medical dispute settlement bill, this study is constructed as follows : Chap. Ⅰ. Introduction Chap. Ⅱ. General Consideration of the Medical Dispute Chap. Ⅲ. Foreign Cases of the Medical Dispute Settlement Bill in the Medical Dispute Chap. Ⅳ. A Possible Mediation System in the Medical Dispute for Korea Chap. Ⅴ. Issues of and Directions for the Enactment of the Medical Dispute Settlement Bill Chap. Ⅵ. Issue of the Enactment of an Exceptional Criminal Punishment Law Chap. Ⅶ. Conclusion The ultimate purpose of the mediation system in the medical dispute is to enable patients, who directly experience pain from medical malpractices, to receive prompt and appropriate compensation for their damages, and also to enable medical personnel to ensure their rights to medical service and their personal reputation. Such a system is believed to lay a foundation for the establishment of a stable medical care system in which all the people could enjoy medical services of good quality. Here are suggested the directions for establishing a desirable mediation system in the medical dispute as follows : First, the present system for solving the medical dispute does not perform its proper function, so that it is urgent to enact a medical dispute settlement bill. By doing so, we should organize an independent, neutral, and fair medical dispute settlement committee and thus make efforts to settle promptly and impartially medical disputes. Second, for revitalizing the existing liability insurance for doctors' reparation and also making up for its various problems resulting from the optional membership rule, we need to replace such a rule with the compulsory membership regulation that make all the medical institutions effect such liability insurance. This revision will ensure that medical personnel may no more escape from the burden of malpractice than damaged patients from malpractice can receive immediate and fair restitution. Third, many people do not accept the introduction of an special law for the exemption of criminal punishment of medical personnel, which exempt from the criminal punishment for their medical malpractices doctors who effect the existing liability insurance for doctors' reparation, an issue that is closely related to the compulsory membership to the liability insurance. But, we should make a considerate decision about such a problem by comparing the legal purpose of securing the equal punishment for criminals with the possible national loss from strictly executing the exceptional criminal punishment law. However, it is necessary to introduce such a special law, considering the increasing demand for medical services, the goodwill and urgency of medical treatment, the furtherance of active medical care, and the principle of equity in medical dispute settlement. It also matches with the right of people to health in that it relieves patients' pain from malpractices and also ensures the steady surroundings for their medical treatment. Even so, however, it is needed that a national consensus is reached on the introduction of such a law and the scope of application of the law. Finally, it is required to establish a social system for reducing medical malpractices from the start. Therefore, it is recommendable that the medical dispute settlement committee serves as an institute that grades the levels of medical malpractices, manages collectively the information on the occurrence and settlement of medical disputes, and explores and suggests methods for improving the mediation system for the medical dispute.

Robert Owen의 敎育思想

김무성 경상대학교 2002 국내석사

In the history of educational field, it is very important to reconsider their lives and thoughts of the educationalists' who carried on the greatest achievement. At the mid 18th century in Britain, Robert Owen was one of the representative persons who did every effort to prevent lower classes and their children from the moral corruption and the ignorance through the social refomation by the education in the rapid change in society resulted from the Industrial Revolution. Owen is widely known as an Utopian socialist, Social reformer and Labor agitator. In the light of the reality of widely-spread contemporary materialism, intence competitive capitalism, and excessive individualism, we will consider his educational life according to the below subjects in this paper Second, Owen's life and thought Third, Owen's educational activity Fourth, Owen's educational thought Fifth, the meaning of Owen's educational activity The core of his basic and educational thought is 'The Formation of Chracter'. His idea is that the ultimate object of life is happiness and we can realize it when one developes his ability harmoniously and his ability is unificated and harmonized individually. Besides, in his opinion, it is the frist consideration to crusade against illiteracy and form the right character by education for the social revolution. Especially, he thinks that the environment can influence on the individual character formation largely and it is possible by creating a proper atmosphere. His educational activity in the preschool education, labor education, cooperative education, national education practiced with his educational belief and the educational method which is persued by our contemporary education have something in common and that fact is thought-provoking. Though there are some criticism that Owen's educational idea has unrealistic parts, he should be highly evaluated as a socialistic educational thinker, who develope the peaceful, progressive social reformation through education.

카드뮴이 신피질 Endosome의 산성화 기능에 미치는 영향 : Effect of Cadmium on Acidification of Renal Cortical Endosomes

김무성 고신대학교 대학원 1999 국내박사

목적: 카드뮴 만성 중독 시 관찰되는 전형적인 신기능 부전의 하나가 단백뇨인데 이는 신세뇨관의 단백질 endocytosis 저해가 카드뮴 (Cd)에 의해 어떻게 유발되는지 그 기전을 밝히기 위하여 본 연구에서는 Cd이 신장의 endosome (endocytotic vesicle)의 산성화 기능에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. Endosome의 산성화는 세포내 vesicle 이동에 필수적 과정으로서 V-class H+-ATPase의 작용에 의한 능동적 H+ 이온 축적에 의해 이루어진다. 재료 및 방법: 정상 쥐 및 Cd 중독을 일으킨 쥐 (Sprague Dawley)의 신피질 조직에서 분리된 endosome 분획을 이용하여 ATP-의존성 산성화 기능 (H+-ATPase에 의한 H+축적)을 동력학적으로 분석하였다. Endosome의 산성화는 pH 변화에 민감한 형광물질 (acridine orange 또는 FITC- dextran)을 probe로 사용하여 측정하였다. 결과: Cd 중독 쥐의 신피질 endosome에서는 정상 쥐의 endosome에 비해 ATP-의존성 산성화의 Vmax는 감소되지만 Km은 변화가 없었다. 이에 반해 정상 쥐의 endosome을 in vitro에서 Cd 이온에 직접 노출시킬 때는 ATP-의존성 산성화의 Vmax는 다소 감소되지만 Km은 현저히 증가되었다. Cd에 직접 노출된 endosome에서는 H+-ATPase 억제 후 나타나는 pH 경사도의 소실율이 정상 endosome에 비해 현저히 증가되었다. 결론: 이러한 성적으로 미루어 볼 때 Cd 만성 중독 시 신장 근위세뇨관 세포내에 축적된 카드뮴-metallothionein 복합체(CdMT)가 lysosome에 의해 분해될 때 생성되는 Cd 이온은 1) endosome 막의 H+-ATPase 밀도를 감소시키며 (아마도 H+-ATPase의 합성을 저해하여), 2) 기존하는 H+-ATPase의 기능을 억제하고, 3) 막의 H+ 투과도를 증가시켜 endosome의 산성화를 방해하는 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 endosome의 산성화 억제에 의해 단백질의 endocytosis 과정에 저해가 일어나 여과된 단백질의 재흡수가 감소되기 때문에 단백뇨가 발생하는 것으로 사료된다. Chronic exposure to cadmium results in an inhibition of protein endocytosis in the renal proximal tubule, leading to proteinuria. In order to gain insight into the mechanism by which cadmium induces an inhibition of protein endocytosis, we investigated the effect of cadmium on the acidification of renal endocytotic vesicles (endosomes) by V-class H+-ATPase, which plays a crucial role in intracellular vesicle trafficking and endocytosis. The endosomal acidification was assessed by measuring pH gradient-dependent fluorescence change, using acridine orange or FITC-dextran as a probe. In renal endosomes isolated from cadmium-intoxicated rats, the maximal rate (Vmax) of ATP-driven fluorescence quenching (H+-ATPase dependent intravesicular acidification) was significantly attenuated with no substantial changes in apparent Km, indicating that the capacity of acidification was reduced. When endosomes of normal animals were directly exposed to free Cd in vitro, Vmax was slightly reduced, whereas Km was markedly increased, implying that the biochemical property of H+-ATPase was altered. In endosomes exposed to free Cd in vitro, the rate of spontaneous dissipation of transmembrane pH gradient measured after H+-ATPase inhibition appeared to be significantly greater as compared with that in normal endosomes, indicating that H+-conductance of the membrane was increased. These results suggest that in long-term cadmium-exposed animals, free cadmium ions liberated in the proximal tubular cytoplasm by lysosomal degradation of cadmium-metallothionein complex (CdMT) may 1) cause a fall in H+-ATPase density in the endosomal membrane, probably by an inhibition of de novo H+-ATPase synthesis and 2) interact directly with the endosomal membrane, suppressing the intrinsic H+-ATPase activity and increasing the passive H+-ion conductance. Such effects of cadmium would impair endosomal acidification and thus protein endocytosis, leading to proteinuria in intact animals.